Ethics Exam 2

The ECPA allows employers to monitor _____________ if they have a legitimate business purpose.

All emails you send with a company account; Your company car usage with a GPS tracker, if the car is meant only for business; All calls made with your company phone, if the phone is meant only for business

Which of the following is not a best practice for a job seeker regarding references?

Because employers are afraid of lawsuits, assume they will say little about you beyond employment dates and job title

The term ____________ refers to employees' legal right to assemble, form unions, and discuss or complain about their work conditions, safety, and compensation.

Concerted activity

Starting a company that competes with your current employer while you still work for them would be a(n) _____________.

Conflict of interest

___________ are those associated with patterns of personal and follower misconduct over time.

Corrupt leaders

Jaime is a writer for Big Media Publishing, an online news outlet. A social media influencer began criticizing one of his articles. Jaime was undeterred by the negativity and worked with the team at Big Media to respond to the influencer's comments politely and appropriately. But despite these efforts, the influencer escalated his attacks and increasingly focused on Jaime himself and his Mexican heritage. Many others eventually joined the online attacks. Big Media decided to pull down the article, but the influencer continued his attacks, including filling Jaime's personal social media accounts. This situation can best be characterized as an example of :

Harassment

A(n) ____________ is one that negatively affects one's job performance, the cause of which is tied to one of the ten protected classes.

Hostile work environment

How can artificial intelligence produce biased results?

If code writers are biased; If the data collectors are biased; If the data it collects is self-reinforcing

Which term refers to unconsciously associating attitudes or stereotypes toward some people?

Implicit biases

Imagine that you and a classmate start a business after graduation. Based on what you learned in your courses and who you are as individuals, the two of you decide to make your values explicitâ€"customer satisfaction, employee respect, and environmental stewardship. Which of the following policies or practices would align with one or more of these values?

Include customers in the design process

Which term means sharing inaccurate or withholding relevant information with the intention of deceiving someone?

Lying

The act of drawing public or an authority's attention to perceived unethical conduct is called ___________.

Whistleblowing

The dark triad is the ___________ of ethical leadership.

Direct opposite

Which term refers to how an individual perceives the balance between outcomes received for the associated work and other inputs?

Distributive fairness

Why is the law the lowest bar to clear for ethical conduct?

It's too narrow and lags behind reality

Which term refers to your perception of the process by which outcomes were determined?

Procedural fairness

Which of the following terms is an example of incivility in the workplace?

All of these are examples

Which of the following is a potential antidote to unethical leaders who sweep misconduct under the rug?

Anonymous tip lines; Ethics audits; 360-degree feedback

What is an appropriate use of an ethics audit?

As a form of feedback to develop organizational ethics

Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, Jasmine had always been meticulous about doing her makeup and straightening her hair, but after several months of working from home she decided to stop straightening her hair and let it grow to a more natural style. During the first team video call after she changed her hair, many coworkers made comments about her new look. The comments continued for several weeks despite Jasmine repeatedly redirecting the conversation back to work topics. She even sent private, individual requests to her colleagues asking them to stop commenting on her hair explaining that it made her uncomfortable. Most colleagues complied immediately, and a few even apologized saying they didn't realize it was so upsetting to her. Two colleagues, however, laughed-off her requests saying she was being too sensitive and continued to comment on her hair. This scenario best describes:

Bullying

Police misconduct has and continues to be a frontpage and serious topic in American society. Some experts say that fundamental structural changes are needed, some others say that the issues are more a matter of a "few bad apples" that need to be rooted out. Either way, many agree that action is needed. Assume you an officer working in a police department in a large US city and witnessed a pattern of misconduct by an officer in your squad. You do not know this officer personally, and the offenses are absolutely wrong but not particularly severe. According to the bad apple argument, which you happen to believe, you should report such conduct as the misconduct of the rare few makes you and police more generally look bad. However, like other officers, you are reluctant to blow the whistle. Of the following, which is a possible reason for your reluctance?

Concerns about confidentiality

Virtuous leaders value and display six common virtues: _______________.

Courage, temperance, justice, prudence, friendliness, truthfulness

Emily, your manager, is very excited about you joining the department. Part of the reason you were hired is to bring energy and new ideas to the department, and one of the first tasks you have is to develop a plan to improve teamwork within the department. Emily is confident you know something about teamwork, as you played on the basketball team in college and have a management degree. Before tackling the task, you noticed that the department (and company) espouses the value of teamwork, and employees say they believe in it too, but Emily thinks something is missing and the department could do better. Given your knowledge of organizational culture, which of the following is something fundamental you will include in your efforts to identify ways to improve teamwork within the department?

Determine whether key norms in the department align with the value of teamwork

Which term refers to negative or unwanted actions taken against a group of employees based on membership in one of nine protected classes?

Discrimination

Yoshio's supervisor and coworkers follow each other on social media. Yoshio posts that his family participated in a recent cystic fibrosis fundraiser for his sister. Yoshio's supervisor had planned to promote Yoshio, but after learning cystic fibrosis is a genetic condition that can strike someone well into adulthood, she changes her mind. The supervisor is concerned that if Yoshio develops cystic fibrosis he might struggle to handle both a new potential medical condition and additional responsibilities at work. Yoshio's supervisor has engaged in which of the following?

Discrimination

Tyler is in his early 40s and has worked as a researcher for is current employer, a private equity firm, for eight years. He has always been a top performer and has earned bonuses merit raises annually. He reports to Marie now that she has been promoted to manager of his office. Since her promotion his bonuses and raises have ceased. During this same time Marie's close friend, Sheri, has begun to receive recognition (e.g., bonuses and raises) despite doing nothing out of the ordinary. She has only been with the company for a year and doesn't have as much expertise or experience as Tyler. He suspects Karen is passing him over in favor of her friend. He has begun holding back, taking longer lunches, and not volunteering to mentor others as he once had. Which of the following best describes why Tyler is conducting himself differently?

Distributive fairness

You started a company after graduating from college, and the first few years were a real struggle, but the company is now on a solid growth track. Besides building a company with a very positive reputation with employees and the business community, you are one of the few companies with strong growth. This results in your company receiving piles of applications for every job opening. You know that hiring the right people is critical to your company's success, and you therefore are considering utilizing artificial intelligence (AI) to help in your efforts. Of the following, which best describes the reasons for using AI?

Effectively manage volume and complexity, such as considering the appropriate hiring criteria for each different job

Which term refers to the act of observing or otherwise collecting data on employee activities?

Employee monitoring

After arriving at work on Monday morning, you learned that a member of your product team was terminated over the weekend. The reason is that she was pulled over and cited for driving under the influence (DUI). Although you certainly do not condone such behavior, you were a bit perplexed as you know that your manager had a DUI a few years ago and was not even suspended. You became even more troubled when you learned that your colleague was not involved in an accident, but the manager received the DUI citation after colliding with another vehicle, and both incidents occurred in their personal vehicles on their own time (weekends). Moreover, your manager was eventually convicted of the offense. ___________ is the basis for your concern?

Employer trespassing

What occurs when employers inappropriately intrude into employees nonwork domains, including considering personal information in professional assessments and decisions?

Employer trespassing

Which term refers to values that manifest in an organization's behaviors, policies, and practices?

Enacted values

Assume you are in your second year as a systems architect who is now involved in hiring for the first time. Like the larger tech industry, men make up the vast majority of employees at your company. Also, like other companies, yours is increasingly using artificial intelligence (AI) in the screening of candidates, in part, to help combat human errors that could, among other things, perpetuate hiring a disproportionate number of men. Armed with this knowledge, what might you do to help ensure your selection process is not biased?

Ensure that the data used in the algorithms is not biased

Nearly all unethical business conduct illustrates a conflict or inconsistency between __________.

Espoused and enacted values

The first two years out of college have been terrific professionally, you landed your dream job at a small and fast growing start-up. The founder and other leaders are explicit in sayingâ€""We are a family, and like a family we are committed to you, our employees." Consistent with this culture, employees are given tremendous flexibility in how, when, and where they do their work, unlimited vacation time (so long as your work was done), and generous bonuses that track the company's growing profits. Employees are also encouraged to dress how they want and decorate their workspaces to reflect who they are outside of work. It is indeed, like a family for you and other employees. Then, the economy tanked, and business shrank by more than 50 percent. The otherwise kind and paternalistic owner delivered a scripted message outlining how 33 percent of employees would be terminated, including you. You and many of the other employees felt betrayed, as the terminations were perceived as inconsistent with the company's:

Espoused values

____________ are those that organizations and their members state in discussions and on websites, and otherwise actively promote.

Espoused values

Whistleblowing illustrates a(n) ___________ for the whistleblower and often requires considerable moral courage.

Ethical dilemma

You have had two managers during your time at your current employer, and both have been very successful at achieving the stated goals for your department. However, the two differ considerably in how they achieve those goals. The first manager fostered competition between employees by threatening to provide poor performance reviews, and even terminate, the lowest performers. The second manager, in contrast, made a point of expressing and utilizing each employee's unique value and interests. Which of the following best describes your second manager?

Ethical leader

Which term refers to one who is accountable for their own ethical conduct and that of those they manage, work with, influence, or witness?

Ethically liable

An examination of an organization's business ethics performance, assessing how well the organization lives its ethical standards is a(n) ____________.

Ethics audit

Workers at a large online retailer are attempting to unionize. One employee leading the efforts, Daniel, made a public social media post about an incident where his supervisor cursed and treated him disrespectfully in front of several other employees. In Daniel's post, he encouraged coworkers to vote for unionization in order to combat similar treatment. The post came to the attention of his supervisor who fired Daniel. Which of the following best describes this scenario?

Firing Daniel is likely illegal

Greater pay, performance ratings, promotions, and development opportunities can be used as ____________ controls.

Formal

Which term refers to pressures within a group to conform to the group's expectations?

Formal and informal controls

The senior leaders of D'Claire Corruption, a social media marketing firm, are aware they have some issues within the firm, specifically there have been numerous reports of bullying, and two employees have filed a sexual harassment lawsuit. They have hired you as a consultant to help them fix and prevent these, and other forms of incivility. After a thorough assessment, including interviewing and surveying employees, you develop a plan that includes a clear process for how to file complaints. You also suggest establishing hotlines for reporting. What else is your effective plan likely to include?

Guard against retaliation

Allegations periodically hit the news about misconduct by university coaches and/or athletic team physicians. Sometimes investigations into these matters reveal long patters of misconduct, such as those of Jerry Sandusky and child molestation at Penn State, Dr. Larry Nadler of Michigan State and sexual abuse of members of the US Women's Gymnastics team, and more recently Dr. Robert Anderson and the players, students, and faculty at the University of Michigan. Many times (famous) head coaches are also implicated for, among other things, knowing but not acting, or even actively engaging in covering up the egregious behavior. Among the reasons coaches and team physicians get away with misconduct are:

Halo of reputations

Any negative or unwanted act against an individual based on their protected class is defined as _____________.

Harassment

You were very excited about your first job, not simply because they hired and now pay you, but also because it seems like there is a good fit with what you were looking for. For instance, all of the information you received from the company's webpage and people you interviewed with made it sound as if people who work hard and perform are rewarded with bonuses, promotions, and other opportunities. You interpreted this to mean that effort and outcomes were valued more than seniority, number of degrees, or functional expertise (e.g., operations, marketing, or information systems). However, you recently went through your first performance review and learned that performance and the associated rewards are considered on a rolling three year basis. Given you have only one year on the job, you scored far below the rest of your colleagues who have worked at the company for several years each. Your low score happened, despite having met or exceeded all of the performance expectations for your job. This scenario can best be described as:

Inconsistency between espoused and enacted values

You manage the New York City office of your company, and prior to COVID all employees worked in the office, but all worked remotely during the worst times of the pandemic. Since then, your company mandated vaccines for employees, and it also allows them to work up to 50 percent of each week virtually. Many managers of other offices and cities are concerned about the potential for employees taking advantage of the new policy and not working as they should when not in the office. They want your help in deciding what to do in terms of monitoring their employees' work. Based on what you read in the chapter, which of the following do you recommend first and foremost?

Inform employees of what will be monitored

The ability of an individual to influence, motivate, and enable others to contribute toward the effectiveness and success of the organization is called __________.

Leadership

When you live with morals in your personal and professional lies and do your part to ensure those you influence do the same, you are ______________.

Leading with character

Jamal is considering changing jobs since earning certification. program that may offer more opportunities. He has been a good employee and is confident his current employer will provide a good reference, but he can't help but wonder if his religious beliefs and practices can be disclosed to potential employers. What type of information can his employer legally share?

Most anything that is truthful

You witnessed an event at work last week that was both horrible and reassuring. The horrible part was that you learned your colleague and friend, Alex, made a mistake in a presentation to a key customer. The mistake caused the client to choose a competitor's service instead of that from your company. This was financially devasting for Alex, personally, and costly for the company. However, despite the negative implications of the mistake, the director of the division in which you and Alex work responded in a way that you found remarkable and very reassuring. Alex told you that the director met with him and your manager after the bad news was learned. They discussed what happened with the customer, and the director said he could imagine how horrible Alex must feel, told him not to worry, he has complete confidence in Alex's ability, and reinforced how valuable he thinks he is to the division and company. The director also instructed the manager to not let this recent event in any way affect how he deals with Alex. Which concept best describes the director in this scenario?

Leading with character

You are about to graduate in a few months, when a friend from your school who graduated last year reached out and told you to apply for an open job in her department. You are excited, not only because you desperately want a job after graduation, but also because your friend has always spoken very highly of the company. You talked with your friend while preparing your application materials, during which time she described how great it would be if you got the job and the two of you could work together. You ultimately received an interview and got the job, but before you even started you learned that the same friend was also interviewing for a job at a different company. Whether it actually bothers you or not, it seems your friend:

Lied by omission

Assume you work for Happy Hens (HH), a chicken farm that claims in one advertisement, "Our chickens are the best tasting and most ethically treated birds in the industry." Some consumer groups have taken issue and filed suit against Happy Hens, claiming that the only difference between Happy Hens chickens and those from the largest chicken retailer in the country is that your company feeds its birds grass. If the complaint is accurate, then Happy Hens is accused of:

Lying by commission

The University of South Carolina's president, Robert Caslen (a retired Army Lieutenant General), commencement ceremony speech did not go well. First, he referred to the wrong university, but then it was discovered that a meaningful portion of his speech was taken from a commencement address delivered by a different general at a different university a few years earlier. Making this worse, the original speech is quite popularâ€"it has more than 10 million views online. General Caslen is now the former president of the University of South Carolina; he resigned. What misconduct does this illustrate?

Lying by omission

People exhibiting ______________ see other people either as tools to use for their own purposes or obstacles to be eliminated.

Machiavellianism

From an organization's perspective, why is it best to say little beyond verifying employment dates and job title when giving a reference?

Many lawsuits have been filed against past employers claiming they shared inaccurate information

What is not a common reason employees do not report misconduct?

Misconduct is a form of free speech

You are the branch manager of a bank and true believer in the power of organizational culture to influence the ethical conduct of employees. Customer service excellence is a key value, as is strict compliance with all financial regulations. You have repeatedly communicated and reinforced the importance for employees to never compromise either of these values. You therefore want to conduct an ethics audit to assess how well your branch is living its ethical standards. As the most senior leader at the branch, you have a special role in the ethics audit that includes:

Model the behaviors you expect from others

You like your current job, and a major reason why is your manager, Madison, who leads by example. She donates her time to multiple charitable organizations in the community, and often spends her own vacation time doing mission trips to other states and countries helping to build houses. Moreover, she encourages, expects, and supports her own employees to give their time to for causes of their choice. This description most closely resembles ____________.

Moral manager

A ___________ is someone who believes and practices the morals and ethical standards of his or her culture and society in their personal lives.

Moral person

Which term refers to a societal expectation of alignment between a person's conduct in their personal and professional lives?

Moral person-moral manager distinction

Bart is not particularly loud or outspoken at work. During meetings with clients and colleagues, and even social events, he participates, is engaged, but most people would describe him as a no more assertive than anyone else, and certainly not loud or demanding attention. You work quite closely with Bart, the two of you are friends, and what you hear and know--that others don't--is that he resents the attention, opportunities, and recognition received by some of his peers. He even seems to celebrate when something goes wrong for the others, and he tends to only communicate with those that can do something for him. Which trait does he most likely possess?

Narcissism

People with ______________ are characterized by an inflated sense of self importance, need for excessive attention, and lack of empathy for others.

Narcissism

Three years ago, you scored the job you most wanted, a junior analyst position with Weinstein, O'Reilly, and Madit, a leading consulting firm. While in college you learned about the firm's extremely successful managing partner, Cheryl Kornacki. Back in college you saw a TOADTalk of hers that impressed you, and in your early days of interacting with her at work you perceived her as kind, friendly, engaging, and even charismatic. But now you've learned that she is quite different than she seemed. She is all smiles and complimentary when interacting with customers, and even occasionally promotes the skills and promise of junior employees like you. However, when it is time for recognition there is no room for anyone else, and she takes the lion's share of credit. She speaks of the work as "her work," not that of the team or firm. And in informal discussions the conversation always turns to what she has accomplished, how terrific her skills are, and rarely gives true credit to others. She insists on attending and delivering the final reports for the major clients, even though she had no involvement or knowledge of the work over the course of the engagement. Cheryl likely possesses which leader trait?

Narcissism

As a hiring manager for a hospital childcare center, you decide to check social media posts for candidates who have passed all other screening requirements. One of your top candidates has recently made a public post wearing earplugs and says he despises childcare and dreads being around annoying screeching kids. You've decided to exclude this candidate from consideration based on this one public post despite glowing referrals and otherwise good feedback from the interviewers. Which of the following employee screening problems does this illustrate?

No problem exists

Which term refers to things you can see, hear and touch?

Organizational artifacts

The shared views in an organization of what is right and wrong in terms of behavior, policies and practices are its ___________.

Organizational ethical norms

Which term refers to beliefs shared by members about what an organization deems important, which thus serve to guide behaviors, policies, and practices?

Organizational values

Processes by which employers review and rate employees' achievement of performance expectations and goals are known as _____________.

Performance appraisals

The Springfield office of your company has had a personnel shake up due to a pattern of underperformance and misconduct. Senior leadership has given you two years to rebuild the Springfield office and make the culture ethical, functional, and high performing. You are convinced that the past problems could have been avoided if employees would have spoken up about misconduct when they saw or heard about it. Although at least two employees reported questionable conduct, you also learned that the office manager retaliated against these same employees on their performance reviews and subsequent assignments. You are determined to fix all of this, part of which is establishing an environment that makes employees feel safe about speaking up. To do this end, you plan to do all of the following except:

Post employee complaints on the company intranet

Assume you are hired as a consultant to help a company recently overwhelmed by an ethics scandal. Multiple managers and employees were implicated and subsequently fired. Although these people have been replaced, the company feels it is best to hire an outsider (you) to help ensure that the appropriate changes are made to both remedy past and prevent future problems. Which of the following are you unlikely to recommend?

Prevent all conflicts

Emily teaches in a large urban school district, and a large part of her performance evaluation is based on standardized test scores for students on the official roster as of October 1. By the end of the school year, over two thirds of the students present on her official roster as of October 1 have moved away. Therefore, only about one third of Emily's students will actually be considered in her evaluation. Emily is known as a committed teacher who stays late most days to tutor students, readily gives up lunch breaks to provide one-on-one help, and has been recognized previously as Teacher of the Year. Yet, sadly, little of this will be considered at her end-of-year review. Understandably she is demoralized and seriously considers leaving the profession. This example illustrates a lack of ___________.

Procedural fairness

People with __________ are characterized by a lack of empathy, impulsive behavior, selfishness and an absence of conscience.

Psychopathy

Part of the hiring practices at your company is to do social media searches on candidates who make the final short list. Generally, this works well as it provides additional data to help distinguish multiple highly qualified candidates. This particular hire will replace someone that left, which when it occurred, all of that person's work was shifted to you. This means that you are especially motivated to hire the replacement as it will make your life easier. The choices have been narrowed to four remaining candidates. There is one candidate who is clearly superior, but when you look at her Instagram account you see photos of a sonogramâ€"she is pregnant. Along with this post she saysâ€""this is only our first of manyâ€"we want a flock!" This poses a true conflict for you. Specifically, if you hire this candidate, you know that only a few months later she will be off on maternity leave for 12 weeks, which means she will have barely gotten started when all of her work will shift back to you for three months. And, if things go as she apparently plans, you will periodically have to do all of her work on top of yours when she becomes pregnant again. You need to make a hiring recommendation to your bossâ€"what should you do?

Recommend this candidate and share the information your learned on social media with your boss.

Assume you are a consultant, and your company was called in to assist a client with a dramatic change initiative. The board of directors at the client company feel that two of their most important divisions and their subcultures are so far out of touch with the markets they serve, that the situation is now dire--those divisions need to change radically and quickly to save the larger company. Which of the following is your top recommendation to implement fast and dramatic culture change?

Replace the senior leaders of those divisions

Your excellent grades and stellar interviewing skills earned you an interview and job as a financial analyst with Corrupt Credit International. After a few months on the job, you noticed that a colleague in your department, with great effort to keep it private, has been helping some clients inappropriately avoid paying taxes. The problem is exacerbated by scrutiny of the entire banking industry by regulators for such conduct, and the fact that your company was required to pay very large fines for a few years ago for similar misconduct. You feel this is serious and are determined to blow the whistle. What is the sequence of steps recommended in the chapter?

Share the facts with your manager, discuss with trusted others, learn about processes for reporting, consider whether it (also) is necessary to report outside of the company

Values, norms, and artifacts are the fundamental elements of organizational culture, which exist on the backdrop of the morals of _______.

Society

What kind of personal conduct outside of work would your employer have cause to be concerned about?

Something that increases health insurance costs for them; Something that affects your job performance; Something that makes the company look bad

Which term refers to the virtue of being able to control one's emotions and desires?

Temperance

Which law forbids intercepting live phone calls and stored voice messages but allows employers to do so if they have a legitimate business reason?

The Federal Wiretap Act

Tyra, Samantha, and Jonah run a start-up that has received a great deal of buzz in local social media. Not only do they have cool products, but people are commenting on how they treat their employees. For instance, they do not have official start times, job titles, a set period of vacation time, or assigned offices. And by every measure it seems that employees are incredibly committed and productive, and the company is one of the highest performing and fastest growing in the city. Which of the following most accurately describes the company's culture?

The company's informal controls are powerful and effective

A colleague working in the same open workspace as you is on his iPhone seemingly all day. This is puzzling, if not irritating to you, as you do the same job and thus know that texting or posting on social media is unnecessary for your job. The problem gets worse, when several evenings a week you login to your social media accounts and notice that he not only has a high volume of posts, but that most are sent during work hours. What issue is illustrated?

Time theft

A common reason for an employer to inflate performance ratings is ___________.

To avoid "punishing" a top performer who is distracted due to issues outside of work

Which of the following is a reason an employer might deflate performance ratings?

To punish a difficult or unliked employee; To motivate an employee to quit; To comply with organizational policies to force rank

A performance appraisal that is perceived as __________ is almost certainly perceived as ineffective.

Unfair

Emily is the founder and CEO of a start-up that has existed for two years and has only 14 employees. Emily has insisted that all employees be treated fairly and with dignity in everything the company does. For instance, many policies and practices are still being developed and implemented, including those related to employee hiring practices and benefits, which she has insisted be family and LGBQI friendly. Two notable examples are same sex partner health insurance and equivalent maternity-paternity leave. This has been done even though the company currently does not have any pregnant or LGBQI employees. When asked why she insists on such policies, she said, "Because it's the right thing to do. Although these policies may benefit the company and its employees someday, this is not my motive." Emily best illustrates what type of leader?

Virtuous leader

Taewoo, your current manager, is one of the most respected people where you work. Not only has he been a top performer for several years, but he is also well liked and even admired as a person. For instance, he regularly advocates for the respectful treatment of his employees by others, including Mickie who is widely disliked but performs well. Even more remarkable, is that you recently learned that one of Taewoo's closest friends, is someone that he once competed with for a promotion--and lost. He only says the nicest things about him and genuinely respects him, and it seems to you he treats everybody this way, in any setting. Which of the following best describes Taewoo?

Virtuous leader

A leader who focuses on doing good for the sake of doing good, regardless of the situation, is exhibiting ____________.

Virtuous leadership

Although you've only been out of college two years, you have had the benefit of a variety of interesting and developmental experiences at your job. Weston, your manager, has explicitly said that he wants to groom you to take his position when he gets promoted. Not only are you excited about the opportunity, but you feel especially fortunate that Weston has been a wonderful role model of a moral manager, which is what your aspiration. Given this, how do current employees describe Weston (which is how they will describe you if you're successful at becoming a moral manager)?

You are driven to be fair in all of your interactions at work, and you also clearly advocate for fairness in other areas of your life.

Soccer superstar, Neymar, was accused of sexual assault by a Nike employee; the company is one of his major sponsors. He has not been officially charged and thus has not been proven guilty of a crime, and he has denied the allegations, but Nike nevertheless severed its relationship and dropped its sponsorship of Neymar. The company stated that its decision was due to Neymar's refusal to cooperate with an investigation into the allegations. Assume you are the person at Nike who made the decision, which of the following reasons might you use to justify breaking ties with Neymar even though he has neither been charged nor convicted of a crime?

You do not need a reason.

You are a management consultant for Simpson, Joy, and Associates, and they have been hired to review and advise a client on matters related to social justice and change. You are assigned to do this work, and as part of your review, you noted that the client has a rule against employees wearing any politically oriented apparel in while in the office. The stated reason is that it may cause conflicts between employees and may also be perceived negatively by some customers. What advice might you provide?

You recommend that client retain the policy, as the reasoning is sound and not illegal

Employers have considerable latitude for limiting and otherwise acting against what employees say since the federal law doesn't offer much __________.

protection for employees