eps 7 midterm 2

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COP

Conference of the Parties

What happens when we calculate the average temperature of Earth the same way that we did for Mercury and Mars?

we get too cold a temperature

If a sand dune's feedback parameter is +1 kg/s/m, what is the final perturbation if a forcing of -2 kg/s is applied?

-2m

When wind turbines are distributed over a property to maximize the electrical power generated per land area, roughly what amount of electrical power per area can we hope to generate?

1 W/m2

Utility-scale wind power costs roughly how much to install per watt of rated power?

1 dollar/W

what us 1.02^30

1.60

How many gas giants are there in our Solar System?

4

Roughly how much coal is available for humans to burn?

5 TtC

If a laser delivers 30 W of power to a target over 2 seconds, how much energy does it deliver to the target?

60 J

If we hold the concentrations of greenhouse gases constant at the levels anticipated in 2100 for the RCP8.5 scenario, roughly how much globally averaged warming would we get if we waited long enough?

8 K

If a sand dune's feedback parameter is −20 kg/s/m, by what amount does its net rate of inflow change if we apply a sudden height perturbation of −4 m?

80 kg/s

Which is not a contributing factor to the seasonal cycle in atmospheric CO2?

CO2 is a greenhouse gas

Who is credited with identifying the gases responsible for the greenhouse effect?

John Tyndall

What is unit for power

Watts

What is the source of a storm cloud's buoyancy?

condensation

A positive forcing

is an externally applied increase in the net inflow

What is so super about a supercomputer?

it has many ordinary computers connected together

Which of the following is a mechanism built into the Kyoto Protocol to allow countries to avoid reducing their own emissions?

joint implementation

Biodiesel is made from the stuff found in

jun of vegetable oil

When water vapor condenses, this is an example of

latent converting to sensible

What do we call energy hidden in a particular phase of matter?

latent heat

A coal-fired power plant converts -grade energy into -grade energy

low, high

Which of the following is not one of the primary pieces of evidence for global warming?

lunar brightness records

When talking about the wavelengths of radiation from the Sun and Earth, it is most convenient to use which unit?

micrometer

Shortwave

sunlight

At the current rate of global warming of 3 K/century, roughly how much additional sea-level rise have we committed the planet to each year?

0.2 m

900 millibars equals

0.9 bar

In a business-as-usual scenario, what is a likely concentration of atmospheric CO2 in the year 2100?

1000 PPM

What is the likely amount of carbon contained in methane clathrates?

1000-10000 GtC

In the business-as-usual scenario, the global mean temperature will be 4 K warmer than preindustrial in 2100. What will the rate of sea level rise be?

12 mm/year

When was the universe formed?

14 Gya

An overshot water wheel generates power by capturing the gravitational potential energy of water as it is carried by the wheel from its top to its bottom. If a 2-m-diameter overshot water wheel processes 7 kg/s of water, roughly how much power does it generate?

140 W

Consider a metal rod that has 10 W of heat conduction between its two ends, which are maintained at temperatures of 200 K and 400 K. If we lower the temperature of the cold end from 200 K to 100 K, what is the new rate of heat conduction along the rod?

15 W

In what decade did measurements on Mauna Loa first document rising concentrations of CO2?

1960s

By how much have Berkeley's warm-season maximum temperatures increased over the past 125 years?

2 K

At what rate are humans currently consuming energy?

20 TW

When the planet has warmed by 3 K, roughly what is the committed sea-level rise?

20 m

Roughly how much higher will CAPE be when the temperature has increased by 3 K?

20%

Roughly what fraction of Earth's atmosphere is oxygen?

20%

Typical temperature of a blowtorch

2000K

Imagine that the Arctic has 3 million km2 of ice in September of 2030, and that September Arctic ice area is decreasing in 2030 by 2 million km2 per decade. In what year would you project the Arctic to be ice-free in September?

2045

If Earth's mean temperature increases from 288 K to 291 K when CO2 is doubled from its preindustrial concentration, what mean temperature would you expect if CO2 were quadrupled from its preindustrial concentration?

294 K

Given Earth's feedback parameter of -1 W/m2/K, what is roughly its final temperature perturbation in response to a doubling of CO2, which causes a forcing of 3 W/m2?

3 K

What is the modern best estimate of Earth's climate sensitivity?

3 K

At the current rate of sea-level rise, how much higher will global mean sea level be in 10 years?

3 cm

At roughly what rate is global mean sea level rising currently?

3 mm/year

What is roughly the per-capita consumption of coal in the United States?

3 tons/year

Roughly how much more water vapor is in an atmosphere once it warms up by 5 K?

35%

When was the Earth formed?

4.5 GYA

How much kinetic energy is in a 2-kg ball traveling at 3 m/s?

9J

When was most coal formed?

Carboniferous period 300 Mya

Not a rocky planet

Neptune

Snowball Earth has occurred

Precambrian

What is HCO3−?

bicarbonate ion

A negative forcing

is an externally applied reduction in the net inflow

By what process does energy from the Sun get to Earth's surface?

radiation

As the Earth cools, the atmosphere holds ____ water vapor and that tends to cause the atmosphere to emit ____ radiation to space.

"less" and "more"

According to the Clausius-Clapeyron equation, pv * increases with temperature exponentially at a rate of approximately

7%/K

At roughly what rate will sea-level be rising when the planet has warmed by 3 K?

9 mm/year

Unit for energy

Joule

CAPE is the amount of kinetic energy per mass of air that a cloud could theoretially get by rising through the atmosphere with and no drag.

maximum / no entrainment

sun powered by

nuclear fission

If constructed, the Keystone XL pipeline will carry

oil from Albert tar sands

If constructed, the Dakota Access Pipeline will carry

oil past Native-American land

If a sand dune's feedback parameter is −15 kg/s/m, by what amount does its net rate of inflow change if we apply a sudden height perturbation of 3 m?

-45 kg/s

How much higher is global mean sea level today than it was in the preindustrial?

0.3 m

Roughly how much is 1.07^5

1.35

If a 5-kg weight is lifted 2 meters on the moon, how much gravitational potential energy has it been given? On the moon, g = 1.6 m/s2.

16 j

In an atmosphere with water, approximately what is the temperature at a height of 4 km if the temperature at a height of 2 km is 283 K?

270 K

0 C in kelvin

273

How much kinetic energy is in a 3-kg ball traveling at 2 m/s?

6 J

Which of the following is not a leading source of anthropogenic methane emissions?

burning natural gas

Imagine that the price of a single permit is 100 $, with each permit covering 1 tC. If a company gets 0 permits for free for the year, and the company burns 3 tC of fossil fuel in that year, what does the company do?

buys 3 permits and thereby loses 300 $

Imagine that the price of a single permit is 100 $, with each permit covering 1 tC. If a company gets 3 permits for free for the year, and the company burns 6 tC of fossil fuel in that year, what does the company do?

buys 3 permits and thereby loses 300 $

Why does a small piece of burning paper float up into the air?

convection

Ethanol fuel is made from the stuff found in

glassmof beer

Which of the following is a violation of conservation of mass?

none of the other answers

Which of the following is a violation of conservation of momentum?

none of the other answers

If humans burn 5000 GtC in a couple centuries, roughly what will the atmospheric concentration of CO2 be in the year 12017?

750 ppm

Given Earth's feedback parameter of -1 W/m2/K, what is roughly its final temperature perturbation in response to a brightening of the Sun that leads to 9 W/m2 of extra solar absorption?

9 K

What is a GtC?

A billion tons of carbon

What is an AMSU?

Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit

What is plankton?

Any collection of microscopic organisms that drift in the sea.

What is the empirical formula for coal?

C or CH

Which of these is an example of a halocarbon?

CF2Cl2

What is the empirical formula for oil?

CH2

What is the chemical formula for methane?

CH4

What is the empirical formula for gas?

CH4

What chemical formula most accurately describes the burning of natural gas?

CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O

Photosynthesis is best described by what chemical reaction?

CO2 + H2O + photon → O2 + CH2O

When permafrost thaws, it releases

CO2 and CH4

What chemical reaction ultimately removes the excess carbon from the atmosphere and ocean?

CaSiO3 + CO2 → CaCO3 + SiO2

Which of the following is a mechanism built into the Kyoto Protocol to allow countries to avoid reducing their own emissions?

Clean Development Mechanism

When a mass exchanges energy with an adjacent mass by jiggling against it, what do we call this?

Conduction

When energy moves from one place to another because a mass carries that energy there, what do we call this?

Convection

Who is credited with alerting scientists to global warming by documenting the rising concentrations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere?

Dave Keeling

Through this program, consumers are told what the annual energy cost of an appliance is likely to be.

Energy Star

Halocarbons are still found in aerosol spray cans.

False

What is the first molecule that CO2 forms when dissolved in water?

H2CO3 (carbonic acid)

Which chemical reaction describes ocean acidification?

H2CO3 → H+ + HCO3−

In what form is most of the dissolved carbon in the ocean?

HCO3-

longest wavelengths: visible, infared, ultraviolet

INFRARED

Through this program, the federal government pays for a fraction of your residential solar PV installation.

ITC

IPCC

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

Watt in units

J/s

Who is credited with alerting the public to global warming with his congressional testimony?

James Hansen

Who discovered that mechanical work gets converted to heat, thereby establishing the law of conservation of energy?

James Joule

Who is credited with starting the industrial revolution with their invention?

James Watt

Who is credited with postulating the existence of a greenhouse effect and thereby kicking off the field of climate science?

Joseph Fourier

When was most oil formed?

Jurassic period 150 Mya

What are a set of appropriate units for the lapse rate?

K/km

Who created the cloud classification scheme that we still use today?

Luke Howard

Curiosity rover is on

Mars

What is the most abundant molecule in Earth's atmosphere?

N2

What is the chemical formula for nitrous oxide?

N2O

Which of the following is required for forming ozone in smog?

NOx, volatile organic compounds, sunlight

Which of the following is not a greenhouse gas?

Nitrogen

Which of these is an example of a NOx?

No2

Atmospheric CO2 decreases most rapidly in

Northern-Hemisphere summer

Respiration is best described by what chemical reaction?

O2 + CH2O → CO2 + H2O + photon

What is the chemical formula for ozone?

O3

What does optically thick mean?

Opaque

Which of the following gases is transparent to longwave radiation?

Oxygen

Through this program, the federal government pays some number of dollars for each joule of electricity generated from the first 10 years of a wind turbine's life?

PTC

Order the Phanerozoic eras from oldest to most recent.

Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic

What is Earth's biggest negative feedback?

Planck feedback

Through this program, a state requires that a fraction of the electricity sold by utilities comes from renewable sources like wind and solar.

RPS

What book is credited with kicking off the U.S. environmental movement in 1962?

Rachel Carson's Silent Spring

January is during the southern hemispheres...

Summer

Who first predicted global warming and made a calculation of Earth's climate sensitivity?

Svante Arrhenius

In a house, hot air rises and cold air sinks

True

Which of the following federal agencies does not have its own climate model?

USPS

What industrialized country did not join the Kyoto Protocol?

United States

Not a gas giant

Venus

How is a Joule dened in terms of other units?

W/s^2

The IPCC was founded by

WMO and UNEP

Which person did not play a role in discovering the power per area of radiation emitted by an object?

Watt

Roughly how much of the recoverable coal have humans used?

a few percent

What is an acid?

a molecule that adds H+ ions to water

If a sand dune's feedback parameter is +3 kg/s/m, what is the final perturbation if a forcing of 3 kg/s is applied?

a nonsense question bc the dune is unstable

Methane clathrate is

a water-ice lattice that encases methane molecules

What is the primary source of anthropogenic nitrous oxide?

agriculture

Which of the following is not one of the three major sectors of energy consumption?

agriculture

Where does radiation move energy into, out of, or within the Earth?

all answers

What motivated the formation of the International Meteorological Organization, later renamed the World Meteorological Organization, in the 1800s?

all answers, desire to make weather forecast, large size of storms compared to european countries, invention of telegraph.

Parties to the UNFCCC include

all nations on Earth

What of the following emits photons?

all of answers

Which describes Mercury; closest to sun, smallest, no atm

all of answers

Which of the following was responsible for the industrial revolution?

all of answers

what is cloud base

all of the other answers

With the exception of high-energy nuclear reactions, which of the following is always conserved?

all of the other answers, momentum enegrry and mass

The optical depth τ for some path of light through a gas depends on

all of these answers; the density p of the gas, the length z of the light path, a constant i describing how readily the gas tends to absorb or scatter radiation.

Many of those who deny the science of climate change today also previously denied the science of

all other

Why is there abundant nitrogen in Earth's atmosphere?

all other answers: N2 does not readily react & doesn't like to stay in mamgma

CAPE is proportional to

amount if water vapor in the air

The radiative forcing by extra greenhouse gases is best described as causing

an decrease of outgoing power

Which causes the greater amount of additional warming?

an increase of CO2 from 300 to 400 ppm

Which of the following radiates the most power?

an object with Area = 1 m2 and T = 1000 K

Which of the three has the shortest wavelength?

blue

Another name cyanobacteria

blue green algae

Conduction

burn hand on hot pan

Imagine that the price of a single permit is 100 $, with each permit covering 1 tC. If a company gets 0 permits for free for the year, and the company burns 6 tC of fossil fuel in that year, what does the company do?

buys 6 permits and thereby loses 600 $

Through this program, car manufacturers are forced to sell cars that have, on average, a miles-per-gallon efficiency above some threshold.

cafe

What is CaCO3?

calcium carbonate

Between a blue berry and a red berry, which has the higher temperature?

cannot tell bc their color is scattered light

A carbon-pricing scheme in which 2000 permits are given out for free to companies in proportion to their past emissions and 100 permits are auctioned with proceeds divvied up among all households is best described as

cap & trade and polluters get the money

A carbon-pricing scheme in which 100 permits are given out for free to companies in proportion to their past emissions and 2000 permits are auctioned with proceeds spent on renewables research and development is best described as

cap & trade and victims get the money

In this carbon-pricing scheme, the market sets the price of carbon emissions.

cap and trade

A carbon-pricing scheme in which 2000 permits are given out for free to companies in proportion to their past emissions and 100 permits are auctioned with proceeds spent on renewables research and development is best described as

cap n trade n pollutera get money

A carbon-pricing scheme in which 100 permits are given out for free to companies in proportion to their past emissions and 2000 permits are auctioned with proceeds divvied up among all households is best described as

capa n trade and everyone gets the money

Which of the following gases is relatively opaque to longwave radiation?

carbon dioxide

In this carbon-pricing scheme, the government sets the price of carbon emissions.

carbon tax

What is CO3−−?

carbonate ion

What is H2CO3?

carbonic acid

Climate sensitivity

change in temperature for a doubling of CO2

A natural-gas-fired power plant is powered by

chemical reactions

Which of the following is not a positive feedback?

cloud albedo feedback ice albedo feedback (!) lapse-rate feedback water-vapor feedback

Low atmospheric surface pressure usually corresponds to

cloudy and rainy weatehr

Which of the following carbon pools has the largest amount of carbon at present?

coal

Compared to earth mars is

cold

Would most people consider 40 K cold or hot?

cold

By what process does air that is in contact with the Earth's surface get heat?

conduction

What do we call a fundamental law of physics that says that stuff is neither created nor destroyed?

conservation law

By what process does a blob of hot air move its heat from Earth's surface up into the atmosphere?

convection

If the Earth suddenly becomes warmer than its steady-state temperature, the Planck feedback tends to make the Earth

cooler

What made the Cenozoic the Age of Mammals rather than the Second Age of Dinosaurs?

cooler climate in the Cenozoic

What happens to the temperature of your skin when you exercise?

cools down

What is the most certain way to date glacial ice?

counting layers

What caused the Great Oxygenation Event 2.4 billion years ago?

cyanobacteria

The Climate Science Legal Defense Fund

defends climate scientists being threatened or harassed

The divvying up of the world into Annex-I and Annex-II countries broadly reflects

different economic conditions in North America and Western Europe compared to the former Soviet Socialist republics

Mesozoic

dinosaurs

The acidified ocean is returned to its original pH by

dissolution of calcium carbonate

Fossil Free UC is trying to get UC to

divest from fossil fuel companies

If we could somehow double the albedo of Mars, would its temperature go up or down?

down

What do we call an animal that relies on environmental heat to keep its body warm?

ectotherm

What force holds electrons in orbit around the nucleus?

electromagnetic

What force prevents you from pushing one hand through your other hand?

electromagnetic

What do we call an animal that generates its own heat to keep its body warm?

endotherm

What is a sink of a storm cloud's buoyancy?

entrainment

Biomass energy has the potential to provide all of humanity's current energy needs.

false

Biomass energy has the potential to provide all of humanity's future energy needs.

false

Hydropower has the potential to provide all of humanity's current energy needs.

false

Observations prove that global warming has made hurricanes more frequent:

false

Observations prove that global warming has made hurricanes more intense:

false

Observations prove that global warming has made tornadoes more frequent:

false

Observations prove that global warming has made tornadoes more intense:

false

Pressure decreases as we move downwards in a fluid like the ocean or atmosphere

false

Compared to the Earth, is Mars farther from the Sun or closer to the Sun?

farther

Methane clathrate is

flammable, cold, white

coal is

fossilized peat

Naturgal Gas is

fossilized plankton

oil is

fossilized plankton

Where does conduction move energy into, out of, or within the Earth?

from the surface to the atmosphere

Which way do storms move in the continental United States?

from west to east

Why is the sky blue?

gas molecules scatter short wavelengths more than long wavelengths

Tilting PV panels towards the Sun allows them to

generate more power per panel area

Overall, the land surface and the top layers of soil tend to ____ with warming.

get drier

When a gas is depressurized, its temperature

goes down

When a gas is pressurized, its temperature

goes up

Roughly how much of the recoverable oil have humans used?

half

Condensation of water vapor does the following?

heats the air

clothung for 260 K

heavy winter jacket and earmuffs

A toaster converts -grade energy into -grade energy.

high/ low

The higher the k and/or ρ of some gas in the atmosphere, the ______ the effective height of emission to space.

higher

40 C is considered

hot

Convection example

hot air balloon rises

Which emits water molecules at a faster rate?

hot water

Burning a significant portion of the recoverable fossil fuel will push Earth into what climate state?

hothouse

What climate state was Earth in at the time of the dinosaurs?

hothouse

Which is an example of an endotherm?

human

H+

hydrogen ion

What climate state is Earth in now?

icehouse

If someone claims to be generating biofuel energy at a rate of 10 W per square meter of cropland, you would say that is

impossible

What is another name for longwave?

infared

A negative perturbation

is a decrease in the stock from its steady-state level

positive perturbation

is an increase in the stock from its steady-state level

If the number of air molecules in a sealed jar is doubled without changing the temperature, how does the pressure in the jar change?

it doubles

If the number of water molecules in a fixed volume of air is doubled without changing the temperature, what happens to the water vapor pressure pv?

it doubles

If the temperature of air in a sealed jar is doubled without changing the number of air molecules, how does the pressure in the jar change?

it doubles

If the height of a sand dune is 50 meters and the net inflow of sand is 10 kg/s, what can we say about this sand dune?

it is not in steady state

If a sand dune's feedback parameter is +8 kg/s/m, what happens if we suddenly reduce the height of the dune by 2 m?

it will disappear

If a sand dune's feedback parameter is −5 kg/s/m, what happens if we suddenly add 4 m of sand?

it will go back to its original steady state

An AMSU measures temperature at many heights in the atmosphere by measuring atmospheric emission at multiple wavelengths on the side of an oxygen resonance that each have a different

k and so a different τ=1 level

What are the units of kinetic energy?

kg m^2/s^2

Lifting a 20-kg weight a height of 0.5 m a total of 7 times requires lifting a 5-kg weight a height of 1 m a total of 15 times.

less energy than

if RH < 1 then

liquid water evaporates

Example of ectotherm

lizard

What do we call the radiation emitted by a planet?

longwave

Imagine that the carbon tax is 100 $/tC. If a company burns 3 tC of fossil fuel in that year, what does the company do?

loses 300 $

Imagine that the carbon tax is 100 $/tC. If a company burns 6 tC of fossil fuel in that year, what does the company do?

loses 600 $

James watt primary contribution

making the steam engine more efficient

For climate studies, what are the two most important instruments inside a Stevenson enclosure?

min-temperature and max-temperature thermometers

Pulling a seed out of molten silicon is a way to generate

monocrystalline silicon

how many cops

more than 20

An extra molecule of CH4 in the atmosphere causes an extra molecule of CO2 in the atmosphere.

more warming than

As the Earth warms, the atmosphere holds ____ water vapor and that tends to cause the Earth to emit ____ radiation to space.

more, less

Plastering all residential roofs with solar panels would generate

much less than 60 TW

A cap and trade scheme with auctioning of all permits preferentially favors

neither

A carbon tax with proceeds divvied up among all households preferentially favors

neither

Through this program, you are allowed to effectively sell your surplus solar electricity to the utility during the daytime.

net metering

Do suction cups work in space

no

Which of the following countries uses Fahrenheit?

none

If a bank account accrues interest at a rate of 4% per year, by what percentage has the initial principal increased after 50 years?

none of the other answers

Roughly how much more water vapor is in an atmosphere once it is 20 K warmer?

none of the other answers

Which of the following is a violation of conservation of energy?

none of the other answers

If RH = 1, then

nothing happens

Whats so soecial about 0k

notjing moves

Americium in your smoke detector releases energy by

nuclear fission

Existing nuclear power plants are powered by

nuclear fission

A hypothetical tokamak power plant is powered by

nuclear fusion

A cap and trade scheme with free distribution of permits based on historical emissions preferentially favors

old companies

A carbon tax with proceeds returned to companies based on historical emissions preferentially favors

old companies

Large optical depth τ ≫ 1 corresponds to being

optically thick

Small optical depth τ ≪ 1 corresponds to being

optically thin

The temperature of Mercury is most similar to which of the following?

oven

Which more strongly absorbs long wave radiation?

oxygen

Why is the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere decreasing?

oxygen is being reacted with carbon to make carbon dioxide

Which of the following is the ideal gas law?

p ∝ NT

Clothing for 280 K

pants and a sweater maybe a light jacket

Scotch, the alcoholic drink and not the people, is made using

peat

what do we call the layer of the sun that emits light to space?

photosphere

By what process do cyanobacteria release oxygen?

photosynthesis

What kind of orbit do most AMSUs fly?

polar

Freezing silicon in a vat is a way to generate

polycrystalline silicon

Is the ice-abedo feedback a positive or negative feedback?

positive

With respect to Earth's temperature, an increase in CO2 in the atmosphere can be described as a

positive forcing

Parties to the UNFCCC commit to the UNFCCC objective of

preventing dangerous anthropogenic interference with climate

The number of what particle determines what element an atom is?

proton

Which is not a type of photon?

proton

When a mass exchanges energy with a faraway mass by sending photons to it, what do we call this?

radiation

Which of the following is not a step in enacting a new treaty?

reconciliation

which of the three has longest wavelength

red

The purpose of a Stevenson screen is to

reflect away sunlight, provide shade, provide a ventilated enclosure

International coordination on climate change began in 1992 with a document adopted in

rio de janeiro

The climate of Venus is best described as

runaway greenhouse

Silicon is obtained from

sand

Imagine that the price of a single permit is 100 $, with each permit covering 1 tC. If a company gets 6 permits for free for the year, and the company burns 3 tC of fossil fuel in that year, what does the company do?

sells 3 permits and thereby earns 300 $

The energy budget of a wet-bulb thermometer is described by power being delivered to the bulb as heat and power being removed from the bulb as heat.

sensible and latent

When liquid water evaporates, this is an example of

sensible converting to latent

What do we call regular heat that you can feel?

sensible heat

Phil Tagami is trying to

shipncoal to asia through an oakland port

300 k clothing

shorts and jacket

What do we call the radiation emitted by the Sun?

shortwave

Order the four global climate states from coldest to warmest.

snowball / icehouse / hothouse / runaway greenhouse

what is peat

soggy swamp soil

Permafrost is

soil thats frozen all year long

Which of the following is not synonymous with the others?

solar power tower

What is serial computing?

solving a single problem on a single computer

What is parallel computing?

solving a single problem on multiple computers at the same time

The fossil-fuel industry employs scientists and public-relations firms primarily to

spread doubt about the state if climate science

What word do we ascribe to a sand dune that has no grains of sand being added or removed?

static equilibrium

What do we call a situation where wind is actively blowing sand onto and off of the sand dune, but the height of the sand dune is not changing in time?

steady state

What force keeps neutrons and protons bound together?

strong

The objective of the IPCC assessment reports is to

summarize the state of climate science

Which of the following was not a consequence of the Great Oxygenation Event?

swarms of earthquakes

According to the Clausius-Clapeyron equation, the saturation vapor pressure pv* is a function only of

temperature

dalton laws states

that partial pressures add

What causes the seasons?

the Earth's axis of rotation is tilted with respect to Earth's orbital plane

The divvying up of the world into Annex-I and non-Annex countries broadly reflects

the North-South divide

What best describes the atmospheric greenhouse effect?

the atmosphere lets shortwave pass through but greenhouse gases readily absorb longwave

Between a blue star and a red star, which has the higher temperature?

the blue star by Wien's law

Lapse rate

the decrease in atmospheric with height

The rate of heat conduction, in watts, from a hot place to a cold place is proportional to

the difference in temp between the hot and cold places

Which is a valid definition of wavelength?

the distance from a peak to an adjacent peak

Why does burning fossil fuels cause global warming?

the extra atmospheric CO2 lifts the τ = 1 layer to a colder level in the atmosphere

Albedo

the fraction of sunlight reflected to space

As you move from the equator to one of the poles, the land tends to get less solar power per land-surface area. This is because

the higher latitudes receive sunlight at a more glancing angle

Clausius Claperyon equation tels us

the presurenofbwater molecules leaving a liwuid surface

Lifting a 10-kg weight a height of 0.5 m a total of 5 times requires lifting a 5-kg weight a height of 1 m a total of 5 times.

the same energy as

The timescale for a process is

the time it takes for the process to be mostly done

The active layer is

the top layer of soil that thaws out at least once a year

In the ocean and in the atmosphere, pressure is equal to

the weight per area of overlying fluid

Halocarbons were initially phased out by international law because

they generated the ozone hole

Which radiates the most power, a wall with a total area of 2 m2 and temperature of 310 K, or a chair with a total area of 2 m2 and temperature of 310 K?

they radiate the same power

Whats true about all protons

they travel at the same speed

Which of the following is not the same as the rest?

thousandth of a meter

What is an example of something that a wind mill does not do?

to generate electricity

optically thin

transparent

Hydropower has the potential to provide all of humanity's future energy needs.

true

In a pot of water heated from below, hot water rises and cold water sinks

true

In the atmosphere, hot air rises and cold air sinks

true

Relative humidity is the vapor pressure in the air divided by the saturation vapor pressure.

true

If the dry-bulb temperature and wet-bulb temperature are much greater than normal skin temperature, then

u are dying

Shortest wavelength

ultraviolet

The document adopted in 1992 is called the

united nations framework convention on climate change

Studies of boreholes reveal that these layers of the ground are warmer than they would be in the absence of global warming.

upper layers

Which of the following is not an example of a gas being pressurized?

using a can of air duster to clean a computer

Denoting wind speed by v, the kinetic energy of a blob of air is proportional to

v2

Denoting wind speed by v, the power generated by a wind turbine is proportional to

v3

radiation example

warm hands by the fireplace

If the Earth suddenly becomes cooler than its steady-state temperature, the Planck feedback tends to make the Earth

warmer

Venus is the ___

warmest

AMSU records show the atmosphere

warming at low altitudes and cooling at high altitudes

The unique fingerprint of CO2-induced global warming is

warming at low altitudes and cooling at high altitudes

If RH > 1, then

water vapor condenses

What is the Earth's biggest positive feedback?

water vapor feedback

What is acidic water?

water with a high concentration of H+ ions

What color are clouds as seen from space?

white because water drops and ice scatter all wavelengths

When the Northern Hemisphere is in summer, the Southern Hemisphere is in

winter

Where does convection move energy into, out of, or within the Earth?

within the atmosphere

Do suction cups work in the deep ocean?

yes

If the dry-bulb temperature and wet-bulb temperature are much less than normal skin temperature, then

you are not sweating

If the dry-bulb temperature is much greater than normal skin temperature and the wet-bulb temperature is much less than normal skin temperature, then

you are sweating

From what optical depth into the Sun does the Sun emit light to space?

τ = 1

How deep into a gas does the gas emit radiation like a solid surface?

τ = 1

If a sand dune's feedback parameter is +25 kg/s/m, by what amount does its net rate of inflow change if we apply a sudden height perturbation of −5 m?

-125 kg/s

If a sand dune's feedback parameter is −3 kg/s/m, what is the final perturbation if a forcing of −9 kg/s is applied?

-3m

Aerosol spray cans are responsible for how much radiative forcing?

0 W/m2

Roughly how much sea-level rise do we get from melting the Arctic sea ice?

0 m

To make 1 J of ethanol energy from Brazilian sugarcane, we have to expend

0.1 to 0.25 J

What is a typical capacity factor for a solar panel?

0.15

How long does it take to drive 5 km at 20 km/hour?

0.25 hours

What is a typical capacity factor for a wind turbine?

0.3

What is another way to write 300 Mya?

0.3 GYA

If a sand dune's feedback parameter is −8 kg/s/m, what is the final perturbation if a forcing of 4 kg/s is applied?

0.5 m

Using Wien's law, what is the peak wavelength of radiation emitted by an object with a temperature of 6000 K?

0.5 micron

To make 1 J of ethanol energy from U.S. corn, we have to expend

0.6 to 1.3 J

Ocean acidification puts 60% of the carbon burned by humans into the ocean on a timescale of

1 thousand years

Proven reserves of uranium could provide the needed 60 TW of power for how long?

1 year

To generate the needed 60 TW of power, roughly what percentage of Earth's land surface would we need to cover in solar cells?

1%

Taken altogether, methane, nitrous oxide, ozone, and halocarbons are responsible for how much radiative forcing?

1.0 W/m^2

What is roughly the maximum potential global power generation from hydroelectric dams?

1.5 TW

What is the modern estimate for the likely range of Earth's climate sensitivity?

1.5 to 4.5 K

Using the minus-thirty-and-halve approximation, what is 50 °F in Celsius?

10 C

Roughly at what rate are fossil fuels being burned today?

10 GtC/year

In a dry atmosphere, what is the numerical value of the lapse rate?

10 K/km

Consider a metal rod that has 10 W of heat conduction between its two ends, which are maintained at temperatures of 200 K and 400 K. If we raise the temperature of both ends by 100 K, what is the new rate of heat conduction along the rod?

10 W

If a lightbulb produces 100 J of heat and light energy while on for 10 seconds, how much electrical power does the lightbulb consume?

10 W

Towards the end of this century, the human population will be roughly

10 billion

How thick earths atm

10 km

What is the rate of gravitational acceleration on Earth, often represented by g?

10 m/s^2

Using Wien's law, what is the peak wavelength of radiation emitted by an object with a temperature of 300 K?

10 micron

The acidified ocean is returned to its original pH on a timescale of

10 thousand years

At Earth's surface, atmospheric pressure is equivalent to

10 tons per sqaure meter

At the current rate of global warming of 3 K/century, how long does it take to get an additional committed sea-level rise equal to the height of a Cal basketball player?

10 years

Methane in the atmosphere oxidizes to CO2 on what timescale?

10 years

What is the timescale for a human to grow to its maximum height?

10 years

Roughly what fraction of land area is suitable for wind power, i.e., has a wind class of 3 or higher?

10%

Using the approximate Stefan-Boltzmann law, Power per area = 6[T/100]4, what is the temperature of a planet that radiates 6 W/m2?

100 K

If a 2-kg weight is lifted 5 meters, how much gravitational potential energy has it been given?

100 j

If a hydropower plant extracts energy from 100 kg/s of water that falls 100 m, roughly how much electrical power does it generate?

100 kw

After ocean acidification and dissolution of calcium carbonate, silicate weathering removes the remaining 20% of the extra carbon still in the atmosphere on a timescale of

100 thousand years

How much power does the average American consume?

10000 W

If a 5-kg weight is lifted 2 meters, how much gravitational potential energy has it been given?

100j

If the partial pressures of nitrogen, oxygen, argon, and water vapor are 780 mbars, 200 mbars, 10 mbars, and 30 mbars, what is the total pressure?

1020 mbars

If we hold the concentrations of greenhouse gases constant at the levels anticipated in 2100 for the RCP8.5 scenario, roughly how much land warming would we get if we waited long enough?

12 K

Roughly how much wind power could we possibly extract from the global land surface?

15 TW

Consider a metal rod that has 10 W of heat conduction between its two ends, which are maintained at temperatures of 200 K and 400 K. If we raise the temperature of the hot end from 400 K to 500 K, what is the new rate of heat conduction along the rod?

15 W

Averaging over all land, day/night, seasons, and weather, the power per land area of sunlight is

150 W/m^2

Including all soil depths, permafrost contains how much carbon?

1500 GtC

If planet A is the same size as planet B, but is twice as hot, how much more rapidly does planet A lose energy by radiation?

16 times

If a mixture of nitrogen and oxygen has a total pressure of 900 mbars, and if the partial pressure of nitrogen is 720 mbars, what is the partial pressure of oxygen?

180 mbars

In what year was the greenhouse effect postulated, thereby initiating the field of climate science?

1824

The first prediction of global warming was made in what year?

1896

In what year did congressional testimony first raise public awareness about global warming?

1988

The IPCC was founded in and issued its first assessment report in .

1988 and 1990

Borehole paleothermometry reveals a mean global ground-temperature increase over the past ~100 years of

1K

What is the current radiative forcing from the extra CO2 that is currently in the atmosphere?

2 W/m2

If planet A is the same temperature as planet B, but has twice the area, how much more rapidly does planet A lose energy by radiation?

2 times

A typical building has 3 meters between floors and the average American adult weighs 80 kg. How much energy does it take to lift 5 average American adults up 2 floors in a typical building?

2.4 kj

Roughly at what rate is the atmospheric concentration of CO2 increasing?

2.5 ppm/year

The carbon contained in peat down to 1 meter is equivalent to how many years of fossil-fuel burning at the current rate of emissions?

20

What is roughly the per-capita consumption of oil in the United States?

20 barrels/year

Assuming a 2000-year timescale for the adjustment of sea level, if sea level is rising at 10 mm/year, roughly what is the committed sea-level rise?

20 m

Consider a 0.01-kg feather initially at rest, so vi = 0, at height hi in a vacuum. It is dropped and reaches a final speed of vf = 20 m/s at the ground, where hf = 0. What was hi?

20 m

Consider a 2-kg bowling ball initially at rest, so vi = 0, at height hi in a vacuum. It is dropped and reaches a final speed of vf = 20 m/s at the ground, where hf = 0. What was hi?

20 m

Roughly what fraction of the carbon burned by humans is still in the atmosphere as CO2 after 10,000 years?

20%

How much carbon is there in peat worldwide down to one-meter depth?

200 GtC

If the concentration of atmospheric CO2 increases by 100 ppm, roughly how much more carbon is there in the atmosphere?

200 GtC

If a planet's total solar irradiance, or TSI, is 1000 W/m2, what is the average incident sunlight per planetary surface area?

250 W/m2

What was the preindustral concentration of carbon dioxide?

280 ppm

Earth avg temp

288 K

20 C in kelvin

293 K

Roughly how much power will a 10-MW wind turbine generate?

3 MW

what is 3 gya

3 billion years ago

How far does a person go if they jog at 1 m/s for 1 hour?

3.6 KM

Averaging over all land, day/night, seasons, and weather, and assuming a typical solar-cell efficiency, the electrical power per land area generated by PV panels is

30 W/m^2

Using Wien's law, what is the peak wavelength of radiation emitted by an object with a temperature of 100 K?

30 micron

If a town is underlain by 3 m of permafrost, and if the permafrost is thawing there at a rate of 10 cm/year, in roughly how long will the town have no permafrost?

30 years

On planet Zorkon, the effective height of longwave emission to space is at 9 km where the temperature is 210 K. If the lapse rate in Zorkon's dry atmosphere is 10 K/km, what is the surface temperature?

300 K

Which of the following is a typical temperature on Earth?

300 K

If a planet's TSI is 2000 W/m2 and its albedo is 0.4, how much power per area must the planet radiate?

300 W/m2

How many Joules of heat are generated by a heater that outputs 500 W for 10 minutes?

300 kj

On planet Cruftulon, the effective height of longwave emission to space is at 3 km where the temperature is 310 K. If the lapse rate in Kruftulon's dry atmosphere is 10 K/km, what is the surface temperature?

340 K

The human body produces about 100 W of heat energy per time. How much heat energy does the human body emit in an hour? Recall that an hour has 3600 seconds.

360 KJ

How many rocket planets

4

If we hold the concentrations of greenhouse gases constant at the levels anticipated in 2100 for the RCP4.5 scenario, roughly how much globally averaged warming would we get if we waited long enough?

4 K

How much fossil fuel have humans burned?

400 GtC

What is the current concentration of atmospheric CO2?

400 ppm

Roughly how much power will a 300-W solar panel generate?

45 W

Typical temp of an oven

450 K

If a sand dune's feedback parameter is +24 kg/s/m, by what amount does its net rate of inflow change if we apply a sudden height perturbation of 2 m?

48 kg/s

Roughly at what rate are the ocean and plants absorbing CO2 at present?

5 GtC/year

Consider a metal rod that has 10 W of heat conduction between its two ends, which are maintained at temperatures of 200 K and 400 K. If we lower the temperature of the hot end from 400 K to 300 K, what is the new rate of heat conduction along the rod?

5 W

Consider a metal rod that has 10 W of heat conduction between its two ends, which are maintained at temperatures of 200 K and 400 K. If we raise the temperature of the cold end from 200 K to 300 K, what is the new rate of heat conduction along the rod?

5 W

Consider a 0.01-kg feather initially at rest, so vi = 0, at height hi in a vacuum. It is dropped and reaches a final speed of vf = 10 m/s at the ground, where hf = 0. What was hi?

5 m

Consider a 2-kg bowling ball initially at rest, so vi = 0, at height hi in a vacuum. It is dropped and reaches a final speed of vf = 10 m/s at the ground, where hf = 0. What was hi?

5 m

The power per area emitted by an object, in W/m2, is equal to

5.67(T/100)4

If the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere increases by 100 GtC, roughly how much does the concentration of CO2 increase?

50 ppm

What is the approximate power per are emited by a person in W/m2?

6 x 3^4

What is the approximate power per area emitted by the inside wall of an oven when baking a cake in W/m2?

6 x 4.5^4

In an atmosphere with water, what is the numerical value of the lapse rate?

6.5 K/km

To allow all 10 billion people to live like Americans, roughly how much electrical power does humanity need to generate?

60 TW

If a bank account accrues interest at a rate of 2% per year, by what percentage has the initial principal increased after 30 years?

60%

How many GtC were there in the preindustrial atmosphere?

600 GtC

Typical Temperature of the sun

6000 K

If we hold the concentrations of greenhouse gases constant at the levels anticipated in 2100 for the RCP4.5 scenario, roughly how much land warming would we get if we waited long enough?

7 K

Roughly how much higher is CAPE in an atmosphere once it has warmed by 1 K?

7%


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