evolution final

13. In the type of HIV resistance that we have discussed, the basis is:

a deletion in the gene coding for the CCR5 coreceptor protein

35. phenotypic plasticity:

is an adaptation that allows expression of different traits depending on environmental conditions

which of the following would be most likely to create a "supergene"

inversion

given HWE expectations, about what proportion of individuals should be homozyhous for the Z allele?

#Z: 4+3+6=13 13/50=0.26 0.26(0.26) =0.07

6. carbon-14 has a half-life if about 5700 years and decays to nitrogen-14. You examine a sample of bone of unknown age and find that, compared to modern bonem there is only about 12.15% as much C-14 and much more N-14. Based on this information, the bone being tested is about:

17100 years old

10. Darwin first published "on the origin of of species by means of natural selection" in

1859

37. if the frequency of allele M at locus in a population is 20%, the frequency of allele N is 70%, and the frequency of allele O is 10%, and the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, and MN heterozygotes are purple, what fraction of purple individuals would you expect after three generations of random breeding? 28%

28%

12. Life appeared on Earth at least____ years ago:

3.6million

suppose that you sample 25 individuals from a population of diploid, sexually reproducing organisms, and screen these individuals for genetic variation at a particular locus using DNA sequencing. You discover three different alleles, each characterized by a slightly different DNA sequence. You call these alleles X, Y, and Z. You find that 3 individual are homozygous for the X allele, 3 are homozygous for the Y allele, and 2 are homozygous for the Z allele. Eight are heterozygous for X plus Y, 3 are heterozygous for X plus Z, and 6 are heterozygous for Y plus Z. Given this information, what is your estimate of the frequency of the Y allele in the population?

50 copies of the gene #Y: 6+8+6=20 20/50=0.4

3. When a summary of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection was presented to the Linnean society of London, it was accompanied by another paper by a worker who had independently arrived at the same conclusion as Darwin. This person was:

Alfred Russel Wallace

in the F equation for hardy weinber equilibrium, for a locus with two alleles in a population of diploid organisms, p anfd q represent:

Allele frequencies

the pyrimidines in DNA are

C + T

8. disruptive selection acted on a quantitave character, what would be the most likely to result?

Extreme phenotypes would have a selective adavantage over those near the mean value

23. T or F. Adaptation is the process by which phenotypes of organisms in a population become perfectly suited to the environment over generations and then stop changing:

False

38. T or F. Estimates of heritability are independent of the environment in which the testing occurs because this is a genetic measure.

False

2. phylogenetic analyses indicate that the most parsimonious explanation for the occurance of HIV-1 and HIV-2 in humans is that:

HIV-1 was probably transmitted to humans from chimpanzees, and HIV-2 was probably transmitted to humans from monkeys

25. In a population of 7200 individuals, for a given genotype the selection coefficient is 0.7. The most reasonable interpretation is that:

Individuals with that genotype will produce 30% as many offspring on average compared to the fittest individuals

4. A bacterial respiratory disease in chickens has been treated for years using the antibiotic tetracycline. Then, poultry farmers begin to find that infected chickens remain ill despite treatment with tetracycline. The most likely explanation is that:

Tetracycline-resistance mutations arise by chance, and the new environmental conditions created by tetracycline selected for these variants

Which of the following was not one of the criticisms raised after Darwin presented his theory of evolution by natural selection

The vast majority of mutations are either neutral or deleterious, not beneficial

40. Changes in which codon position are most likely to result in the same amino acid in a protein?

Third

Test 1: 1. Exaptation is a situation in which:

an existing structure upon which natural selection acted to perform one function takes on a new function

27. which is the following would be most likely to create a situation in which genotype frequencies in a population change, but allele frequencies in a population change, but allele frequencies do not?

assortative mating

27. which of the following would be most likely to create a situation in which genotype frequencies in a population change, but allele frequencies do not?

assortative mating

30. "Muller's ratchet" describe a situation in which:

average genetic load in an asexual population increases generation by generation

the most widely used measure of the level of genetic variation in a population or species is

average heterozygosity

test 2: 1. the illinois greater praire chicken nearly went extinct due to:

both genetic drigft and inbreeding depression

evolution in the strict sense refers to

change in allele frequencies in a population across generation

crystalline proteins in vertebrates eyes:

consist of a variety of protein groups that perform other functions in different cells of the body

33. Imbreeding depression is the result, in part, of:

decreased heterozygosity of deleterious recessive alleles due to matings among close relatives

28. in the case of wing feather lice versus body feather lice in doves:

differential modes of dispersal between the two groups of lice led to incongruence in terms of cospeciation between the two groups of lice and their hosts.

28. In the case of wing feather lice versus body feather lice in doves:

differential modes of dispersal between the two groups of lice led to incongruency in terms of co-..

34. Effective populations size reflects:

differential reproductive success among individuals in a population

Cliff's Law of Succession states that

fossils of organisms in a given area tend to resemble living species in that area

29. Linkage disequilibrium occurs when:

frequencies of allelic combinations across multiple loci do not match the proportions expected based on allele frequencies

which of the following is correct?

gene flow homogenizes allele frequencies

7. In a species of sea urchin, large individuals produced many more offspring than small or medium-sized individuals. Fertilized eggs are spread by the tide and ocean currents, and location of egg deposition is random. All individuals of the species are homozygous for all the 19 loci involved in size determination. Growth rate of individuals is determined primarily by the amount of algae present, and size at maturity is entirely dependent on offsprings' access to algae. Sea urchin spine length ranges from 13-26 mm. A range of adult masses from 27-42 grams is observed, with a mean mass of 34 grams. Given all of this information, how will natural selection act on adult body mass in this population?

given the available information, natural selection will not have no effect on adult body mass. (no genetic variation size determined by environmental - nothing for natural selection to "work with")

14. The pentadactyl limb of vertebrates provides an example of structure that are:

homologous

which of the following statements is correct?

if a population were in a true-hardy weinberg equilibrium, the genotype frequencies should stay the same from generation to generation

which of the following statements is correct?

if a populations were in true hardy-weinberg equilibrium, it would not be evolving

Allozyme electrophoresis involves

inferring allelic variation by differential migration of proteins in a gel

under van valen's red queen hypothesis

interspecific interactions such as competition and predation drive continuous evolution of phenotypes

15. HIV is a retrovirus, this means that: its a genetic material is RNA, which is reverse translated to RNA inside the host cell.

its a genetic material is RNA, which is reverse translated to RNA inside the host cell.

31. Probability of an allelle being fixed in a population by drift alone is equal to:

its starting frequency

7. if genetic drift alone is acting on allele frequencies in a population

levels of homozygosity should increase tp the theoretocal maximum of 100%

in a phylogenetic tree, a group of organisms that includes the ancestor and all of its descendents is named

monophyletic

using laboratory populations of Drosophila, Cavener, and Clegg found that

natural selection imposed by ethanol caused a rapid increase in frequency of the "fast" ADH allele in experimental populations

8. The galapagos Island are located:

off the west coast of South America

a vestigal structure is one that

once was functional losses its fuction but persists in a linage of organisms

weis and abrahamson studied fly larvae that cause their host plant to produce "galls" on their stems. Which of the following statements about their experiments is correct?

the combined effects of wasp predation and bird predation lead to stabilizing selection for medium sized galls.

Proctor's experiments with water mites that preyh on copepods suggested that:

pre-existing sensory bias gives amles that mimic copepod vibrations a reproductive advantage

16. Peter and Rosemary Grant found that in the Galapagos medium ground finch:

rainfall patterns selected on heritable variation in beak depth to cause shifts in beao depth frequency across generations

32. Microsatellies are:

regions of fast evolving short tadem DNA repeats

26. Felsenstein's independent contrasts method:

removes the effect of phylogeny from tests of correlated evolution of traits

20. Which of the following models for sexual selection is most dependent upon linkage disequilibrium:

runaway sexual selection

21. A quantitative character:

shows continuous variation in a population

which kind of social interation appears to be rarest in nature?

spite

in a facultatively parthogenetic species, which conditions would be expected to promote sexual reproduction?

stress

36. According to Hamilton's rule, which of the following situations should promote altruistic behavior of a sister to a brother?

the action causes the sister to produce two fewer offspring and the brother to produce five more

based only on the information below, which of the following individuals in a population has the highest evolutionary fitness?

the one that produces the most offspring

24. Broad-sense heritability measures:

the proportion of phenotypic variation in a population that is due to genetic variation

when mutation causes a synonymus subtitution:

the same amino acid is present in the protein due to redundancy of the genetic code.

22. According to Bateman's gradient:

the steeper the positive slope, the greater the effect of having more mates is on fitness

which of the following was not one of the criticisms raised after Darwin presented his theory of evolution by natural selection?

the vast majoriy of mutations are either neutral or deleterious, not beneficial.

9. The branching structure of a phylogenetic tree is termed:

topology

T or F. Evolution by genetic drift is a random process

true

5. AZT has been used (mostly unsuccessfully, in the long term), to treat HIV infection because:

when substituted for a nucleotide, it inhibits further synthesis of a DNA strand

11. Which of the following statement is correct?

whether a mutation is beneficial, neutral, or deleterious, its probability of occurrence is usually independent

memebers of which of the following groups were most active in developing "scientific creationsm"?

young earth creationists

39. What is the coefficient of relatedness between first cousins?

⅛