Evolution and Natural Selection

explain 3 types of evidence that support the theory of evolution

1. FOSSILS - fossil records, transitional fossils, comparing modern vs extinct relatives 2. ARTIFICIAL SELECTION - breeding plants and animals based on characteristics most desired 3. COMPARITIVE ANATOMY - homologus structures 4. MOLECULAR BIOLOGY - comparing DNA sequences 5. BIOGEOGRAPHY - pangea and variations of species that live in different hemispheres

Of the following anatomical structures, which is homologous to the bones in the wing of a bird?***

Bones in the flipper of a whale

outline adaptive radiation using a given example

FINCHES - they change due to their surroundings

Which of the following are used as evidence for evolution?***

I.Homologous structuresII.Selective breeding of

explain in terms of allelic frequency, the evolution of a trait in a population

how common an allele is within a population

list 2 causes of variation within a gene pool

overproduction, variation

no two people are genetically identical twins. a source of genetic variation among humans is***

reshuffling of alleles in sexual reproduction

Given a population that contains genetic variation, what is the correct sequence of the following events, under the influence of natural selection?***

2. A change occurs in the environment. 4. Poorly adapted individuals have decreased suvivorship. 1. Well adapted individuals leave more offspring than do poorly adapted individuals. 3. Genetic frequencies within the population change.

clade

A group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants.

homologus; analogus

Bats and cats both have forelimbs adapted for moving. Whales (mammals) and sharks (fish) have fins adapted for swimming. What term best describes the relationship of the bones in the forelimbs of bats and cats, and what term best describes the fins of whales and sharks?

Which of these conditions are always true of populations evolving due to natural selection?***

Condition 1: The population must vary in traits that are heritable.Condition 2: Some heritable traits must increase reproductive success.

which statement illustrates the connection between natural selection and overproduction of a population***

Individuals with inherited traits that promote survival tend to have more surviving offspring.

A farmer uses triazine herbicide to control pigweed in his field. For the first few years, the triazine works well and almost all the pigweed dies; but after several years, the farmer sees more and more pigweed. Which of these explanations best describes this observation?***

Only triazine-resistant weeds survived and reproduced, so each year more pigweed was triazine-resistant.

disruptive selection***

THREE SPINED STICKLEBACK FISH produces a population that has two extreme versions of a trait as the dominant phenotype. For example, if both short and tall organisms, but not medium height organisms were favored this would be disruptive selection in action

allopatric speciation***

The formation of new species in populations that are geographically isolated from one another.

describe how natural selection leads to evolution

better adapted and better suited to "fit" organisms that can survive to reproduce

analogus structures

bird, insect, bat wings **shows how different species have evolved to become more similar

dissimilar organisms such as hummingbirds, humans, and whales have similar skeletal structures.***

dissimilar organisms might have evolved from a distant, common ancestor

temporal isolation

form of reproductive isolation in which two populations reproduce at different times

Natural selection changes allele frequencies because some ______ survive and reproduce***

individuals

It has been observed that organisms on islands are different from, but closely related to, similar forms found on the nearest continent. This is taken as evidence that ____.

island forms are descended from mainland forms

one example of how homologus structures provide evidence for evolution

show that a certain species is related to other species **through common ancestors **have similar structures in their body **wings of butterflies + dragonflies

homologus structures

similar in structure from one another but not necessarily in function. For example, the forearm of a cat, bat, humans, and whale; suggests that the species are closely related and derived from a common ancestor. LOBSTERS, SHRIMP, CRABS = TAILS THAT CURL UNDER AND ARENT USED FOR SWIMMING

The flowers of pink tulips open in the morning, while the flowers of lavender tulips open in the early afternoon. The bees that pollinate these tulips cannot carry pollen back & forth between the two types of tulips because of their flowers being closed at different times of day. What type of reproductive barrier is this?***

temporal isolation