ESCI 361 WQ Exam 2
water speed and temp
as speed slows down, temp stays the same
turbidity and temp
as turbidity increases, so does temp
Preliminary treatment
bar screen and grit chamber
BOD5 (define)
biochemical oxygen demand, how much oxygen microbes use in 5 days
suspended solids can include things like
biota, silt and clay
PE samples
blind samples provided by outside agencies to check accuracy
Eutrophication
high nutrients (p in lakes), high chl-a [ ] and low sechi depth.
premature eutrophication in bodies of freshwater
high p, lots of sunlight, higher temp, high co2, low mixing, anthro inputs
LC50 is higher at ___ (pH)
higher pH
DMR violations
1) Effluent: WQ parameters 2) reporting: paperwork is late 3) monitoring between effluent and reporting (no data) 4) permitting: do not have one when needed
DMR triggers
1) benchmark exceedances (WQ parameters) 2) design criteria 85% is the WWTP exceedances
metal origins
Natural weathering of rocks, solids Industrial pollution (point sources) Fossil fuel burning Mining/ processing Urban stromwater (non-point)
N criteria
Temp at a pH of 7.5: 5 deg C has 7 mg/L of ammonia 25 deg C has 2 mg/l of ammonia
Anthropogenic inputs of alkalinity
Urban, agricultural runoff (nonpoint sources) Industrial outflows (point sources) Logging/forestry Mining
Organic matter
We measure total organic carbon Dissolved organic carbon
Natural inputs of alkalinity
substrate/bedrock groundwater, surface water atmospheric inputs (through precipitation and dry deposition)
DO depends on
% solubility: 1) atmo pressure 2) salinity (chlorinity ppt) 3) temp
pH and temp
% un-ionized varies with ___
Free Cu LC50=
%free * total cu ug/L ex) .10*20 = 2 free cu
Clean water act
(1972) Nixon: EPA authority to limit pollution and increase wastewater treatment in navigable waters
Safe Drinking Water Act
(1974)- Nixon: reduce contaminates in DW through testing Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs)
relative % diff=
(max value-min value_ / mean *100%
DO units
(mg/L)
Episodic exposure
(short periods), we are less able to handle short periods of high toxins than long periods of low toxins
flow rate and BOD of effluent
Higher flows result in higher BOD in the effluents because there is less time for removal with higher inputs there is less space for aeration
distribution storage importance
holds treated water cl and other disinfectants break down over time , pumps can become worn and microbes can persist
negatively
how does agriculture and urbanization effect water quality
Clean Water Act
if a sewage treatment plant discharges into a navigable river it is regulated under this act
pH=
-log [H+]
how to measure total ammonia
1) Hach Comp colorimetric analysis 2) colorimetry with cadmium Nitraver that converts all NO3- to NO2-
Coliform analysis steps
1) Samples collected 2) Diluted with a sterile buffer 3) Dilutions are filtered through a membrane that catches the bacteria 4) Filters are placed in nutrient media and incubated for a day 5) Number of colonies are counted, dilution sample with most colonies is used to calculate the FC
Temperature (define)
1) a measure of the thermal energy of a material 2) a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a sample of matter
formation of ammonia
1) reducing of nitrate and nitrate by bacteria 2) breakdown of proteins and amino acids during decay of dead organisms 3) excretion of waste products by living animals 4) fertilizer manufacturing
improved water supply, sanitation
1.1 billion people lack access to _____, 2.4 billion to adequate ______.
drinking water nitrate standard
10 mg NO3-N/L 10mg of nitrate-nitrogen per liter 44 mg NO3-/L
duplicates
2 measures of the same sample
digital probe thermometer ex)
2-point calibrated YSI-A
Photosynthesis
6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy ↔ C6H12O6 + 6 O2
Freshwater pH criteria
6.5-8.5
marine pH criteria
6.5-9 or 7-8.5
Africa and DW
65% impaired drinking water
BOD5 ex)20 mg/L, what is the BOD after 5 days?
75% *20= 26.66-20 mg/L = 6.66 mg/L
un-ionized ammonia N=
= [total ammonia N] * un-ionized ammonia % need to know temp and pH
mg of nitrate-N/L conversion to NO3-/L
= multiply by 62mg NO3-/14 mg NO3-N
ionized ammonia N=
= total ammonia N- un-ionized ammonia N
Total ammonia
= un-ionized ammonia and ionized ammonia
BOD5= 20, what is BOD after 5 days
=6.6 mg/L 75%*20 -20=6.6
Tcorr (deg C)
=m*t meas +b
CV or rsd
=sd/mean *100%
nitrate risk
>10 mg/L in drinking water only a risk to children under 6 months
Ammonia Criteria
@ pH 7.5 5 deg c --->7mg/L 15 deg C----> 4 mg/L 25 deg C -----> 2 mg/L
How is N measured?
Colorimetery Beer's law saying that the light absorbed is proportional to the concentration of nitrite present.
above
table captions are ___ the table
Beer's Law statement
A = k x C A= measured light absorbance (not transmittance) k=a constant C= concentration of the analyte
when to calculate abs difference
temp and pH
interpolation
A+(B-A/C-D)*(what i want-D)
pH Calibrated probe ex)
Accument Basic AB15
domestic
Agriculture water is not put back, while ______ puts back a lot by reusing it
How is Temperature measured?
Alcohol Thermometers or digital probes
4.6
Alkalinity is amount of acid that can be added to water before it reaches pH ____
toxicity
Alkalinity reduces the bioavailability of metals, thereby reducing their _____ to organisms.
Coliform Bacteria
Contaminated water contained these harmless bacteria; they are used as indicators of possible contamination by disease-causing microorganisms. Usually always present in water that is contaminated by animal waste
DO decreases
As BOD increases ________
turbidity decreases
As _________the effectiveness of it increases because there are less pathogens that area hiding
effectiveness of Cl- increases
As pH decreases, the____ by increasing the dissociation
free cl
As temperature increases, the dissociation of Cl- increases, and the amount of _____ increases, this kills more pathogens which
decreases
As temperature rises, pH ____
Alkalinity equation
At= (HCO3-) + 2(CO32-) + (OH-) - (H+)
How is effectiveness measured in WWTP?
BOD
How are Organics measured?
BOD, Chemical Oxygen Demand
BMP
Best management practices
Organics
Biochemical Oxygen Demand , Chemical Oxygen Demand, Total Organic C, Oil and grease
examples of GSI techniques
Bioretention, green roofs, permeable pavers, rain barrels, soil amendments, and tree box filters
boiling water and electricity
Boiling water is harder for electricity to flow through, so the resistance shows by higher voltage
Respiration
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 ↔ 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy
What affects metal toxicity?
temperature, pH , DO, light, salinity
BOD5=
DO initial - DO5 days / volume fraction of WW
WWTP and DW differences:
DW: mainly form the river, drinkable WWTP: sludge, from domestic and industrial use
DO (% saturation) =
Do measured/ DO solubility *100
Random (Sampling methods)
Each member of the population has an equal and known chance of being selected.
indicator organism ex)
Ecoli are indicator organisms for pathogens since they are able to survive
effedcts of pesticides in the water on frogs
Endocrine disrupters, intersex
microbes
High amounts of respires eat and die. The waste sinks and is then eaten by ___ leaving low DO in the deep waters
bioassey
test that includes living organisms
hazardous
High temp and pH shifts towards ____ levels of nitrite (un-ionized ammonia)
ferment lactose
FC can be distinguished form TC because they are able to ________ at elevated temp
light blue
FC color in membrane filter exp
John Snow
Father of epidemiology, linked disease to a source of contamination
budget
Flame AA is better for metals that are less common and you have a _____
Alcohol thermometers
Glass tubes that measures the expansion of fluid (alcohol or mercury). The liquid expands with higher temperatures and displaces.
Coliform (technical definition)
Gram-negative aerobic and facultative anaerobic, non-spore forming, rod shaped bacteria that ferment lactose at 35 deg C in one to two days.
turbidimeter ex)
Hach 2100P
calcium carbonate
Higher _______ in a stream, the higher the pH
increased alkalinity and pH, decreases "free" metal ions ???
How do these processes (chelation and complexation) affect toxicity of metals and analysis of metals?
They remove toxins by sediment or vegetation
How is GSI or LID used to treat stormwater?
pH (define)
How many H+ ions
darker
the ___ the sample, the higher the concentration (increased abs)
Presumptive test
If there is FC then there are pathogens (even if the pathogenic organisms are not identified, they should be accepted to be present
lakes
In ____ , deep waters have low O2 and surfaces have high pH
not
In a formal lab report, it is ____ necessary to include the R2 value with a graphical representation of a regression analysis.
Temperature and acidity
the acidity does not change because of equal concentrations of H+ and OH-, but the pH falls
urbanization effects on WQ
Increased FC and everything else
low DO
Increased Temp causes ___
high DO
Increased pH leads to ____
surface
Increased photo at the ____ increases the pH.
break up
Increased temperature can potently ______ solids (salts?)
light penetration
Increased turbidity can decrease ______ and overall visibility allowing higher heat absorption and killing plants
TSS and temp
Increases temp
Top 4 uses of freshwater
Irrigation, industrial, thermoelectric power cooling, drinking (public supply)
Before measuring
Know your question, data must answer a specific question and consider changes over time and space
Local WQ Problems
Lake Whatcom, shellfish, and recreational
Why study water quality?
Limited fresh water on earth, we rely on it heavily, natural systems rely on it, its cool!
safe
Low temp and pH shift towards _____ levels of ammonia
carbonate concentration (titrations)
Measure an acids ability to neutralizing capacity with bicarbonate and carbonate ion [ ]
DO (define)
Measure of free oxygen in water
How to measure TC
Millipore filtration and petri dish colony counting
pathogens
More _____ with higher turbidity, they can hide in the crevasses!
Nitrite compound
NO2-
Nitrate compound
NO3-
TSS units
NTU
TC regulations
No more than 5% of samples can test positive for TC a month No more than 1 sample can test positive for TC if under 40 samples a month Every sample that has TC must be analyzed for FC and E. Coli
Equal
Not all data is created ____
Most Probable Number (MPN) technique
Not as much used technique for calculating coliform
deep
Nutrient levels in the ____ waters are higher than in the past
conductivity meter ex)
Orion 130: measures the estimated TDS
Acid mine drainage management
Oxidation ponds with wetlands IRON
methods of drinking water disinfection
Ozone, UV light ,Chlorine
disinfection byproducts
Ozone: ketones, carboxylic acids, Aldehydes (formaldehyde) UV light: nitrites, DCA, Aldehydes (formaldehyde) Chlorine: chlorite, HAAs, THMs (chloroform)
dangers of pipes
Pathogens in distribution, corrosive, high in organics leads to high chlorine demand and decreased residual
Keeling Curve
Tracts CO2 ppm in the ocean
tools for addressing problem
Regulation- address contamination by banning it Incentives- address contamination by offering other solutions or monetary incentive Education- address contamination by educating
ocean circulation
Salinity is the driving force of ______ by density
What to measure
Sample for one parameter or many? Sample one location? Sample one time? Sample on depth? Sample in boat, on foot? In rainstorm, on dry day, at night, during day? Sample only water or sediment? Biota?
Biosand filter
Sand that contains beneficial bacteria and algae that remove pathogens
How GSI treats stormwater
Sedimentation, filtration of suspended fraction, adsorption of dissolved fraction, precipitation of dissolved fraction, plant uptake, microbial/biological activity - biological transformation
ion chromatography
Separation my different masses and charge ratio. Titrations can find TDS with this
Total coliform
Several groups: enterobacter, citrobacter, escherichia, and klebsiella Fecal coliform plus enterobacter and citrobacter
surface area
Smaller cells have a larger _____ , they have an advantage to low nutrient supply
PO43-
Soluble reactive phosphoru
How are metals measured?
Spectroscopy: light absorbance ( Atomic absorption spec)
bio-accumulate
Suspended solids trap salt ions and _______ them to the bottom, lowering the waters toxicity (able to have more toxins without it becoming toxic)
BOD process
Take 2 samples and measure one with Winkler and wait 5 days and measure the other to see how much oxygen was taken up my respiring microbes
Total Ammonia depends on
Temp and pH as they increase so does this
dissociation
Temp effects alkalinity by increasing the ______
allowed is lowered
The MCL decreases with higher temp and pH because the maximum _____
light and nutrients
The two factors that affect primary productivity the most
FC and E.Coli regulations
There cannot be any present in the analyzed samples 0 CFU/100-ml
TSS (define)
Total suspended settlleable solids
pesticides and pharmaceuticals
WWTP treatment does remove _____________ unlike DW
Nitrite risks
are water contaminates, later oxidized to NO3-
TDS and temp
as TDS increases, the temp stays the same
Wade King
Whactom 1999 fire, fuels float on water and can catch on fire. name of deceased kid _____
methane, manly chlorinated waters
What needs to be present to form THMs?
acidity
When temp increases the ______ of the water does not change because of equal amounts of H+ and OH- are added and the solution remains neutral even though the pH decreases.
shade and temp
as shade decreases, the temp increases
DO probe ex)
YSI-A
What affects alkalinity?
[ ] of bases- specifically the [ ] of carbonate, bicarbonate, hydroxide ions
% DO saturation =
[measured DO (mg/L) /DO solubility (mg/L) ] *100
Hypoxia
____ in Bellingham Bay from reduced mixing and high productivity from algae blooms
Salinity
____ is not present in DD water, conductivity is.
NO3-N/L
_____ is larger than NO3-/L
Baking soda (sodium bicarbonate)
______ doesn't change the pH of the water, it increases it ability to buffer [alkalinity])
Specific gravity
_______ changes with temp
Types of tertiary treatment
a. Actuated carbon or sand filtration (microfiltration) b. Reverse osmosis c. Additional biological treatment (N and P removal) d. Ozone (aeration)
field blanks & lab blanks
accuracy
Secondary treatment
activated biological sludge and final settling (removes 85% of TSS and BOD)
What happens if you add an excess nitrogen to a lake?
algae will be unaffected
Hardness
alkalinity changes the _____ of water, tastes off
Harbor- bach
ammonia and fertilizer production, denitrification in marine systems
colorimetry
any analytical method that is based on the measurement of light absorbance
Contact time
calculates the disinfectant dosage for the chlorination of drinking water. The product of the free chlorine and the contact time with the water being disinfected.
phosphorus cycle
can not be found in a gas state, found in only land, water, not the atmo like carbon, nitrogen, and water
Conductivity (define)
charged ions (dissolved)
chlorine
cheapest disinfection technique
green light
chl-a reflects ___________
primary productivity is measured by
chl-a satellite, or spec *(wavelength of chl-a)
WWTP and DW similarities:
chlorination (disinfecting), coagulation, filtration
Disinfection
chlorination or UV treatment
ex) organic chem
chloroform, pesticides, and fuel
Global WQ Problems
clean and accessible (drinking water and wastewater systems)
accuracy
closeness to the truth
how to measure nitrogen
colorimetry
standard additions
concentration of iron in the original sample can be inferred graphically or mathematically Beer's law
effluent violation
concentrations exceed permit levels
TDS is measured indirectly by
conductivity
Nitrites (NO2-)
considered contaminants
organic molecules
contain carbon ex) chloroform and pesticides, fuels
heavy metals in stormwater
copper: cars lead: paint
Cons of GSI compared to traditional stormwater infrastructure
costly is some cases, intruding on private property, necessary incentives
what increases water temp?
decreased shade, shallow canals, increased turbidity, increased ionic strength, decreased DO, anthro (run-off, agriculture, and mining)
Temperature (units)
deg C, Fahrenheit, Kelvin
bacteria
denitrification from organic N to n2 gas
evaporation
direct measurement of TDS
DMR
discharge monitoring report
inorganic molecules
do not contain carbon ex) nitrates, phosphates, lead, and cl
Speed and temp
does not change temp
pharmaceuticals
drinking water treatment does not remove pesticides and _____
those that benefit from OA
eel grass and hooded nudibranchs
QC samples
ensure high quality data, accuracy
TDS is measured directly by
evaporation
conductivity meter
ex) orion 180 measures the estimated TDS
Matrix effect
external standards with DD water leave out inorganic and organic substances from the natural waters.
oligotrophic
few nutrients/feeding younger lakes low chl-a [ ] high secchi disk low total p in lake
below
figure captions are ____ the figure
TSS is measured directly by
filtration
TSS directly measured by
filtration, secchi disk
phytoplankton
fix N2 (g) to organic N (NH4)
DO over stauration
flux of oxygen will be out of the water when exposed to air
"Yellow Boy"
found in areas with high iron from higher pH. creates noticeable color
denitrification
from organic N to n2 gas by bacteria process is anammox
how to measure organic chem (instruments)
gas chromatography, liquid chromatography, and thin-layer chromatography
unionized-ammonia (NH3-N)
has a more toxic form at high pH
algal growth
high levels of phosphate in lakes lead to and high BOD and eventual die offs
HNLC
high nitrogen low carbon zones where iron is the limiting nutrient
Blue Baby Syndrome
in babies digestive system nitrates are reduced to nitrites, nitrite in the blood stream then oxidizes fe2+ to fe3+ creating metahemoglobin which can't transport oxygen sum total of both NO2- and NO3- are harmful
Ocean Acidification
increased H+ ions in water that are not buffered out
Shell formation
increased alkalinity effects
TDS increases with
increased dissolved ions, increase ions/salts,
What increases pH?
increased ionic strength, increased unionized ammonia, increased primary productivity
pH and DO
increased pH decrease DO
agriculture effects on WQ
increased runoff with P that cause dead zones
What decreases water temp?
increased shade, cold inputs (snow, rain), deeper canals, dams that release colder water
temp and DO
increased temp decreases DO
Temp affects on pH
increased temp decreases this by adding more H+ (THE ACIDITY STAYS THE SAME)
what decreases the pH?
increased temp, respiration, increased salts and ions, increased nutrients (substrate), anthro inputs ( mining, urbanization, industry, acid rain)
temp affect on Conductivity
increases
ammonia toxicity
increases as temperature rises
increased turbidity in WWTP
increases the chances of pathogens
increased temp with Cl-
increases the effectiveness of the treatment by killing more pathogens
Coliform
indicates harm presumptive test, if FC then there are pathogens
conductivity measurement
indirect measurement of TDS
Nitrogen Cycle
input from land and then cycling into the ocean n2 fixed by phtoplankton to organic N and then denitrification by bacteria to N2
GIS
interventions that limit antho effects
Nitrogen
limiting nutrient in marine waters
Iron
limits in open ocean o O2 will increase in at the surface and decrease at depth o Dust distributes it (dessert winds)
Limiting nutrient (define)
low [ ], is the quickest consumed
Total Cu Toxicity is higher at ____ (pH)
lower pH -its a hazard at the lower pH
coagulation and flocculation
mass quagulation of TSS)
QC chart
may indicate precision or accuracy
How is alkalinity measured
measure carbonate concentration (titrations)
Membrane Filter (MF) technique
measures FC by filtration What we did in lab Easier technique that provides more practical results for coliform
colisure method
measures FC by observations with incubation
Combined Glass eclectrode
measures H+ concentration
Winkler titrations
measures dissolved oxygen
Alkalinity Titration
measures indicators and an acids neutralizing capacity
Nephelometer
measures light scatter in water with broad visible wavelength and targets large TSS particles
nephelometry
measures light scatter in water with broad visible wavelength and targets large TSS particles
Flame AA
measures the absorbance of a specific atom target (metal) • light source (flame), acetylene flame source, monochromator, detector. Copper halo cathode lamp, set wavelength for each metal. Low running costs, good detection limits, fairly precise, able to measure most metals
Spectrophometer
measures the absorbance of narrow wavelengths and targets molecular colors
Spectrophometer
measures the absorbance of narrow wavelengths and targets molecular colors
Winkler Titration
measures the dissolved oxygen
ICP
measures the emittance of a specific wavelength of a target atom (metal)
glass thermometer
measures the expansion of fluids
transmissometer
measures the transmission of broad visible wavelength and targets large TSS particles
Primary treatment
mechanical settling (removes 50-60% of TSS and third of BOD)
Chelation
metal ions have ligands and groups ?????
TDS units
mg/L
mesotrophic
middle aged water
anthro Phosphorus inputs
mining and urban
what increases dissolved ions, increase ions/salts?
mining, urban, industry increases ionic strength Substrate/bedrock, erosion increases k25 Precipitation and evaporation Vegetation and biota stream flow, dilution
reasons for DO over saturation
mixing, bubbles, high primary productivity, increased temp, decreased pressure
What is known about mixtures of compounds at low concentrations in DW?
mixtures are more harmful at low concentrations than whole pollutants???
photosynthesis
more ____ less CO2, higher pH
respiration
more ____ more CO2, lower pH
Why is it that when counting colonies total coliform cultures are expected to have more colonies than fecal coliform cultures?
more groups of total C than FC
NPDES
national pollutant discharge elimination system program
Hach ammonia N test kit
need to be at 20 deg C if warmer, it can cause higher results, if colder it will cause low results
Effects of metal toxicity
negative life stages, sex, activity, starvation, behavior
limiting nutrient in marine
nitrate
ex) inorganic chem
nitrates, phosphates, chlorine, heavy metals: lead, iron, and zinc
Secondary contact
not prolonged exposure or ingestion (boat)
What can be inferred from a water sample that has a lower TDS content than it's conductivity reading would suggest?
o 1) it may have more H+ ions or other ions that contribute to the charge of the water o 2) there could be less mass k25
drinking water treatment processes in order:
o 1) pretreatment/ screening o 2)coagulation and flocculation glue together by mass o precipitation: settlement of TDS that are no longer soluble o 4) sedimentation o 5) filtration o 6) disinfection o 7) storage and distribution
DO solubility (mg/L) depends on
o 1) temperature (decreases o2 solubility) so more saturated o 2) salinity: low salinity holds more DO ex) chlorinity o 3) atmospheric pressure: more pressure can hold more DO
Alkalinity (define)
o Acid neutralizing capacity of water (buffering capacity). o Ability of a solution to resist changes in pH o Amount of acid that can be added to water before it reaches pH 4.6 o Sum of the bases in the water.
How is DO measured?
o BOD5 o DO solubility (mg/L) o DO (% saturation) o Probe o Winkler titrations
Why does the seawater in the Antarctic have the least amount of iron compared to the rest of the seawater surrounding the globe?
o Because it is so colder there o Because there are no dust storms o Because there is no upwelling in the region deep mixing reduces the amount of light available for photosynthesis
dissociation of CO2 and water
o CO2 + H2O<-> H2CO3 <-> HCO3- + H+ <-> CO32- +H+
what effects TSS?
o Channels (+) o Erosion/deposition (+) o Humans (urban, ag, run-off, mining, logging, industrial) (+) o Ions/salts (+) o Precipitation (+)
Secondary contact criteria
o Fecal coliform must not exceed a geometric mean of 200 colonies/ 100 ml o Marine: FC must not exceed 70 colonies/100ml
Primary contact criteria
o Freshwater: Fecal coliform must not exceed a geometric mean of 100 colonies / 100ml o Marine water: FC must not exceed 14 colonies/100 ml
When to use a graph
o Show a pattern or trend, entire sets of values are compared, and exact vales for all points are unnecessary o make it easy to interpret and be consistent, all graphs have a purpose, are honest (axis), simple, avoid special effects, manageable amount of information, correct labels
Sampling methods
o Stratified o Systematic o Random
What affects OA?
o Upwelling increase OA o Uptake of carbon can reduce it o Humans burning fossil fuels increase OA
When to use a table
o look up individual (precise) values that have multiple units of measurement o make it easy to interpret and be consistent, highlight to data that is important with correct labels
How is pH measured?
o probe: measures the H+ concentration o Indicator chemicals (titration) o strips
Nitrates (NO3-)
occur naturally at low levels N is limiting nutrient in marine systems
"out of control" QC guidelines
one pt beyond the 3sd two points beyond 2sd if within 3 runs 7 pts in a row that are either increasing/decreasing 7pts in a row that are either above or below the center line (mean)
colorimetric analysis for total ammonia
only use as measurement if concentrations are high >5 mg/L , not at low concentrations
un-ionized fish kill concentration
over 0.1 mg N/L of un-ionized NH3
indicators
pathogen measurements are ______
Fecal Coliform
pathogens Sub groups: Escherichia and klebiella Able to ferment lactose at elevated temperatures The FC test is better to test for recent FC pollution than the total coliform test by itself
Freshwater Limiting nutrient
phosphorous
limiting nutrient in freshwater
phosphorus
National WQ Problems
pipes, sanitation, industrial, mining, urban use agriculture, and hydroelectric power
DO and hydrology
positive relationship
hydrology and turbidity
positive relationship
Salinity units
ppt (parts per thousand)
Chlorophyll-a represents
primary productivity and algae
WWTPs
primary source of BOD
Stratified (Sampling methods)
probability , divides the entire population into different subgroups or strata, then randomly selects the final subjects proportionally from the different strata.
Primary contact
prolonged exposure, direct contact (swimming) and will lead to human harm
field replicates & lab replicates
quantify the precision of analyses
Pros of GSI compared to traditional stormwater infrastructure
reduce contaminates
Soultions to Eutrophication
reduce run-off: vegetation buffers, wetlands, fertilizer limits
tertiary treatment
reduce the organics and nitrogen in the water
cadmium metal
reduces all nitrate in a sample to nitrite, nitrite remains as nitrite.
Alkalinity and metal toxicity
reduces the bioavailability of metals, thereby reducing their toxicity to organisms. bicarbonate binds with heavy metals and reduce the metal bio availability The criteria becomes less strict for toxicity of metal concentration with her alkalinity
DW main goals
remove the inorganics TSS and pathogens
WW goals
remove the solids (nutrients) and the organics (carbon)
DW treatment
removes turbidity and pathogens well, but not dissolved materials
precision
reproducible or how close measurements of the same samples are
refractometer
salinity is measured with a ________ (specific gravity)
TSS clarity can be measured also by
secchi disk
TSS ex)
sediment, bacteria, clay, algae
liquid chromatography
separate a sample into its individual parts. This separation occurs based on the interactions of the sample with the mobile and stationary phases (not gas).
gas chromatography
separating and analyzing compounds that can be vaporized without decomposition. volatile compounds
sources of FC
septic, agriculture, storm run-off
DW treatment - precipitation
settlement of TDS that are no longer soluble
Anaerobic lagoons are effective at removing nitrogen because
solids in the wastewater separate and settle into layers and nitrogen is converted into ammonia and then is removed by biological activity
how to measure nitrate
spectrophotmeter
Acidity with increased temp
stays the same, but pH falls
analyte of interst
substance to be measured during colorimetry to produce a color
Beer's Law
the colored substance that is formed absorbs light in direct proportion to the concentration of the analyte of interest (NO3- + NO2-)
constant ion [ ] and pH
the pH doesn't matter when there s a constant [ion]
TDML
total daily maximum limit 303d list reduces nutrient imputs
TDS (define)
total dissolved solids (ions)
Systematic (Sampling methods)
transect or quadrat/grid
TSS indirectly measured by
turbidimeter
spectrophotometric method
turbidity affects the accuracy of ______ with chlorophyll a
DW removes
turbidity and pathogens well, but not dissolved materials
TSS is measured indirectly by
turbidity meter
Legionella and Cryptosporidium
two types of bacteria that are monitored in drinking water
Roof gardens and Bioretention : GIS
two ways that stormwater is treated in Bellingham.
Conductivity units
uS/cm
"free ion"
uncomplexed metal ions that are more toxic then complexed ions
How to minimize the matrix effect
using standard additions with know AA absorbance of the metal
digital probe thermometers
voltages across a metal probe and measure the current electrons flowing through it (circuit)
Where in the world (land and ocean) may you see the most primary productivity and Highest chlorophyll a concentration
warm waters (equator), high light near the coast for high nutrients
less DO
warmer waters are able to contain
Turbidity (define)
water clarity (dyes, humic acid, tannins)
how to measure chl-a
wavelength of green reflection of light (spectrometry and flouemetry) or satellite
standard additions calculations
x diluted= y-int/slope * DF
corrected temp
yint= correct temp-slope * temp measured y=mx+b b= y-slope*x x= measured y= correct temp