Ethics Final

Proportional retribution

Wrongdoers deserve to be punished in proportion to what they did wrong.

Substantive directives

Convey a patient's specific wishes. Also referred to as "Living Wills"

Categories of codes of ethics

Corporate, professional, and government/public service.

Whole-brain-oriented

Death holds that individuals are dead when they have irreversibly lost all functions of the entire brain (includes the respiratory and relax functions of the brain stem)

Higher-brain-oriented

Death holds that individuals are dead when they have irreversibly lost all higher functions of the brain (usually defined as all capacity for consciousness)

Cardiac-oriented

Death holds that individuals are dead when they have irreversibly lost cardiac and respiratory function

Moral code

Definitive statement of right and wrong.

Conflict of interest

Occurs when we find ourselves in a situation in which our personal needs or desires are at odds with obligations as professionals or employees.

Suicide

One who points a gun at his or her own head hoping to end his or her life.

Case of Norma McCorvey

Page (320)

Webster v. Reproductive Health Services Case

Page (321)

Planned Parenthood v. Casey Case

Page (322)

Gonzales v. Carhart Case

Page (323)

The Case of Matthew Dubay

Page (328)

HIs Brain is gone but is he dead?

Page (345)

The Terri Schiavo Case

Page (349)

Elizabeth Bouvia: the woman who refused medical feeding

Page (353)

Janet Adkins and "Doctor Death"

Page (360)

Amendments

Page (412)

Purpose and authorship

Page (507)

William Shaw

Page (507)

Antidiscrimination laws

Page 541

U.S. population boom chart

Page 545

Quid pro quo

Page 546

Hostile environment

Page 547

Malden mills

Page 547

Family leave act in 1992

Page 555

Occupational safety and heath administration

(OSHA) page 553

The health insurance portability and accountability act of 1996

(HIPAA) page 552

Richard DeGeorge

"No individual or group can make actions moral or immoral by fiat. Every code, therefore, can and should appropriately be evaluated from a moral point of view.

Personhood

A being who is a subject of moral concern and who possesses a moral right to life.

prejudice

A disposition to judge before knowing the facts; a bias that works in favor of some and against others regardless of the of the objective features and facts of the situation.

Favoritism

A form of prejudice that places the interests of family and friends ahead of the interests of others in the workforce.

General deterrence

A goal of punishment with the purpose of preventing future crimes by persons other than the individual being punished. "Shoot one nd train a thousand"

Rehabilitation

A goal of punishment with the purpose of preventing the future crimes by the person being punished by attempting to make changes in that person's life that would make them less likely to commit crimes when they return to society.

Specific deterrence

A goal of punishments with the purpose of preventing future crimes by the person being punished by making them associate punishment with law-breaking.

dignity

A presence in all persons of a recognition of self-worth, accompanied by an expectation that it will be recognized by others, fostered by respectful treatment by the entire society- individually and institutionally.

Proportionality

A test to determine whether medical treatment is morally expendable, which is based on if the expected benefits exceed burdens.

Retribution

A theory of punishment that states that people who do evil deserve to be punished, independent of weather the punishment will produce good consequences or prevent future crimes.

Code of ethics

A written set of principles and rules intended to server as a guide-line for determining appropriate ethical behavior for those individuals under its authority.

whistleblower

An employee of officer of any institution, profit or nonprofit, private or public, who believes either that he/she has been ordered to perform some act or he/she has obtained knowledge that institution is engaged in activities which (a) are believed to cause unnecessary harm to third parties, (b) are in violation of human rights, or (c) run counter to the defined purpose of the institution, and who informs the public of this fact.

discrimination

An intentional act or pattern of acts that irrationally denies opportunities or benefits to persons Oley based, for example, on their race, religion, or sex; denying a person due rights and opportunities without considering the person's abilities or character. Discrimination can also be unintentional; when established hiring or employee management practices have an adverse impact on members of a protected class, such practices are considered discriminatory.

American heritage dictionary

An occupation or vocation requiring training in the liberal arts or the sciences and advanced study in a specialized field.

Immanuel Kant

Arguing that resin requires we must treat all persons as if they were ends in themselves.

Employee rights

Basic human rights and civil rights of all citizens of the United States as applied to employed workers; such rights include but are not limited to nondiscrimination, privacy, freedom of expression, and assembly. Other legal rights may be established by state regulations and wage and hour laws, but all employees also have the basic human right to be treated fairly and with respect.

Levels of codes of ethics

Basic, currently attainable, practical, theoretical.

Crime

Behavior that a society has judged to be intolerable, against which it has devised codified sanction.

Second trimester

During the 15th thought the 28th weeks of pregnancy, states may regulate abortion, but only for the purpose of promoting the health of the pregnant woman.

Third trimester

During the 29th through the 42nd weeks of pregnancy, states may prohibit an abortion to protect a viable fetus. Even in the third trimester, however, states are not permitted to interfere with abortions necessary to protect the health of the pregnant woman.

First trimester

During the first 14 weeks of the pregnancy, abortion decision is treated as a private decision of the individual woman in consultation with her health care provider.

Strong retribution

Equal to the crime "an eye for an eye"

Workplace justice

Fairness and objectivity in employment decisions and relationships, including hiring, training, promoting, discipline, termination, and compensation; and the allocation of work-related assignments and benefits. Treating others fairly, just the way you would want to be treated.

Cronyism

Favoritism toward friends; the systematic hiring, retain, and promoting of friends who can be counted on for loyal support.

Nepotism

Favoritism toward relatives; the hiring, retaining, or promoting, and promoting of relatives over others who may be more qualified.

Punishment

From the Latin point, meaning "penalty"; the intended infliction of nonpleasurable feelings or activity upon a person, by an appropriate authority, sometimes including acts of pain, the denial of liberty, and even the talking of life (capital punishment) - as a result of an act that violated a law, code, or other set of standards.

Sentience

Having or being capable of consciousness, awareness or feelings.

Ordinary means

How common a treatment is and/or if treatment is expected to produce benefits that exceeds the harms.

Extraordinary means

How complex the treatment is and/or if treatment is expected to produce benefits that are less than harms or no greater than harms.

Homicide on request

If the patient begs someone else to shoot him or her or to administer a lethal drug, we could say that the person who does the act

Potentiality

In the context of abortion, some believe that it is not the actual possession of certain capacities, but the potential for development of those capacities, that gives moral status or standing. Fetuses with a high probability of developing these capacities are said to have potentiality.

Proxy directive

Individual whom the patient would like to serve as a surrogate decisions maker.

Codes for public officials and employees

Individuals who work for the government at the federal, state, or local level, and whose salaries are paid by citizens through their taxes.

Forgoing life support

Involves withstanding or withdrawing of medical interventions that, if provided, are expected to prolong life.

Euthanasia

Literally, "good death"; also known as "mercy killing"; the talking of the life for the purpose of relieving suffering.

Employee dignity

Refers to the employer's moral obligation to respect the humanity of its individual employee y avoiding abusive or degrading treatment including physical or psychological harassment, and to honor the personhood of each employee. Employees have a moral obligation to respect the dignity of their coworkers, including their supervisors.

Employee welfare

Refers to the employer's obligation to provide and maintain a safe and health work environment. Employee also have obligations to work safely and to protect themselves and their coworkers from harm.

Clearance rate

Refers to the number of crimes that are "cleared" by an arrest divide by the number of crimes reported to police.

Sarbanes-oxley

Requires all publicly held companies to establish and maintain internal audit departments.

David Hume

Responds point by point, claiming that suicide need not be a violation of our duty to ourselves, to the community, or to God.

Roe's trimester approach

Rulings of the U.S. Supreme Court imply that during the first trimester of pregnancy the public or state interest is limited to that of the pregnant women; in the second trimester states may regulate abortion but only for purpose of the health of the woman; and in the third trimester the state's interest includes prohibition of abortion to protect a viable fetus but not to interfere with abortions necessary to protect the health of the pregnant woman.

Assisted suicide

Someone who helps the individual by bringing the gun to the patient, aiming it or loading the gun

Libertarians

They claim that our lives belong to ourselves and that as long as we are substantially autonomous agents we can do what we want with them-including ending them.

nondiscrimination

The avoidance of prejudiced treatment of applicants and workers; a group of laws prohibiting unfair treatment of applicants or employees on the basis of race, gender, color, religion, national origin, age, or disability. Both employees and employers are responsible for following nondiscrimination laws.

Death

The cessation of human, physical life, as medically determined.

Ethical level

The degree of ethical behavior to which they call their subjects.

contract

The employee promises a fair day's work in accordance with the directions of the employer, in exchange for a fair day's pay.

Employee integrity

The employer must refrain from asking employees to violate laws or accepted ethical standards, nd should provide channels through which employees may question and criticize company decisions and policies without fear of retaliation.

Deterrence

The goal of punishment of preventing future crimes.

Abortion

The intentional termination of a pregnancy and the expulsion of a fetus from the uterus.

Fetal viability

The point in a pregnancy at which the fetus can survive outside of the womb.

Retentionism

The point of view that the death penalty is morally justifiable and should be rained.

Abolitionism

The point of view that the death penalty is not morally justifiable and should be abolished.

government branches

executive, legislative, judicial pg.650

integrity

is the singleness of life, character, and person that informs us at our best, that requires us always to act in accord with our moral principles, and thereby permits us to undertake courses of action that, if we waited fore deep analysis, would scare us to death.

truth telling

official telling of the whole truth to an appropriate authority.

Basic level

pg. 508

Currently attainable level

pg. 508

Practical level

pg. 508

Theoretical level

pg. 508

Sentencing of Organization

pg. 518

Code of ethics for government service

pg. 523

prudence

pg. 643

critical thinking and decision making

pg. 647

Florida sunshine law

pg. 659

truth telling

pg.544

the courage of one's conscience

pg.644

Common issues within government bureaucracies

pg.660

courage of conscience

the quality of character that recognizes compromises and does not hesitate to act on a balance of idealism and realism.

prudence

the wise management of resources for the benefit of the whole, including virtues of foresight and fruglity

competing values and interests

to reach a decision, a public official must consider the Constitution of the United States and, where applicable, the state constitution, the laws of the land, certain rules and regulations, precedents, and procedures.