ESCI 361 WQ Exam 2

water speed and temp

as speed slows down, temp stays the same

turbidity and temp

as turbidity increases, so does temp

Preliminary treatment

bar screen and grit chamber

BOD5 (define)

biochemical oxygen demand, how much oxygen microbes use in 5 days

suspended solids can include things like

biota, silt and clay

PE samples

blind samples provided by outside agencies to check accuracy

Eutrophication

high nutrients (p in lakes), high chl-a [ ] and low sechi depth.

premature eutrophication in bodies of freshwater

high p, lots of sunlight, higher temp, high co2, low mixing, anthro inputs

LC50 is higher at ___ (pH)

higher pH

DMR violations

1) Effluent: WQ parameters 2) reporting: paperwork is late 3) monitoring between effluent and reporting (no data) 4) permitting: do not have one when needed

DMR triggers

1) benchmark exceedances (WQ parameters) 2) design criteria 85% is the WWTP exceedances

metal origins

Natural weathering of rocks, solids Industrial pollution (point sources) Fossil fuel burning Mining/ processing Urban stromwater (non-point)

N criteria

Temp at a pH of 7.5: 5 deg C has 7 mg/L of ammonia 25 deg C has 2 mg/l of ammonia

Anthropogenic inputs of alkalinity

Urban, agricultural runoff (nonpoint sources) Industrial outflows (point sources) Logging/forestry Mining

Organic matter

We measure total organic carbon Dissolved organic carbon

Natural inputs of alkalinity

substrate/bedrock groundwater, surface water atmospheric inputs (through precipitation and dry deposition)

DO depends on

% solubility: 1) atmo pressure 2) salinity (chlorinity ppt) 3) temp

pH and temp

% un-ionized varies with ___

Free Cu LC50=

%free * total cu ug/L ex) .10*20 = 2 free cu

Clean water act

(1972) Nixon: EPA authority to limit pollution and increase wastewater treatment in navigable waters

Safe Drinking Water Act

(1974)- Nixon: reduce contaminates in DW through testing Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs)

relative % diff=

(max value-min value_ / mean *100%

DO units

(mg/L)

Episodic exposure

(short periods), we are less able to handle short periods of high toxins than long periods of low toxins

flow rate and BOD of effluent

Higher flows result in higher BOD in the effluents because there is less time for removal with higher inputs there is less space for aeration

distribution storage importance

holds treated water cl and other disinfectants break down over time , pumps can become worn and microbes can persist

negatively

how does agriculture and urbanization effect water quality

Clean Water Act

if a sewage treatment plant discharges into a navigable river it is regulated under this act

pH=

-log [H+]

how to measure total ammonia

1) Hach Comp colorimetric analysis 2) colorimetry with cadmium Nitraver that converts all NO3- to NO2-

Coliform analysis steps

1) Samples collected 2) Diluted with a sterile buffer 3) Dilutions are filtered through a membrane that catches the bacteria 4) Filters are placed in nutrient media and incubated for a day 5) Number of colonies are counted, dilution sample with most colonies is used to calculate the FC

Temperature (define)

1) a measure of the thermal energy of a material 2) a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a sample of matter

formation of ammonia

1) reducing of nitrate and nitrate by bacteria 2) breakdown of proteins and amino acids during decay of dead organisms 3) excretion of waste products by living animals 4) fertilizer manufacturing

improved water supply, sanitation

1.1 billion people lack access to _____, 2.4 billion to adequate ______.

drinking water nitrate standard

10 mg NO3-N/L 10mg of nitrate-nitrogen per liter 44 mg NO3-/L

duplicates

2 measures of the same sample

digital probe thermometer ex)

2-point calibrated YSI-A

Photosynthesis

6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy ↔ C6H12O6 + 6 O2

Freshwater pH criteria

6.5-8.5

marine pH criteria

6.5-9 or 7-8.5

Africa and DW

65% impaired drinking water

BOD5 ex)20 mg/L, what is the BOD after 5 days?

75% *20= 26.66-20 mg/L = 6.66 mg/L

un-ionized ammonia N=

= [total ammonia N] * un-ionized ammonia % need to know temp and pH

mg of nitrate-N/L conversion to NO3-/L

= multiply by 62mg NO3-/14 mg NO3-N

ionized ammonia N=

= total ammonia N- un-ionized ammonia N

Total ammonia

= un-ionized ammonia and ionized ammonia

BOD5= 20, what is BOD after 5 days

=6.6 mg/L 75%*20 -20=6.6

Tcorr (deg C)

=m*t meas +b

CV or rsd

=sd/mean *100%

nitrate risk

>10 mg/L in drinking water only a risk to children under 6 months

Ammonia Criteria

@ pH 7.5 5 deg c --->7mg/L 15 deg C----> 4 mg/L 25 deg C -----> 2 mg/L

How is N measured?

Colorimetery Beer's law saying that the light absorbed is proportional to the concentration of nitrite present.

above

table captions are ___ the table

Beer's Law statement

A = k x C A= measured light absorbance (not transmittance) k=a constant C= concentration of the analyte

when to calculate abs difference

temp and pH

interpolation

A+(B-A/C-D)*(what i want-D)

pH Calibrated probe ex)

Accument Basic AB15

domestic

Agriculture water is not put back, while ______ puts back a lot by reusing it

How is Temperature measured?

Alcohol Thermometers or digital probes

4.6

Alkalinity is amount of acid that can be added to water before it reaches pH ____

toxicity

Alkalinity reduces the bioavailability of metals, thereby reducing their _____ to organisms.

Coliform Bacteria

Contaminated water contained these harmless bacteria; they are used as indicators of possible contamination by disease-causing microorganisms. Usually always present in water that is contaminated by animal waste

DO decreases

As BOD increases ________

turbidity decreases

As _________the effectiveness of it increases because there are less pathogens that area hiding

effectiveness of Cl- increases

As pH decreases, the____ by increasing the dissociation

free cl

As temperature increases, the dissociation of Cl- increases, and the amount of _____ increases, this kills more pathogens which

decreases

As temperature rises, pH ____

Alkalinity equation

At= (HCO3-) + 2(CO32-) + (OH-) - (H+)

How is effectiveness measured in WWTP?

BOD

How are Organics measured?

BOD, Chemical Oxygen Demand

BMP

Best management practices

Organics

Biochemical Oxygen Demand , Chemical Oxygen Demand, Total Organic C, Oil and grease

examples of GSI techniques

Bioretention, green roofs, permeable pavers, rain barrels, soil amendments, and tree box filters

boiling water and electricity

Boiling water is harder for electricity to flow through, so the resistance shows by higher voltage

Respiration

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 ↔ 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy

What affects metal toxicity?

temperature, pH , DO, light, salinity

BOD5=

DO initial - DO5 days / volume fraction of WW

WWTP and DW differences:

DW: mainly form the river, drinkable WWTP: sludge, from domestic and industrial use

DO (% saturation) =

Do measured/ DO solubility *100

Random (Sampling methods)

Each member of the population has an equal and known chance of being selected.

indicator organism ex)

Ecoli are indicator organisms for pathogens since they are able to survive

effedcts of pesticides in the water on frogs

Endocrine disrupters, intersex

microbes

High amounts of respires eat and die. The waste sinks and is then eaten by ___ leaving low DO in the deep waters

bioassey

test that includes living organisms

hazardous

High temp and pH shifts towards ____ levels of nitrite (un-ionized ammonia)

ferment lactose

FC can be distinguished form TC because they are able to ________ at elevated temp

light blue

FC color in membrane filter exp

John Snow

Father of epidemiology, linked disease to a source of contamination

budget

Flame AA is better for metals that are less common and you have a _____

Alcohol thermometers

Glass tubes that measures the expansion of fluid (alcohol or mercury). The liquid expands with higher temperatures and displaces.

Coliform (technical definition)

Gram-negative aerobic and facultative anaerobic, non-spore forming, rod shaped bacteria that ferment lactose at 35 deg C in one to two days.

turbidimeter ex)

Hach 2100P

calcium carbonate

Higher _______ in a stream, the higher the pH

increased alkalinity and pH, decreases "free" metal ions ???

How do these processes (chelation and complexation) affect toxicity of metals and analysis of metals?

They remove toxins by sediment or vegetation

How is GSI or LID used to treat stormwater?

pH (define)

How many H+ ions

darker

the ___ the sample, the higher the concentration (increased abs)

Presumptive test

If there is FC then there are pathogens (even if the pathogenic organisms are not identified, they should be accepted to be present

lakes

In ____ , deep waters have low O2 and surfaces have high pH

not

In a formal lab report, it is ____ necessary to include the R2 value with a graphical representation of a regression analysis.

Temperature and acidity

the acidity does not change because of equal concentrations of H+ and OH-, but the pH falls

urbanization effects on WQ

Increased FC and everything else

low DO

Increased Temp causes ___

high DO

Increased pH leads to ____

surface

Increased photo at the ____ increases the pH.

break up

Increased temperature can potently ______ solids (salts?)

light penetration

Increased turbidity can decrease ______ and overall visibility allowing higher heat absorption and killing plants

TSS and temp

Increases temp

Top 4 uses of freshwater

Irrigation, industrial, thermoelectric power cooling, drinking (public supply)

Before measuring

Know your question, data must answer a specific question and consider changes over time and space

Local WQ Problems

Lake Whatcom, shellfish, and recreational

Why study water quality?

Limited fresh water on earth, we rely on it heavily, natural systems rely on it, its cool!

safe

Low temp and pH shift towards _____ levels of ammonia

carbonate concentration (titrations)

Measure an acids ability to neutralizing capacity with bicarbonate and carbonate ion [ ]

DO (define)

Measure of free oxygen in water

How to measure TC

Millipore filtration and petri dish colony counting

pathogens

More _____ with higher turbidity, they can hide in the crevasses!

Nitrite compound

NO2-

Nitrate compound

NO3-

TSS units

NTU

TC regulations

No more than 5% of samples can test positive for TC a month No more than 1 sample can test positive for TC if under 40 samples a month Every sample that has TC must be analyzed for FC and E. Coli

Equal

Not all data is created ____

Most Probable Number (MPN) technique

Not as much used technique for calculating coliform

deep

Nutrient levels in the ____ waters are higher than in the past

conductivity meter ex)

Orion 130: measures the estimated TDS

Acid mine drainage management

Oxidation ponds with wetlands IRON

methods of drinking water disinfection

Ozone, UV light ,Chlorine

disinfection byproducts

Ozone: ketones, carboxylic acids, Aldehydes (formaldehyde) UV light: nitrites, DCA, Aldehydes (formaldehyde) Chlorine: chlorite, HAAs, THMs (chloroform)

dangers of pipes

Pathogens in distribution, corrosive, high in organics leads to high chlorine demand and decreased residual

Keeling Curve

Tracts CO2 ppm in the ocean

tools for addressing problem

Regulation- address contamination by banning it Incentives- address contamination by offering other solutions or monetary incentive Education- address contamination by educating

ocean circulation

Salinity is the driving force of ______ by density

What to measure

Sample for one parameter or many? Sample one location? Sample one time? Sample on depth? Sample in boat, on foot? In rainstorm, on dry day, at night, during day? Sample only water or sediment? Biota?

Biosand filter

Sand that contains beneficial bacteria and algae that remove pathogens

How GSI treats stormwater

Sedimentation, filtration of suspended fraction, adsorption of dissolved fraction, precipitation of dissolved fraction, plant uptake, microbial/biological activity - biological transformation

ion chromatography

Separation my different masses and charge ratio. Titrations can find TDS with this

Total coliform

Several groups: enterobacter, citrobacter, escherichia, and klebsiella Fecal coliform plus enterobacter and citrobacter

surface area

Smaller cells have a larger _____ , they have an advantage to low nutrient supply

PO43-

Soluble reactive phosphoru

How are metals measured?

Spectroscopy: light absorbance ( Atomic absorption spec)

bio-accumulate

Suspended solids trap salt ions and _______ them to the bottom, lowering the waters toxicity (able to have more toxins without it becoming toxic)

BOD process

Take 2 samples and measure one with Winkler and wait 5 days and measure the other to see how much oxygen was taken up my respiring microbes

Total Ammonia depends on

Temp and pH as they increase so does this

dissociation

Temp effects alkalinity by increasing the ______

allowed is lowered

The MCL decreases with higher temp and pH because the maximum _____

light and nutrients

The two factors that affect primary productivity the most

FC and E.Coli regulations

There cannot be any present in the analyzed samples 0 CFU/100-ml

TSS (define)

Total suspended settlleable solids

pesticides and pharmaceuticals

WWTP treatment does remove _____________ unlike DW

Nitrite risks

are water contaminates, later oxidized to NO3-

TDS and temp

as TDS increases, the temp stays the same

Wade King

Whactom 1999 fire, fuels float on water and can catch on fire. name of deceased kid _____

methane, manly chlorinated waters

What needs to be present to form THMs?

acidity

When temp increases the ______ of the water does not change because of equal amounts of H+ and OH- are added and the solution remains neutral even though the pH decreases.

shade and temp

as shade decreases, the temp increases

DO probe ex)

YSI-A

What affects alkalinity?

[ ] of bases- specifically the [ ] of carbonate, bicarbonate, hydroxide ions

% DO saturation =

[measured DO (mg/L) /DO solubility (mg/L) ] *100

Hypoxia

____ in Bellingham Bay from reduced mixing and high productivity from algae blooms

Salinity

____ is not present in DD water, conductivity is.

NO3-N/L

_____ is larger than NO3-/L

Baking soda (sodium bicarbonate)

______ doesn't change the pH of the water, it increases it ability to buffer [alkalinity])

Specific gravity

_______ changes with temp

Types of tertiary treatment

a. Actuated carbon or sand filtration (microfiltration) b. Reverse osmosis c. Additional biological treatment (N and P removal) d. Ozone (aeration)

field blanks & lab blanks

accuracy

Secondary treatment

activated biological sludge and final settling (removes 85% of TSS and BOD)

What happens if you add an excess nitrogen to a lake?

algae will be unaffected

Hardness

alkalinity changes the _____ of water, tastes off

Harbor- bach

ammonia and fertilizer production, denitrification in marine systems

colorimetry

any analytical method that is based on the measurement of light absorbance

Contact time

calculates the disinfectant dosage for the chlorination of drinking water. The product of the free chlorine and the contact time with the water being disinfected.

phosphorus cycle

can not be found in a gas state, found in only land, water, not the atmo like carbon, nitrogen, and water

Conductivity (define)

charged ions (dissolved)

chlorine

cheapest disinfection technique

green light

chl-a reflects ___________

primary productivity is measured by

chl-a satellite, or spec *(wavelength of chl-a)

WWTP and DW similarities:

chlorination (disinfecting), coagulation, filtration

Disinfection

chlorination or UV treatment

ex) organic chem

chloroform, pesticides, and fuel

Global WQ Problems

clean and accessible (drinking water and wastewater systems)

accuracy

closeness to the truth

how to measure nitrogen

colorimetry

standard additions

concentration of iron in the original sample can be inferred graphically or mathematically Beer's law

effluent violation

concentrations exceed permit levels

TDS is measured indirectly by

conductivity

Nitrites (NO2-)

considered contaminants

organic molecules

contain carbon ex) chloroform and pesticides, fuels

heavy metals in stormwater

copper: cars lead: paint

Cons of GSI compared to traditional stormwater infrastructure

costly is some cases, intruding on private property, necessary incentives

what increases water temp?

decreased shade, shallow canals, increased turbidity, increased ionic strength, decreased DO, anthro (run-off, agriculture, and mining)

Temperature (units)

deg C, Fahrenheit, Kelvin

bacteria

denitrification from organic N to n2 gas

evaporation

direct measurement of TDS

DMR

discharge monitoring report

inorganic molecules

do not contain carbon ex) nitrates, phosphates, lead, and cl

Speed and temp

does not change temp

pharmaceuticals

drinking water treatment does not remove pesticides and _____

those that benefit from OA

eel grass and hooded nudibranchs

QC samples

ensure high quality data, accuracy

TDS is measured directly by

evaporation

conductivity meter

ex) orion 180 measures the estimated TDS

Matrix effect

external standards with DD water leave out inorganic and organic substances from the natural waters.

oligotrophic

few nutrients/feeding younger lakes low chl-a [ ] high secchi disk low total p in lake

below

figure captions are ____ the figure

TSS is measured directly by

filtration

TSS directly measured by

filtration, secchi disk

phytoplankton

fix N2 (g) to organic N (NH4)

DO over stauration

flux of oxygen will be out of the water when exposed to air

"Yellow Boy"

found in areas with high iron from higher pH. creates noticeable color

denitrification

from organic N to n2 gas by bacteria process is anammox

how to measure organic chem (instruments)

gas chromatography, liquid chromatography, and thin-layer chromatography

unionized-ammonia (NH3-N)

has a more toxic form at high pH

algal growth

high levels of phosphate in lakes lead to and high BOD and eventual die offs

HNLC

high nitrogen low carbon zones where iron is the limiting nutrient

Blue Baby Syndrome

in babies digestive system nitrates are reduced to nitrites, nitrite in the blood stream then oxidizes fe2+ to fe3+ creating metahemoglobin which can't transport oxygen sum total of both NO2- and NO3- are harmful

Ocean Acidification

increased H+ ions in water that are not buffered out

Shell formation

increased alkalinity effects

TDS increases with

increased dissolved ions, increase ions/salts,

What increases pH?

increased ionic strength, increased unionized ammonia, increased primary productivity

pH and DO

increased pH decrease DO

agriculture effects on WQ

increased runoff with P that cause dead zones

What decreases water temp?

increased shade, cold inputs (snow, rain), deeper canals, dams that release colder water

temp and DO

increased temp decreases DO

Temp affects on pH

increased temp decreases this by adding more H+ (THE ACIDITY STAYS THE SAME)

what decreases the pH?

increased temp, respiration, increased salts and ions, increased nutrients (substrate), anthro inputs ( mining, urbanization, industry, acid rain)

temp affect on Conductivity

increases

ammonia toxicity

increases as temperature rises

increased turbidity in WWTP

increases the chances of pathogens

increased temp with Cl-

increases the effectiveness of the treatment by killing more pathogens

Coliform

indicates harm presumptive test, if FC then there are pathogens

conductivity measurement

indirect measurement of TDS

Nitrogen Cycle

input from land and then cycling into the ocean n2 fixed by phtoplankton to organic N and then denitrification by bacteria to N2

GIS

interventions that limit antho effects

Nitrogen

limiting nutrient in marine waters

Iron

limits in open ocean o O2 will increase in at the surface and decrease at depth o Dust distributes it (dessert winds)

Limiting nutrient (define)

low [ ], is the quickest consumed

Total Cu Toxicity is higher at ____ (pH)

lower pH -its a hazard at the lower pH

coagulation and flocculation

mass quagulation of TSS)

QC chart

may indicate precision or accuracy

How is alkalinity measured

measure carbonate concentration (titrations)

Membrane Filter (MF) technique

measures FC by filtration What we did in lab Easier technique that provides more practical results for coliform

colisure method

measures FC by observations with incubation

Combined Glass eclectrode

measures H+ concentration

Winkler titrations

measures dissolved oxygen

Alkalinity Titration

measures indicators and an acids neutralizing capacity

Nephelometer

measures light scatter in water with broad visible wavelength and targets large TSS particles

nephelometry

measures light scatter in water with broad visible wavelength and targets large TSS particles

Flame AA

measures the absorbance of a specific atom target (metal) • light source (flame), acetylene flame source, monochromator, detector. Copper halo cathode lamp, set wavelength for each metal. Low running costs, good detection limits, fairly precise, able to measure most metals

Spectrophometer

measures the absorbance of narrow wavelengths and targets molecular colors

Spectrophometer

measures the absorbance of narrow wavelengths and targets molecular colors

Winkler Titration

measures the dissolved oxygen

ICP

measures the emittance of a specific wavelength of a target atom (metal)

glass thermometer

measures the expansion of fluids

transmissometer

measures the transmission of broad visible wavelength and targets large TSS particles

Primary treatment

mechanical settling (removes 50-60% of TSS and third of BOD)

Chelation

metal ions have ligands and groups ?????

TDS units

mg/L

mesotrophic

middle aged water

anthro Phosphorus inputs

mining and urban

what increases dissolved ions, increase ions/salts?

mining, urban, industry increases ionic strength Substrate/bedrock, erosion increases k25 Precipitation and evaporation Vegetation and biota stream flow, dilution

reasons for DO over saturation

mixing, bubbles, high primary productivity, increased temp, decreased pressure

What is known about mixtures of compounds at low concentrations in DW?

mixtures are more harmful at low concentrations than whole pollutants???

photosynthesis

more ____ less CO2, higher pH

respiration

more ____ more CO2, lower pH

Why is it that when counting colonies total coliform cultures are expected to have more colonies than fecal coliform cultures?

more groups of total C than FC

NPDES

national pollutant discharge elimination system program

Hach ammonia N test kit

need to be at 20 deg C if warmer, it can cause higher results, if colder it will cause low results

Effects of metal toxicity

negative life stages, sex, activity, starvation, behavior

limiting nutrient in marine

nitrate

ex) inorganic chem

nitrates, phosphates, chlorine, heavy metals: lead, iron, and zinc

Secondary contact

not prolonged exposure or ingestion (boat)

What can be inferred from a water sample that has a lower TDS content than it's conductivity reading would suggest?

o 1) it may have more H+ ions or other ions that contribute to the charge of the water o 2) there could be less mass k25

drinking water treatment processes in order:

o 1) pretreatment/ screening o 2)coagulation and flocculation glue together by mass o precipitation: settlement of TDS that are no longer soluble o 4) sedimentation o 5) filtration o 6) disinfection o 7) storage and distribution

DO solubility (mg/L) depends on

o 1) temperature (decreases o2 solubility) so more saturated o 2) salinity: low salinity holds more DO ex) chlorinity o 3) atmospheric pressure: more pressure can hold more DO

Alkalinity (define)

o Acid neutralizing capacity of water (buffering capacity). o Ability of a solution to resist changes in pH o Amount of acid that can be added to water before it reaches pH 4.6 o Sum of the bases in the water.

How is DO measured?

o BOD5 o DO solubility (mg/L) o DO (% saturation) o Probe o Winkler titrations

Why does the seawater in the Antarctic have the least amount of iron compared to the rest of the seawater surrounding the globe?

o Because it is so colder there o Because there are no dust storms o Because there is no upwelling in the region deep mixing reduces the amount of light available for photosynthesis

dissociation of CO2 and water

o CO2 + H2O<-> H2CO3 <-> HCO3- + H+ <-> CO32- +H+

what effects TSS?

o Channels (+) o Erosion/deposition (+) o Humans (urban, ag, run-off, mining, logging, industrial) (+) o Ions/salts (+) o Precipitation (+)

Secondary contact criteria

o Fecal coliform must not exceed a geometric mean of 200 colonies/ 100 ml o Marine: FC must not exceed 70 colonies/100ml

Primary contact criteria

o Freshwater: Fecal coliform must not exceed a geometric mean of 100 colonies / 100ml o Marine water: FC must not exceed 14 colonies/100 ml

When to use a graph

o Show a pattern or trend, entire sets of values are compared, and exact vales for all points are unnecessary o make it easy to interpret and be consistent, all graphs have a purpose, are honest (axis), simple, avoid special effects, manageable amount of information, correct labels

Sampling methods

o Stratified o Systematic o Random

What affects OA?

o Upwelling increase OA o Uptake of carbon can reduce it o Humans burning fossil fuels increase OA

When to use a table

o look up individual (precise) values that have multiple units of measurement o make it easy to interpret and be consistent, highlight to data that is important with correct labels

How is pH measured?

o probe: measures the H+ concentration o Indicator chemicals (titration) o strips

Nitrates (NO3-)

occur naturally at low levels N is limiting nutrient in marine systems

"out of control" QC guidelines

one pt beyond the 3sd two points beyond 2sd if within 3 runs 7 pts in a row that are either increasing/decreasing 7pts in a row that are either above or below the center line (mean)

colorimetric analysis for total ammonia

only use as measurement if concentrations are high >5 mg/L , not at low concentrations

un-ionized fish kill concentration

over 0.1 mg N/L of un-ionized NH3

indicators

pathogen measurements are ______

Fecal Coliform

pathogens Sub groups: Escherichia and klebiella Able to ferment lactose at elevated temperatures The FC test is better to test for recent FC pollution than the total coliform test by itself

Freshwater Limiting nutrient

phosphorous

limiting nutrient in freshwater

phosphorus

National WQ Problems

pipes, sanitation, industrial, mining, urban use agriculture, and hydroelectric power

DO and hydrology

positive relationship

hydrology and turbidity

positive relationship

Salinity units

ppt (parts per thousand)

Chlorophyll-a represents

primary productivity and algae

WWTPs

primary source of BOD

Stratified (Sampling methods)

probability , divides the entire population into different subgroups or strata, then randomly selects the final subjects proportionally from the different strata.

Primary contact

prolonged exposure, direct contact (swimming) and will lead to human harm

field replicates & lab replicates

quantify the precision of analyses

Pros of GSI compared to traditional stormwater infrastructure

reduce contaminates

Soultions to Eutrophication

reduce run-off: vegetation buffers, wetlands, fertilizer limits

tertiary treatment

reduce the organics and nitrogen in the water

cadmium metal

reduces all nitrate in a sample to nitrite, nitrite remains as nitrite.

Alkalinity and metal toxicity

reduces the bioavailability of metals, thereby reducing their toxicity to organisms. bicarbonate binds with heavy metals and reduce the metal bio availability The criteria becomes less strict for toxicity of metal concentration with her alkalinity

DW main goals

remove the inorganics TSS and pathogens

WW goals

remove the solids (nutrients) and the organics (carbon)

DW treatment

removes turbidity and pathogens well, but not dissolved materials

precision

reproducible or how close measurements of the same samples are

refractometer

salinity is measured with a ________ (specific gravity)

TSS clarity can be measured also by

secchi disk

TSS ex)

sediment, bacteria, clay, algae

liquid chromatography

separate a sample into its individual parts. This separation occurs based on the interactions of the sample with the mobile and stationary phases (not gas).

gas chromatography

separating and analyzing compounds that can be vaporized without decomposition. volatile compounds

sources of FC

septic, agriculture, storm run-off

DW treatment - precipitation

settlement of TDS that are no longer soluble

Anaerobic lagoons are effective at removing nitrogen because

solids in the wastewater separate and settle into layers and nitrogen is converted into ammonia and then is removed by biological activity

how to measure nitrate

spectrophotmeter

Acidity with increased temp

stays the same, but pH falls

analyte of interst

substance to be measured during colorimetry to produce a color

Beer's Law

the colored substance that is formed absorbs light in direct proportion to the concentration of the analyte of interest (NO3- + NO2-)

constant ion [ ] and pH

the pH doesn't matter when there s a constant [ion]

TDML

total daily maximum limit 303d list reduces nutrient imputs

TDS (define)

total dissolved solids (ions)

Systematic (Sampling methods)

transect or quadrat/grid

TSS indirectly measured by

turbidimeter

spectrophotometric method

turbidity affects the accuracy of ______ with chlorophyll a

DW removes

turbidity and pathogens well, but not dissolved materials

TSS is measured indirectly by

turbidity meter

Legionella and Cryptosporidium

two types of bacteria that are monitored in drinking water

Roof gardens and Bioretention : GIS

two ways that stormwater is treated in Bellingham.

Conductivity units

uS/cm

"free ion"

uncomplexed metal ions that are more toxic then complexed ions

How to minimize the matrix effect

using standard additions with know AA absorbance of the metal

digital probe thermometers

voltages across a metal probe and measure the current electrons flowing through it (circuit)

Where in the world (land and ocean) may you see the most primary productivity and Highest chlorophyll a concentration

warm waters (equator), high light near the coast for high nutrients

less DO

warmer waters are able to contain

Turbidity (define)

water clarity (dyes, humic acid, tannins)

how to measure chl-a

wavelength of green reflection of light (spectrometry and flouemetry) or satellite

standard additions calculations

x diluted= y-int/slope * DF

corrected temp

yint= correct temp-slope * temp measured y=mx+b b= y-slope*x x= measured y= correct temp