Ethics Final
Proportional retribution
Wrongdoers deserve to be punished in proportion to what they did wrong.
Substantive directives
Convey a patient's specific wishes. Also referred to as "Living Wills"
Categories of codes of ethics
Corporate, professional, and government/public service.
Whole-brain-oriented
Death holds that individuals are dead when they have irreversibly lost all functions of the entire brain (includes the respiratory and relax functions of the brain stem)
Higher-brain-oriented
Death holds that individuals are dead when they have irreversibly lost all higher functions of the brain (usually defined as all capacity for consciousness)
Cardiac-oriented
Death holds that individuals are dead when they have irreversibly lost cardiac and respiratory function
Moral code
Definitive statement of right and wrong.
Conflict of interest
Occurs when we find ourselves in a situation in which our personal needs or desires are at odds with obligations as professionals or employees.
Suicide
One who points a gun at his or her own head hoping to end his or her life.
Case of Norma McCorvey
Page (320)
Webster v. Reproductive Health Services Case
Page (321)
Planned Parenthood v. Casey Case
Page (322)
Gonzales v. Carhart Case
Page (323)
The Case of Matthew Dubay
Page (328)
HIs Brain is gone but is he dead?
Page (345)
The Terri Schiavo Case
Page (349)
Elizabeth Bouvia: the woman who refused medical feeding
Page (353)
Janet Adkins and "Doctor Death"
Page (360)
Amendments
Page (412)
Purpose and authorship
Page (507)
William Shaw
Page (507)
Antidiscrimination laws
Page 541
U.S. population boom chart
Page 545
Quid pro quo
Page 546
Hostile environment
Page 547
Malden mills
Page 547
Family leave act in 1992
Page 555
Occupational safety and heath administration
(OSHA) page 553
The health insurance portability and accountability act of 1996
(HIPAA) page 552
Richard DeGeorge
"No individual or group can make actions moral or immoral by fiat. Every code, therefore, can and should appropriately be evaluated from a moral point of view.
Personhood
A being who is a subject of moral concern and who possesses a moral right to life.
prejudice
A disposition to judge before knowing the facts; a bias that works in favor of some and against others regardless of the of the objective features and facts of the situation.
Favoritism
A form of prejudice that places the interests of family and friends ahead of the interests of others in the workforce.
General deterrence
A goal of punishment with the purpose of preventing future crimes by persons other than the individual being punished. "Shoot one nd train a thousand"
Rehabilitation
A goal of punishment with the purpose of preventing the future crimes by the person being punished by attempting to make changes in that person's life that would make them less likely to commit crimes when they return to society.
Specific deterrence
A goal of punishments with the purpose of preventing future crimes by the person being punished by making them associate punishment with law-breaking.
dignity
A presence in all persons of a recognition of self-worth, accompanied by an expectation that it will be recognized by others, fostered by respectful treatment by the entire society- individually and institutionally.
Proportionality
A test to determine whether medical treatment is morally expendable, which is based on if the expected benefits exceed burdens.
Retribution
A theory of punishment that states that people who do evil deserve to be punished, independent of weather the punishment will produce good consequences or prevent future crimes.
Code of ethics
A written set of principles and rules intended to server as a guide-line for determining appropriate ethical behavior for those individuals under its authority.
whistleblower
An employee of officer of any institution, profit or nonprofit, private or public, who believes either that he/she has been ordered to perform some act or he/she has obtained knowledge that institution is engaged in activities which (a) are believed to cause unnecessary harm to third parties, (b) are in violation of human rights, or (c) run counter to the defined purpose of the institution, and who informs the public of this fact.
discrimination
An intentional act or pattern of acts that irrationally denies opportunities or benefits to persons Oley based, for example, on their race, religion, or sex; denying a person due rights and opportunities without considering the person's abilities or character. Discrimination can also be unintentional; when established hiring or employee management practices have an adverse impact on members of a protected class, such practices are considered discriminatory.
American heritage dictionary
An occupation or vocation requiring training in the liberal arts or the sciences and advanced study in a specialized field.
Immanuel Kant
Arguing that resin requires we must treat all persons as if they were ends in themselves.
Employee rights
Basic human rights and civil rights of all citizens of the United States as applied to employed workers; such rights include but are not limited to nondiscrimination, privacy, freedom of expression, and assembly. Other legal rights may be established by state regulations and wage and hour laws, but all employees also have the basic human right to be treated fairly and with respect.
Levels of codes of ethics
Basic, currently attainable, practical, theoretical.
Crime
Behavior that a society has judged to be intolerable, against which it has devised codified sanction.
Second trimester
During the 15th thought the 28th weeks of pregnancy, states may regulate abortion, but only for the purpose of promoting the health of the pregnant woman.
Third trimester
During the 29th through the 42nd weeks of pregnancy, states may prohibit an abortion to protect a viable fetus. Even in the third trimester, however, states are not permitted to interfere with abortions necessary to protect the health of the pregnant woman.
First trimester
During the first 14 weeks of the pregnancy, abortion decision is treated as a private decision of the individual woman in consultation with her health care provider.
Strong retribution
Equal to the crime "an eye for an eye"
Workplace justice
Fairness and objectivity in employment decisions and relationships, including hiring, training, promoting, discipline, termination, and compensation; and the allocation of work-related assignments and benefits. Treating others fairly, just the way you would want to be treated.
Cronyism
Favoritism toward friends; the systematic hiring, retain, and promoting of friends who can be counted on for loyal support.
Nepotism
Favoritism toward relatives; the hiring, retaining, or promoting, and promoting of relatives over others who may be more qualified.
Punishment
From the Latin point, meaning "penalty"; the intended infliction of nonpleasurable feelings or activity upon a person, by an appropriate authority, sometimes including acts of pain, the denial of liberty, and even the talking of life (capital punishment) - as a result of an act that violated a law, code, or other set of standards.
Sentience
Having or being capable of consciousness, awareness or feelings.
Ordinary means
How common a treatment is and/or if treatment is expected to produce benefits that exceeds the harms.
Extraordinary means
How complex the treatment is and/or if treatment is expected to produce benefits that are less than harms or no greater than harms.
Homicide on request
If the patient begs someone else to shoot him or her or to administer a lethal drug, we could say that the person who does the act
Potentiality
In the context of abortion, some believe that it is not the actual possession of certain capacities, but the potential for development of those capacities, that gives moral status or standing. Fetuses with a high probability of developing these capacities are said to have potentiality.
Proxy directive
Individual whom the patient would like to serve as a surrogate decisions maker.
Codes for public officials and employees
Individuals who work for the government at the federal, state, or local level, and whose salaries are paid by citizens through their taxes.
Forgoing life support
Involves withstanding or withdrawing of medical interventions that, if provided, are expected to prolong life.
Euthanasia
Literally, "good death"; also known as "mercy killing"; the talking of the life for the purpose of relieving suffering.
Employee dignity
Refers to the employer's moral obligation to respect the humanity of its individual employee y avoiding abusive or degrading treatment including physical or psychological harassment, and to honor the personhood of each employee. Employees have a moral obligation to respect the dignity of their coworkers, including their supervisors.
Employee welfare
Refers to the employer's obligation to provide and maintain a safe and health work environment. Employee also have obligations to work safely and to protect themselves and their coworkers from harm.
Clearance rate
Refers to the number of crimes that are "cleared" by an arrest divide by the number of crimes reported to police.
Sarbanes-oxley
Requires all publicly held companies to establish and maintain internal audit departments.
David Hume
Responds point by point, claiming that suicide need not be a violation of our duty to ourselves, to the community, or to God.
Roe's trimester approach
Rulings of the U.S. Supreme Court imply that during the first trimester of pregnancy the public or state interest is limited to that of the pregnant women; in the second trimester states may regulate abortion but only for purpose of the health of the woman; and in the third trimester the state's interest includes prohibition of abortion to protect a viable fetus but not to interfere with abortions necessary to protect the health of the pregnant woman.
Assisted suicide
Someone who helps the individual by bringing the gun to the patient, aiming it or loading the gun
Libertarians
They claim that our lives belong to ourselves and that as long as we are substantially autonomous agents we can do what we want with them-including ending them.
nondiscrimination
The avoidance of prejudiced treatment of applicants and workers; a group of laws prohibiting unfair treatment of applicants or employees on the basis of race, gender, color, religion, national origin, age, or disability. Both employees and employers are responsible for following nondiscrimination laws.
Death
The cessation of human, physical life, as medically determined.
Ethical level
The degree of ethical behavior to which they call their subjects.
contract
The employee promises a fair day's work in accordance with the directions of the employer, in exchange for a fair day's pay.
Employee integrity
The employer must refrain from asking employees to violate laws or accepted ethical standards, nd should provide channels through which employees may question and criticize company decisions and policies without fear of retaliation.
Deterrence
The goal of punishment of preventing future crimes.
Abortion
The intentional termination of a pregnancy and the expulsion of a fetus from the uterus.
Fetal viability
The point in a pregnancy at which the fetus can survive outside of the womb.
Retentionism
The point of view that the death penalty is morally justifiable and should be rained.
Abolitionism
The point of view that the death penalty is not morally justifiable and should be abolished.
government branches
executive, legislative, judicial pg.650
integrity
is the singleness of life, character, and person that informs us at our best, that requires us always to act in accord with our moral principles, and thereby permits us to undertake courses of action that, if we waited fore deep analysis, would scare us to death.
truth telling
official telling of the whole truth to an appropriate authority.
Basic level
pg. 508
Currently attainable level
pg. 508
Practical level
pg. 508
Theoretical level
pg. 508
Sentencing of Organization
pg. 518
Code of ethics for government service
pg. 523
prudence
pg. 643
critical thinking and decision making
pg. 647
Florida sunshine law
pg. 659
truth telling
pg.544
the courage of one's conscience
pg.644
Common issues within government bureaucracies
pg.660
courage of conscience
the quality of character that recognizes compromises and does not hesitate to act on a balance of idealism and realism.
prudence
the wise management of resources for the benefit of the whole, including virtues of foresight and fruglity
competing values and interests
to reach a decision, a public official must consider the Constitution of the United States and, where applicable, the state constitution, the laws of the land, certain rules and regulations, precedents, and procedures.
