Euro Unit 1 MC - Chapters 2, 3, & 4
"As our Father being drawn away from the Supremacy of Rome by schmismatical and heretical councils and advisors, who, we pray advised him more or flattered him than you, good Mr. Father, when you were Bishop of Rochester? And then, you Mr. Bonner, when you were Archdeacon? And you Mr. Tuberville? Nay, further...who was more an advisor to our Father than your great Stephen Gardiner, when he lived?...Was it not you and such like advisors that...stirred up our Sister against us and other of her subjects? Whereas you would frighten us by telling how emperors...have owned the Bishop of Rome's authority. It was contrary in the beginning, for our Saviour Christ paid His tribute unto Caesar, as the chief superior; which shows your Romish supremacy is usurped...We give you, therefore, warning, that for the future, we hear no more of this kind, lest you provoke us to execute those penalties enacted for the punishing of our resisters, which out of our clemency we have foreborne." Elizabeth I The passage above could best be characterized as a monarch's attempt to: 1. Lessen religious differences in order to increase power 2. Lessen political differences in order to increase power 3. Use religious tolerance in order to increase power 4. Deny religious freedom in order to increase power
1. Correct! Lessen religious differences in order to increase power
"Finally, the Great Artisan [God] mandated that this creature (man) who would receive nothing proper to himself shall have joint possession of whatever nature had been given to any other creature. He made man a creature of indeterminate and indifferent nature, and, placing him in the middle of the world, said to him, 'Adam, according to your desires and judgment, you will have and possess whatever place to live, whatever form, and whatever functions you yourself choose... You, with no limit or no bound, may choose for yourself the limits and bounds of your nature. We have placed you at the world's center so that you may survey everything else in the world...[W]ith free choice and dignity, you may fashion yourself into whatever form you choose. To you is granted the power of degrading yourself into the lower forms of life, the beasts, and to you is granted the power, contained in your intellect and judgment, to be reborn into the higher forms, the divine.' Imagine! The great generosity of God! To man it is allowed to be whatever he chooses to be!" Pico della Mirandola, Dignity of Man 1486 The thinking expressed by Pico della Mirandola and similar authors of the period led to which of the following? 1. A growing willingness among intellectuals to question traditional sources of authority. 2. A desire to rediscover classical works of Greek and Roman philosophers. 3. The Church's initiation of the Inquisition to root out heretical teachings and practices. 4. Strengthening of Roman Catholic Church authority over kings and emperors.
2. A desire to rediscover classical works of Greek and Roman philosophers.
Dialogue: Pope Julius Locked Out of Heaven; Desiderius Erasmus JULIUS: What's the trouble here? Won't the gates open? I believe the lock has been changed. GENIUS: Better check to see if you've brought the right key. The one for the treasury won't open this door, you know. Why didn't you bring both keys? This is the key of power, not of knowledge. JULIUS: Why, this is the only one I've ever used! I've never seen what good the other one was. GENIUS: Meanwhile we're locked out. JULIUS: I'm losing my temper. I'm going to beat on the gate. Hey there! Somebody open this door instantly! What's holding up the doorman? Asleep, I suppose, probably drunk. GENIUS: (Aside) This fellow judges everyone by himself. Which of the following groups would be most likely to use the document to support their political beliefs? 1. Jesuits 2. Anabaptists 3. Catholic clergy 4. Ursulines
2. Anabaptists
"If anyone says that a man's justification before God is not increased by his good works, let him be cursed... In order that Christians may receive the sacraments with greater devotion, this holy council commands that bishops and priests should first explain the purpose and use of the sacrament in a way that the congregation can understand, using the native tongue of the people if it is necessary... It is to be desired that all who become bishops should understand what portions of their income should be devoted to their own maintenance and to comprehend that they are called to the office of bishop not for riches or luxury, but to the labors and cares for the glory of God." Decrees of The Council of Trent, Roman Catholic council, 1545-1563 The Council of Trent 1. excommunicated Martin Luther but recognized the Protestant religion as legitimate 2. insisted that the Catholic Church was the final arbiter in all matters of faith. 3. reconciled Protestants and Catholics but not Calvinists 4. produced the Treaty of Augsburg ending all religious wars in central Europe
2. Correct! insisted that the Catholic Church was the final arbiter in all matters of faith.
And not to leave any occasion of trouble and difference among our Subjects, we have permitted and do permit to those of the Reformed Religion, to live and dwell in all the Cities and places of this our Kingdom and Countreys under our obedience, without being inquired after, vexed, molested, or compelled to do any thing in Religion, contrary to their Conscience, nor by reason of the same be searched after in houses or places where they live, they comporting themselves in other things as is contained in this our present Edict or Statute. Excerpt from the Edict of Nantes, 1598 Henry IV issued this edict primarily in response to 1. Luther's posting of the Ninety Five Theses. 2. religious turmoil faced by France as a result of the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre. 3. the concern over his conversion to Calvinism to save France. 4. domestic unrest and protestant aggression over the radical government.
2. religious turmoil faced by France as a result of the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre
"If anyone says that a man's justification before God is not increased by his good works, let him be cursed... In order that Christians may receive the sacraments with greater devotion, this holy council commands that bishops and priests should first explain the purpose and use of the sacrament in a way that the congregation can understand, using the native tongue of the people if it is necessary... It is to be desired that all who become bishops should understand what portions of their income should be devoted to their own maintenance and to comprehend that they are called to the office of bishop not for riches or luxury, but to the labors and cares for the glory of God." Decrees of The Council of Trent, Roman Catholic council, 1545-156 The decrees excerpted in the passage above came in response to: 1. Ignatius of Loyola's demand to hold such a council. 2. the successful spread of the Reformation in the preceding decades. 3. England's Act of Supremacy. 4. the successful spread of Renaissance ideals throughout Europe.
2. the successful spread of the Reformation in the preceding decades.
The Pope has neither the will nor the power to remit any penalties except those, which has imposed by his own authority, or by that of the canons. Every true Christian, whether living or dead, has a share in all the benefits of Christ and the Church, given by God, even without letters of pardon. Again, why does not the Pope, whose riches are at this day more ample than those of the wealthiest of the wealthy, build the single Basilica of St. Peter with his own money rather than with that of poor believers? From Martin Luther's 95 Theses According to Luther's 95 Theses, how did his concept of Salvation differ most from that of the Catholic Church? 1. Luther supported the idea of predestination, while the Catholic Church believed in buying your way into heaven 2. Luther believed that salvation was earned through the practice of good deeds, while the Catholic Church believed that the Pope could pardon a person for their sins 3. Luther believed that salvation came from faith alone, while the Catholic Church promoted the understanding that one could earn their way into heaven through good deeds 4. Luther supported the use indulgences as long as they earned through good deeds, whereas the Catholic Church believed that Indulgences could be purchased for a percentage of one's annual income
3. Correct! Luther believed that salvation came from faith alone, while the Catholic Church promoted the understanding that one could earn their way into heaven through good deeds
"I wish, then, that this Courtier of ours should be nobly born and of gentle race; because it is far less unseemly for one of ignoble birth to fail in worthy deeds, than for one of noble birth, who, if he strays from the path of his predecessors, stains his family name, and not only fails to achieve but loses what has been achieved already; for noble birth is like a bright lamp that manifests and makes visible good and evil deeds, and kindles and stimulates to virtue both by fear of shame and by hope of praise. And since this splendor of nobility does not illumine the deeds of the humbly born, they lack that stimulus and fear of shame, nor do they feel any obligation to advance beyond what their predecessors have done; while to the nobly born it seems a reproach not to reach at least the goal set them by their ancestors. And thus it nearly always happens that both in the profession of arms and in other worthy pursuits the most famous of men have been of noble birth, because nature has implanted in everything that hidden seed which give a certain force and quality of its own essence to all things that are derived from it, and makes them like itself..." - Baldesar Castiglione from The Book of the Courtier based upon court life of the duke of Urbino (Italy) 1504-1524 Castiglione's discussion in the passage above clearly shows the influence of which of the following trends in fifteenth and sixteenth centuries in Europe? 1. The continued reliance on traditional supernatural explanation of the world 2. The development of Baroque dramatic forms to enhance the stature of elites 3. Renaissance humanists developed the values of secularism and individualism 4. Principles of scientific thought were being applied to society and human institutions.
3. Correct! Renaissance humanists developed the values of secularism and individualism
Who can deny but it is repugnant to nature, that the blind shall be appointed to lead and conduct such as do see? That the weak, the sick, and impotent persons shall nourish and keep the whole and strong? And finally, that the foolish, mad, and frenetic shall govern the discreet, and give counsel to such as be sober of mind? And such be all women, compared unto man in bearing of authority. For their sight in civil regiment is but blindness; their strength, weakness; their counsel, foolishness; and judgment, frenzy, if it be rightly considered. Nature, I say, does paint them forth to be weak, frail, impatient, feeble, and foolish; and experience has declared them to be inconstant, variable, cruel, lacking the spirit of counsel and regiment. And these notable faults have men in all ages espied in that kind, for the which not only they have removed women from rule and authority, but also some have thought that men subject to the counsel or empire of their wives were unworthy of public office. For thus writes Aristotle, in the second of his Politics. What difference shall we put, says he, whether that women bear authority, or the husbands that obey the empire of their wives, be appointed to be magistrates? For what ensues the one, must needs follow the other: to wit, injustice, confusion, and disorder.....What would this writer (I pray you) have said to that realm or nation, where a woman sits crowned in Parliament amongst the midst of men?" John Knox, Public Epistles, Treatises, and Expositions, 1558 The excerpt provides evidence to support the argument that 1. Renaissance humanist ideas were extended to women as well as men and led to advances in women's education. 2. rural and urban households worked as units, with men and women engaged in separate but complementary tasks. 3. the general competence displayed by the few European female heads of state inspired legal changes to the English and Austrian constitutions. 4. the Renaissance and Reformation movements raised debates about female roles in the family, society, and church.
4. Correct! the Renaissance and Reformation movements raised debates about female roles in the family, society, and church.
"Finally, the Great Artisan [God] mandated that this creature (man) who would receive nothing proper to himself shall have joint possession of whatever nature had been given to any other creature. He made man a creature of indeterminate and indifferent nature, and, placing him in the middle of the world, said to him, 'Adam, according to your desires and judgment, you will have and possess whatever place to live, whatever form, and whatever functions you yourself choose... You, with no limit or no bound, may choose for yourself the limits and bounds of your nature. We have placed you at the world's center so that you may survey everything else in the world...[W]ith free choice and dignity, you may fashion yourself into whatever form you choose. To you is granted the power of degrading yourself into the lower forms of life, the beasts, and to you is granted the power, contained in your intellect and judgment, to be reborn into the higher forms, the divine.' Imagine! The great generosity of God! To man it is allowed to be whatever he chooses to be!" Pico della Mirandola, Dignity of Man 1486 Which of the following is best supported by the passage? 1. Most Renaissance humanists believed that God preordained for humans a certain path and plan. 2. Most Renaissance humanists believed that humans are destined to be nothing more than beasts. 3. All Renaissance humanists were dedicated and faithful Christians. 4. Most Renaissance humanists believed that men have free will and the potential to do great things.
4. Most Renaissance humanists believed that men have free will and the potential to do great things.
3. Cosimo de' Medici brought stability to which city after his rise to power in 1434? A. Florence B. Rome C. Milan D. Venice
A. Florence
25. Following the weakening of Spain, which nation dominated Europe in the early seventeenth century? A. France B. England C. Germany D. Italy
A. France
31. What was the effect of the Edict of Restitution in 1629? A. Gustavus Adolphus II of Sweden reacted to the edict by beginning the third phase of the Thirty Years' War. B. The Edict of Restitution ended the Thirty Years' War. C. The Edict of Restitution meant that Protestants received many substantial freedoms. D. The Edict of Restitution was the precursor to the Treaty of Westphalia.
A. Gustavus Adolphus II of Sweden reacted to the edict by beginning the third phase of the Thirty Years' War.
16. The Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis ended the ________. A. Habsburg-Valois wars B. Thirty Years' War C. conflict between Spain and the Netherlands D. Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre
A. Habsburg-Valois wars
6. What is William of Orange known for? A. He led the movement for the independence of the Netherlands from Spain. B. He led the Turks against Spain. C. He was the captain of the Spanish Armada. D. Along with the Duke of Alba, he suppressed the Protestant revolt.
A. He led the movement for the independence of the Netherlands from Spain.
22. How did Philip make an example of the Protestant rebels after the Calvinist riots in the Netherlands? A. He sent the Duke of Alba to suppress the revolt, which ended in the execution of thousands of suspected heretics. B. He sent his armies back to Spain to gather munitions and build his forces. C. He published vicious attacks on the rebels in pamphlets and public announcements. D. He sent religious leaders to preach publically and condemn the rebels.
A. He sent the Duke of Alba to suppress the revolt, which ended in the execution of thousands of suspected heretics.
9. Who was deposed after only a few days on the throne as Edward VI's chosen successor in England? A. Lady Jane Grey B. Mary Tudor C. Elizabeth D. Mary Queen of Scots
A. Lady Jane Grey
20. What was the difference between the teachings on salvation of the Roman Catholic Church and those of Martin Luther? A. Luther believed that salvation came from faith alone, while the Roman Catholic Church taught that salvation came from divine mercy and good works. B. Roman Catholics taught that salvation came from faith alone, while Luther believed that salvation came from divine mercy and good works. C. Luther and the Roman Catholic Church had the same beliefs on salvation. D. The Roman Catholic Church taught that salvation came from divine mercy and good works, while Martin Luther did not believe in salvation.
A. Luther believed that salvation came from faith alone, while the Roman Catholic Church taught that salvation came from divine mercy and good works.
3. Who did John Knox target in his work First Blast of the Trumpet against the Terrible Regiment of Women? A. Mary I of England B. Elizabeth I of England C. Catherine de Médicis D. Mary Sturt
A. Mary I of England (Bloody Mary)
5. The ruler of Spain for most of the later 1500s was _________. A. Philip II B. Ferdinand I C. Charles V D. Carlos I
A. Philip II
30. Which of these patterns appeared in the Reformation? A. Religious divisions were greater where political divisions were more pronounced. B. Religious dissent was more common in France and England, where strong monarchies prevailed. C. The Reformation was strongest in Mediterranean Europe. D. The Reformation was strongest in those areas that had been most thoroughly Romanized.
A. Religious divisions were greater where political divisions were more pronounced.
26. How did Elizabeth I direct a common method of worship throughout her kingdom? A. She issued the Act of Uniformity, which mandated that every parish in England receive a revised version of the second Book of Common Prayer. B. She issued the Act of Supremacy, which repealed all the anti-Protestant legislation of Mary Tudor. C. She executed Mary, Queen of Scots. D. She passed the Conventicle Act that gave separatists the choice to conform to the practices of the Church of England or face exile.
A. She issued the Act of Uniformity, which mandated that every parish in England receive a revised version of the second Book of Common Prayer.
8. What was the reaction from Europe when the Turks invaded Austria? A. The Spanish under Philip II allied with Venice, Genoa, and the pope to defend Europe against the Turks. B. Europeans largely ignored the invasion and allowed Austria to be taken over. C. The Greeks stepped up to defend Austria and defeat the Turks. D. The Huguenots came to the aid of Austria in hopes of gaining momentum for their resistance movement.
A. The Spanish under Philip II allied with Venice, Genoa, and the pope to defend Europe against the Turks.
17. Which of the following ideas was held to be true in both Renaissance Italy and in Reformation Europe? A. The interests of laity are no longer subordinate to clergy. B. Medieval Christian values are important teachings. C. The philosophies of Plato and Aristotle are counter to truth. D. Art must be abstract and formulaic.
A. The interests of laity are no longer subordinate to clergy.
5. The Reformation in Zurich was led by ________. A. Ulrich Zwingli B. John Calvin C. Martin Luther D. Blaise Pascal
A. Ulrich Zwingli
17. The medieval church had always taught that salvation was ________. A. a joint venture of the faithful and the clergy B. solely left to the individual C. dictated by God's judgment D. impossible, and therefore one must constantly repent
A. a joint venture of the faithful and the clergy
20. The political alliance known as the Treaty of Lodi did which one of the following? A. brought Milan and Naples into an alliance with Florence B. brought the Papal States into an alliance with Florence C. brought Venice and Naples into an alliance with Florence D. brought Milan and Naples into an alliance with Venice
A. brought Milan and Naples into an alliance with Florence
21. What did Pope Alexander VI hope to gain by securing a friendship with the French king? A. control over regions in Italy B. protection by the French military in times of war C. his own piece of private land in France D. a piece of land in France where his son Cesare Borgia could live
A. control over regions in Italy
16. Social strife and competition for political power became so intense within the cities that most evolved into ________. A. despotisms B. feudal states C. oligarchies D. democracies
A. despotisms
13. By 1600, the population of the Holy Roman Empire was about ________. A. equally divided between Catholics and Protestants B. 30 percent Catholic C. 70 percent Catholic D. 40 percent Protestant
A. equally divided between Catholics and Protestants
2. In his Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation, Luther urged the German princes to ________. A. force reforms on the Roman Catholic Church B. embrace the Modern Devotion order C. allow the Roman church to retain its political and economic power in Germany D. embrace the Dominican order
A. force reforms on the Roman Catholic Church
23. The primary reason monarchs sought out new sources of income in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries was the ________. A. growing cost of warfare B. growing cost of farming equipment C. food and clothing needs of the peasants D. need to build new public offices
A. growing cost of warfare
14. The Treaty of Westphalia finally granted Calvinists _________. A. legal recognition B. the power to fortify their towns C. the authority to gather in public D. the permission to worship within the borders of cities
A. legal recognition
24. The Inquisition was a key national agency established in 1479 for the purpose of ________. A. monitoring the activity of converted Jews and Muslims in Spain B. increasing the size of the empire of Spain C. converting Christians to join Jewish and Muslim religions D. merging the Anglican church and the English Reformation
A. monitoring the activity of converted Jews and Muslims in Spain
4. The first humanists were ________. A. orators and poets B. politicians and their secretaries C. farmers and blacksmiths D. historians and musicians
A. orators and poets
20. King Henry IV stunned France, Spain, and the pope by ________. A. publicly abandoning the Protestant faith and embracing Catholicism B. publicly abandoning the Catholic faith and embracing Protestantism C. declaring France Protestant, but hoping it would remain politically weak D. declaring France Catholic, but hoping it would remain politically weak
A. publicly abandoning the Protestant faith and embracing Catholicism
28. European voyages of discovery and conquest provided several profound biological impacts on Native Americans, including the ________. A. spread of measles and smallpox B. spread of a virulent form of syphilis C. introduction of corn D. introduction of a new species of fish
A. spread of measles and smallpox
21. What event caused the Protestants and the Catholics of the Netherlands to unite against a common enemy, the Spaniards? A. the Spanish Fury B. the exile of William of Orange C. the signing of the Perpetual Edict D. the issuing of the Edict of Nantes
A. the Spanish Fury
14. The new Protestant schools and universities of the 1500s were most likely to teach ________. A. the ideas of humanism B. the ideas of Scholasticism C. strict church doctrine D. Roman Catholicism
A. the ideas of humanism
18. Medieval art tended to be abstract and formulaic, whereas Renaissance art showed ________. A. the natural world and human emotions B. religious figures without faces C. sacred images painted on wood D. small scenes in the margins of text
A. the natural world and human emotions
23. What was the goal of the Marburg Colloquy? A. to work out differences between Swiss and German Protestants and form a mutual defense pact B. to debate the differences between Catholics and Protestants C. to educate Landgrave Philip of Hesse on Protestant theology D. to introduce Ulrich Zwingli and Martin Luther to one another
A. to work out differences between Swiss and German Protestants and form a mutual defense pact
33. Which of the following statements most accurately explains the impact that the fourth period of the Thirty Years' War, the Swedish-French period, had on Germany? A. During the Swedish-French period of the war, Germans gained great wealth from looting the nations of France, Sweden, and Spain. B. During the fourth period of the war, French, Swedish, and Spanish soldiers looted all of Germany, killing an estimated one-third of its population. C. During the Swedish-French period of the war, the Germans were largely left alone while the battles waged in France and the Netherlands. D. During the fourth period of the war, the Germans lost mostly material wealth from looters, but few people were killed.
B. During the fourth period of the war, French, Swedish, and Spanish soldiers looted all of Germany, killing an estimated one-third of its population.
22. Which of the following expresses a viewpoint held by Machiavelli? A. Roman rulers and citizens of ancient Rome did a poor job of defending their homeland. B. Italian political unity and independence were ends that justified any means. C. Ancient Roman patriotism and self-sacrifice were ineffective. D. Republican ideals were outdated.
B. Italian political unity and independence were ends that justified any means.
10. Queen Elizabeth I was cautious and firm with groups such as the ________ ensuring that nothing lessened the hierarchical unity of the Church of England. A. Catholics B. Puritans C. Congregationalists D. Jews
B. Puritans
4. Who were the three powerful families that sought the French monarchy after the death of king Henry II? A. The Bourbons, Rothschild, and Orléans B. The Bourbons, the Montmorency-Chatillons, and the Guises C. The Medici, the Navarres, and the Guises D. The Bourbons, the Amboises, and the Orléans
B. The Bourbons, the Montmorency-Chatillons, and the Guises
22. What was the outcome of the Marburg Colloquy? A. Luther and Zwingli resolved their differences and formed a single theology. B. The Colloquy splintered the Protestant movement theologically and politically. C. The Colloquy led to the Swiss Civil War. D. The Colloquy established a new church movement.
B. The Colloquy splintered the Protestant movement theologically and politically.
12. What English humanist wrote a famous book called Utopia? A. Roger Bacon B. Thomas More C. William of Ockham D. Johann Reuchlin
B. Thomas More
17. Catherine de Médicis convinced the king to execute the Protestant leaders in the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre because she claimed that _______. A. the Guise family had plotted to kill him and take the throne for themselves B. a Protestant coup was afoot, and that he must save the crown from an attack on Paris C. she had been plotting an assassination of Coligny D. the Huguenots had already massacred thousands of peasants
B. a Protestant coup was afoot, and that he must save the crown from an attack on Paris
Chapter 2 Renaissance and Discovery 1. Medieval Europe was a feudal society that had a(n) ________. A. growing lay and secular control of thought and culture B. agricultural economy and was dominated by the church C. growing national consciousness and political centralization D. urban economy based on organized commerce and capitalism
B. agricultural economy and was dominated by the church
30. Ludovico of Milan's fatal mistake was that he ________. A. sold the city of Milan to the French without proper authority B. appealed to the French for help C. claimed Naples for himself, as king, and disregarded French dynastic claims to rule D. disregarded the threat posed by Milan and denied French aid or assistance
B. appealed to the French for help
19. The Freedom of a Christian, written by Martin Luther, summarized the new teaching of salvation ________. A. through pious actions B. by faith alone C. through prayer D. as the unattainable goal
B. by faith alone
27. The Council of Trent's most important reforms concerned ________. A. religious tolerance B. discipline within the church C. transubstantiation D. the power structure of the church
B. discipline within the church
10. One way in which the northern humanist Desiderius Erasmus gained fame as a religious reformer was by ________. A. elaborating Scholastic theology B. editing the works of the Church Fathers C. issuing a new edition of Abelard's works D. pleasing church authorities
B. editing the works of the Church Fathers
30. At the end of the third phase of the Thirty Years' War, Ferdinand issued the Edict of Restitution and struck panic in the hearts of Protestants ________. A. in Bohemia B. everywhere C. in Sweden D. in France
B. everywhere
29. The rationale for Luther's theology was illustrated by his attack on five of the traditional sacraments; he rejected them because they were _________. A. Catholic B. not supported by the Bible C. more about ritual than piety D. medieval
B. not supported by the Bible
8. The term "Machiavellian" has become synonymous with ________. A. tools made by machinists B. ruthless political expediency C. welfare policies D. slow decision-making
B. ruthless political expediency
15. The ________ of the West Indies and Brazil became the major center for black slavery in the mid-sixteenth century. A. cotton plantations B. sugar plantations C. gold mines D. sweet-potato fields
B. sugar plantations
13. Which of the following was an influential women's order founded in 1535 for the religious education of girls from all social classes? A. the Capuchins B. the Ursulines C. the Jesuits D. the Theatines
B. the Ursulines
9. The Peace of Augsburg recognized in law what had already been established in practice, which was that _________. A. the religion of the land was determined by the Holy Roman Emperor B. the ruler of a land would determine the religion in his territory C. Calvinists were to be tolerated throughout Europe D. Protestants everywhere must restore Catholic beliefs and practices
B. the ruler of a land would determine the religion in his territory
Chapter 4 The Age of Religious Wars 1. The Peace of Augsburg recognized that ________. A. the religion of the land was determined by the Holy Roman Emperor B. the ruler of a land would determine the religion of the land C. Calvinists were to be tolerated throughout Europe D. Protestants everywhere must restore Catholic beliefs and practices
B. the ruler of a land would determine the religion of the land
28. Shakespeare's work can be said to deal with _________. A. the intellectual currents of his day B. themes common to all humanity C. contemporary religious issues D. the dichotomy between medieval and contemporary society
B. themes common to all humanity
14. ________ was by far the most effective and outspoken critic of the Spanish conquerors. A. Michel de Montaigne B. Francisco Pizarro C. Bartolomé de Las Casas D. Hernán Cortés
C. Bartolomé de Las Casas
29. The Thirty Years' War broke out first in ________. A. Saxony B. Bavaria C. Bohemia D. the Swiss Confederation
C. Bohemia
13. By the time of the Spanish conquest, the Aztecs ruled almost all of ________. A. eastern Peru B. present-day California C. Central Mexico D. Cuba
C. Central Mexico
2. The most successful politique was ________. A. Oliver Cromwell B. Philip II of Spain C. Elizabeth I of England D. Mary I of England
C. Elizabeth I of England
28. How did Elizabeth I treat her cousin Mary, Queen of Scots? A. She treated her with great respect and looked to her for advice. B. Mary, Queen of Scots was a trusted advisor of Elizabeth. C. Elizabeth kept Mary under house arrest for nineteen years and then had her executed for treason. D. Elizabeth largely ignored Mary until she was far advanced in age, when Elizabeth granted her a castle in northern England.
C. Elizabeth kept Mary under house arrest for nineteen years and then had her executed for treason
27. What substantial changes occurred when Elizabeth I took the throne following Mary I of England? A. Elizabeth eliminated the tolerance for theater and dramatic creativity supported by Mary I. B. Elizabeth changed the irresponsible financial policies promoted by Mary I. C. Elizabeth reversed Mary's harsh restrictions against Protestants in favor of religious tolerance. D. Elizabeth more fully enforced strict policies against religious disunity and dealt harshly with heretics.
C. Elizabeth reversed Mary's harsh restrictions against Protestants in favor of religious tolerance.
5. Who was known as the "father of humanism"? A. Giovanni Boccaccio B. Dante Alighieri C. Francesco Petrarch D. Guarino da Verona
C. Francesco Petrarch
25. The Reformation Parliament met for seven years and determined that ________. A. English citizens could determine their own religion B. the Catholic Church would remain the church of England C. Henry VIII would replace the pope's position over the church in England D. the clergy would be awarded more rights and power
C. Henry VIII would replace the pope's position over the church in England
18. The French monarchy was hostile towards Protestants until ________. A. the Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye B. the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre C. Henry of Navarre came to power D. Elizabeth I provided financial and military support for their cause
C. Henry of Navarre came to power
9. Who sponsored Genoese adventurer Christopher Columbus? A. Catherine of Aragon B. King Henry VIII C. Isabella and Ferdinand of Spain D. Archduke Phillip
C. Isabella and Ferdinand of Spain
24. How did Spain come to control Portugal's overseas empire in Africa, Brazil, and India? A. Spain took over the trading network when the Portuguese faced steep inflation in their homeland. B. Portuguese merchants began using Spanish ports and paid heavy taxes to Spain. C. Philip II inherited the throne of Portugal. D. Philip II attacked Portugal and overcame its military forces.
C. Philip II inherited the throne of Portugal.
8. How did predestination factor into Calvin's theology? A. Predestination played no part in Calvin's theology. B. Predestination played a small part in Calvin's theology. C. Predestination was central to Calvin's theology. D. Predestination was important, but not central to Calvin's theology.
C. Predestination was central to Calvin's theology.
Chapter 3 The Age of Reformation 1. The Reformation broke out first in the cities of ________. A. Germany and France B. England and Switzerland C. Switzerland and Germany D. England and Germany
C. Switzerland and Germany
15. What did Mary I of England, Philip II of Spain, and Oliver Cromwell all have in common? A. They were all Protestants. B. They were all considered politiques. C. They all sacrificed their political goals by refusing to compromise on religion. D. They gained their religious goals and successfully restricted religious worship in their own lands.
C. They all sacrificed their political goals by refusing to compromise on religion.
11. The Act of Succession ________. A. made James VI of Scotland Henry VIII's heir B. made the heir to the throne the first-born child of a king regardless of gender C. made Anne Boleyn's children the legitimate heirs to the throne D. gave Parliament the right to choose the next monarch of England
C. made Anne Boleyn's children the legitimate heirs to the throne
21. Anabaptists desired ________. A. an immediate end to the practice of adult baptism B. an immediate end to the practice of baptism C. more radical reform than Luther desired D. the imposition of a strict social hierarchy based on gender
C. more radical reform than Luther desired
16. What advantage did an indulgence grant the buyer? A. the granting of an ecclesiastical post B. the founding of a religious order C. release from time in purgatory D. the freedom from the church holiday obligations
C. release from time in purgatory
11. The Thirty Years' War began as a(n) ________. A. peasant uprising in Germany B. trade war between Bohemia and Saxony C. revolt of Bohemian Protestant nobility against an unpopular king D. border dispute between Bavaria and Austria
C. revolt of Bohemian Protestant nobility against an unpopular king
18. Luther's ninety-five theses ________. A. earned him a position teaching at Wittenburg University B. had little real impact C. sparked the Reformation in Germany D. expressed his belief that salvation could be bought and sold
C. sparked the Reformation in Germany
7. What event was held in the attempt to unite the Swiss and German Protestants? A. the Diet of Worms B. the Diet of Augsburg C. the Marburg Colloquy D. the Peasants' Revolt
C. the Marburg Colloquy
29. What argument about Native Americans caused tension between the mendicant friars and Spanish conquerors? A. the renaming of Native American groups B. the education of Native American children C. the need to conquer Native Americans to convert them D. preserving Native American traditions
C. the need to conquer Native Americans to convert them
12. The Book of Common Prayer, written by Thomas Cranmer, was imposed on all English churches by the ________. A. Act of Succession B. Diet of Augsburg C. Reformation Parliament D. Act of Uniformity
D. Act of Uniformity
32. How was the Peace of Augsburg like the Treaty of Westphalia? A. Both agreements restricted the rights of Protestants throughout Europe. B. Both agreements denied the authority of the Holy Roman Emperor. C. Both agreements established the right of Protestants to fortify their own towns. D. Both agreements established that the ruler of a land may determine the official religion of that land.
D. Both agreements established that the ruler of a land may determine the official religion of that land.
15. For which of the following novels is Cervantes best known? A. La Galatea B. La Gitanilla C. El Amante Liberal D. Don Quixote
D. Don Quixote
11. Humanism prepared the way for Protestant reforms in which of the following countries? A. England, France, and Spain B. France, England, and Denmark C. Germany, the Netherlands, and Spain D. England, France, and Germany
D. England, France, and Germany
6. Which of the following was the most important intellectual recovery made during the Italian Renaissance? A. Spartan military strategies B. Roman law C. Roman studies D. Greek studies
D. Greek studies
26. One of the most important problems in the marriage between Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon was that _________ A. the couple had different religious views B. the couple lived in different countries C. Catherine had been raised in Spain D. Henry VIII needed a male heir
D. Henry VIII needed a male heir
7. Whose most famous painting is the Mona Lisa? A. Donatello B. Michelangelo C. Raphael D. Leonardo da Vinci
D. Leonardo da Vinci
6. Anabaptists are the sixteenth-century ancestors of which of the following modern groups? A. Baptists B. Lutherans C. Mormons D. Mennonites and Amish
D. Mennonites and Amish
24. How did Poland react to the Reformation? A. Poland rejected the ideas of the Reformation and persecuted Protestants. B. Poland permitted limited freedoms for the two major faiths. C. Polish leaders demanded that Poles remain faithful to the Roman Catholic Church. D. Poland became a model of religious pluralism and toleration.
D. Poland became a model of religious pluralism and toleration.
4. German Protestant rulers realized the political implications of the demise of the Roman Catholic Church and formed a defensive alliance called the ________. A. Peasants' Revolt B. Edict of Worms C. Swiss Reformation D. Schmalkaldic League
D. Schmalkaldic League
25. During an assembly in Worms in 1495, Emperor Maximilian allowed the members to create ________. A. a permanent representative body B. the Golden Bull agreement C. a seven-member electoral college D. a Supreme Court of Justice
D. a Supreme Court of Justice
26. The Portuguese exploration of the African coast started out as a search for gold and slaves, but by the century's end it had established ________. A. an organization promoting freedom of religion B. friendly relations with Muslims and pagans C. an organization promoting the freedom of slaves D. a sea route around Africa to Asia's spice markets
D. a sea route around Africa to Asia's spice markets
2. Which of the following comprised Florence's popolo grosso in the Renaissance? A. the old merchant classes B. the lower urban classes C. guild masters D. capitalists and bankers
D. capitalists and bankers
12. One of the first actions Ferdinand took as king of Bohemia was to ________. A. declare the Lutheran religion as the only legal religion in Bohemia B. warn the Jesuits to leave or be exiled or sentenced to death C. ban the practice of Catholicism in Protestant Bohemia D. revoke the religious freedoms of the Bohemian Protestants
D. revoke the religious freedoms of the Bohemian Protestants
3. Luther's impulse to reform church doctrine focused on _______. A. the liturgy B. the idea of heresy C. the nature of Christ D. salvation
D. salvation
10. What meeting did Charles V call in which Protestant and Catholic representatives addressed the growing religious divisions within the empire in the wake of the Reformation's success? A. the Council of Trent B. the Marburg Colloquy C. the Diet of Worms D. the Diet of Augsburg
D. the Diet of Augsburg
23. What agreement did the Dutch Catholics and Protestants come to after the atrocity of the Spanish Fury? A. the Union of Utrecht B. the Union of Arras C. the Perpetual Edict D. the Pacification of Ghent
D. the Pacification of Ghent
19. What event elevated the conflict between Huguenots and the French monarchy into an international issue? A. the death of Coligny, the leader of the French resistance B. the famous work First Blast of the Trumpet against the Terrible Regiment of Women by John Knox C. the elevation of Henry of Navarre to the throne D. the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre
D. the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre
7. Hostilities between Spain and England reached a climax in 1588 when ________. A. Henry III was assassinated B. Henry IV was assassinated C. the Edict of Nantes was signed D. the Spanish Armada was sent to invade England
D. the Spanish Armada was sent to invade England
19. A new style of art called "mannerism," allowed the artist to include ________ in his or her work. A. perfectly refined images B. outdoor scenes C. people dining together D. the strange and the abnormal
D. the strange and the abnormal
27. What was the primary reason Spanish explorers sailed the Atlantic Ocean? A. to measure the actual size of the Atlantic Ocean B. to bring more slaves back to Spain C. to find more gold on the other side of the Atlantic D. to find a shorter route to the East Indies
D. to find a shorter route to the East Indies
31. The Spanish voyages of discovery can be seen as an outgrowth of the _______. A. beginning of the Reconquista B. Inquisition C. Renaissance D. unification of Spain pg. 81
D. unification of Spain
