Everyday Memory & Memory Errors Quiz 8

Loftus and Palmer's "car-crash films" experiment described in the text shows how a seemingly minor word change can produce a change in a person's memory report. In this study, the MPI was (were) the word(s) "miles per hour." "fast." "car crash." "smashed."

"smashed."

Jacoby's experiment, in which participants made judgments about whether they had previously seen the names of famous and non-famous people, found that inaccurate memories based on source misattributions occurred after a delay of one month. one hour. 24 hours. one week.

24 hours

Which of the following statements is true of police lineups? A sequential lineup increases the chance that the witness compares people in the lineup to each other. A simultaneous lineup decreases the chance of falsely identifying an innocent person as the perpetrator. A sequential lineup increases the chance that the witness will make a relative judgment about all the suspects they saw. A sequential lineup increases the chance that the witness compares each person in the lineup to his or her memory of the event.

A sequential lineup increases the chance that the witness compares each person in the lineup to his or her memory of the event.

Your text describes an experiment by Talarico and Rubin (2003) that measured people's memories of the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. Which of the following was the primary result of that research? Participants had high confidence in the accuracy of their memories of the terrorist events 32 weeks later, but when actually tested made significant errors when asked what they were doing on the day of the attacks. After 32 weeks, participants had a high level of confidence in their memories of the terrorist events, but lower belief in their memories of "everyday" events. Participants had a very high level of confidence of the terrorist events and also had high confidence in their present "everyday" memories 32 weeks later. Participants had very little confidence in the accuracy of their memories of the events 32 weeks after they occurred.

After 32 weeks, participants had a high level of confidence in their memories of the terrorist events, but lower belief in their memories of "everyday" events.

Which statement below is NOT true, based on the results of memory research? Suggestion can create false memories for events that occurred when a person was a young child. Many miscarriages of justice have occurred based on faulty eyewitness testimony. Suggestion can create false memories for an event that a person has experienced just recently. Although eyewitness testimony is often faulty, people who have just viewed a videotape of a crime are quite accurate at picking the "perpetrator" from a lineup.

Although eyewitness testimony is often faulty, people who have just viewed a videotape of a crime are quite accurate at picking the "perpetrator" from a lineup.

The retroactive interference hypothesis states that the misinformation effect occurs because MPI cues the rememberer that an error in memory is occurring. MPI obstructs or distorts memories formed during the original experiencing of an event. the original memory for an event decays over time, leaving room for MPI to infiltrate the memory later. MPI fills in the gaps in the original memory where it lacked detail.

MPI obstructs or distorts memories formed during the original experiencing of an event.

Lindsay and coworkers "slime in the first-grade teacher's desk" experiment showed that presenting accounts of actual childhood events supplied by a participant's parent decreased the likelihood of false memories. a photograph of the participant's first-grade class decreased the likelihood of false memories. a photograph of the participant's first-grade class increased the likelihood of false memories. accounts of actual childhood events supplied by a participant's parent increased the likelihood of false memories.

a photograph of the participant's first-grade class increased the likelihood of false memories.

For most adults over age 40, the reminiscence bump describes enhanced memory for childhood and adolescence. adolescence and young adulthood. childhood and middle age. young adulthood and middle age

adolescence and young adulthood.

The misinformation effect occurs when a person's memory for an event is modified by misleading information presented during the event. before the event. after the event. all of the above

after the event

The conclusion to be drawn from the man named Shereshevskii whose abnormal brain functioning gave him virtually limitless word-for-word memory is that having memory like a video recorder helped him draw powerful inferences and intelligent conclusions from his vast knowledge base. is an advantage because it eliminates "selective" recording (remembering some events and forgetting others), which provides no useful service to humans. is largely a blessing because no event would be erased. can seriously disrupt functioning in one's personal life

an seriously disrupt functioning in one's personal life

Your text's discussion of false memories leads to the conclusion that false memories do not occur for all people but rather are experienced by suggestible or inattentive people. arise from the same constructive processes that produce true memories. occur in laboratory settings but do not occur in real-world circumstances. occur for details but not for entire events.

arise from the same constructive processes that produce true memories.

In Lindsay's "misinformation effect" experiment, participants saw a sequence of slides showing a maintenance man stealing money and a computer. This slide presentation included narration by a female speaker who described what was happening in the slides as they were shown. Results showed that the misinformation effect was greatest when MPI presentation was visual. auditory from a male speaker. auditory from a female speaker. auditory, regardless of the gender of the speaker.

auditory from a female speaker.

According to the _____ approach to memory, what people report as memories is based on what actually happened plus additional factors such as other knowledge, experiences, and expectations. constructive source event-specific misinformation

constructive

In the "word list" false memory experiment where several students incorrectly remembered hearing the word sleep, false memory occurs because of verbatim recall. the effect of scripts. cryptomnesia constructive memory processes.

constructive memory processes.

Bartlett's experiment in which English participants were asked to recall the "War of the Ghosts" story that was taken from the French Indian culture illustrated the misinformation effect. constructive nature of memory. familiarity effect. reminiscence bump.

constructive nature of memory.

Arkes and Freedman's "baseball game" experiment asked participants to indicate whether the following sentence was present in a passage they had previously read about events in a game: "The batter was safe at first." Their findings showed inaccurate memories involved participants who did not understand baseball and assumed more information was presented than actually was. creations from inferences based on baseball knowledge. omissions of information that was presented. confusions about presented information when it was ambiguous.

creations from inferences based on baseball knowledge.

Unconscious plagiarism of the work of others is known as repeated reproduction. narrative rehearsal. cryptomnesia. repeated recall.

cryptomnesia.

In the "War of the Ghosts" experiment, participants' reproductions contained inaccuracies based on narrative rehearsal. source misattributions. cultural expectations. shallow processing.

cultural expectations.

Lindsay's misinformation effect experiment, in which participants were given a memory test about a sequence of slides showing a maintenance man stealing money and a computer, showed that participants are influenced by MPI only if the MPI is presented immediately after viewing the event. if they believe the postevent information is correct. if the MPI is consistent with social stereotypes. even if they are told to ignore the postevent information.

even if they are told to ignore the postevent information.

A lesson to be learned from the research on flashbulb memories is that people's confidence in a memory predicts its accuracy (high confidence = high accuracy). extreme vividness of a memory does not mean it is accurate. they are permanent and resist forgetting. rehearsal cannot account for them.

extreme vividness of a memory does not mean it is accurate.

Your text's discussion of eyewitness testimony illustrates that this type of memory is frequently influenced by all of the following EXCEPT inattention to relevant information due to the emotional nature of these events. failing to elaboratively rehearse these kinds of events due to fear. increased confidence due to postevent questioning. source-monitoring errors due to familiarity.

failing to elaboratively rehearse these kinds of events due to fear.

Research on eyewitness testimony reveals that highly confident eyewitnesses are usually accurate. despite public misconception, eyewitnesses are usually very accurate when selecting a perpetrator from a lineup. it is unnecessary to warn an eyewitness that a suspect may or may not be in a lineup. when viewing a lineup, an eyewitness's confidence in her choice of the suspect can be increased by an authority's confirmation of her choice, even when the choice is wrong.

hen viewing a lineup, an eyewitness's confidence in her choice of the suspect can be increased by an authority's confirmation of her choice, even when the choice is wrong.

Much research has been dedicated to improving the reliability of eyewitness testimony. One finding reveals that when constructing a lineup, decreasing the number of fillers from 6 to 3 actually increases the rate of false positive identifications. increasing similarity between "fillers" and a suspect leads to an increased level of erroneous identification of innocent people. increasing similarity between "fillers" and a suspect leads to an increased level of missed identification of some guilty suspects. increasing the number of fillers from 5 to 7 actually decreases the rate of false positive identifications.

increasing similarity between "fillers" and a suspect leads to an increased level of missed identification of some guilty suspects.

The observation that older adults often become nostalgic for the "good old days" reflects the self-image hypothesis, which states that our memories change as we live longer and have more "lifetime periods" to draw events from. people tend to remember more of the positive events in their lives than negative ones. life in a society gets more complicated and difficult as generations pass. memory for life events is enhanced during the time we assume our life identities.

memory for life events is enhanced during the time we assume our life identities.

The experiment in which participants first read sentences about a baseball game and were then asked to identify sentences they had seen before, illustrated that memory depends on the participant's mood. is better for vivid descriptions. involves making inferences. is like a tape recording.

nvolves making inferences.

Your text argues that the proper procedure for measuring the accuracy of flashbulb memories is repeated recall. source monitoring. pre-cueing. scripting.

repeated recall

Kieran found that studying for his Spanish exam made it more difficult to remember some of the vocabulary words he had just studied for his French exam earlier in the day. This is an example of memory-trace replacement. a simultaneous presentation effect retroactive interference. a life-narrative confusion.

retroactive interference.

In the experiment in which participants sat in an office and then were asked to remember what they saw in the office, participants "remembered" some things, like books, that weren't actually there. This experiment illustrates the effect of _____ on memory. bias confabulation scripts schemas

schemas

Jackie went to the grocery store to pick up yogurt, bread, and apples. First, she picked up a hand basket for carrying her groceries, and then she searched the store. After finding what she needed, she stood in a check-out line. Then, the cashier put her items in a plastic bag, and soon after, Jackie left the store. As readers of this event, we understand that Jackie paid for the groceries, even though it wasn't mentioned, because we are relying on a grocery store _____. misattribution narrative schema script

script

In the word list experiment that was based on work by Deese (1959) and Roediger & McDermott (1995), many students incorrectly remembered hearing the word ________ as part of the list of presented stimuli. This highlights a disadvantage of memory's constructive nature. sleep tired drowsy blanket

sleep

The "wedding reception" false memory experiment shows that false memories can be explained as a product of familiarity and source misattribution. confabulation. consequentiality. retroactive interference.

source misattribution.

The experiment for which people were asked to make fame judgments for both famous and non-famous names (and for which Sebastian Weissdorf was one of the names to be remembered) illustrated the effect of _____ on memory. source misattributions encoding specificity schemas repeated rehearsal of distinctive names

source misattributions

Stanny and Johnson's "weapons focus" experiment, investigating memory for crime scenes, found that the presence of a weapon has no effect on memory for the event. the presence of a weapon hinders memory for other parts of the event. the threat of a weapon causes people to focus their attention away from the weapon itself. the presence of a weapon enhances memory for all parts of the event.

the presence of a weapon hinders memory for other parts of the event.

The repeated reproduction technique used in memory studies involves the same participants remembering some information for as many trials as it takes to recall all of the information correctly. different groups of participants remembering some information across different periods of time after learning the information. the same participants remembering some information at longer and longer intervals after learning the information. the same participants recalling some information many times but, each time, receiving different retrieval cues to assist their recall.

the same participants remembering some information at longer and longer intervals after learning the information.