Evolve DM/LIVER quiz
The nurse is providing discharge teaching to a client with diabetes about injury prevention for peripheral neuropathy. Which statement by the client indicates a need for further teaching?
"I can break in my shoes by wearing them all day." Shoes should be properly fitted and worn for a few hours a day to break them in, with frequent inspection for irritation or blistering. People with diabetes have decreased peripheral circulation, so even small injuries to the feet must be managed early. Going barefoot is contraindicated. Tobacco use further decreases peripheral circulation in a client with diabetes.
The nurse is teaching a client with diabetes about proper foot care. Which statement by the client indicates that teaching was effective?
"I must inspect my shoes for foreign objects before putting them on." To avoid injury or trauma to the feet, shoes should be inspected for foreign objects before they are put on. Diabetic clients should not go barefoot because foot injuries can occur. To avoid injury or trauma, a callus should be removed by a podiatrist, not by the client. The diabetic client must wear firm support shoes to prevent injury.
The nurse is teaching a client with type 2 diabetes about the importance of weight control. Which comment by the client indicates a need for further teaching?
"I should begin exercising for at least an hour a day." For long-term maintenance of major weight loss, large amounts of exercise (7 hr/wk) or moderate or vigorous aerobic physical activity may be helpful, but the client must start slowly. Monitoring the diet is key to type 2 diabetes management. Weight loss can minimize the need for insulin and can also be a sign of diabetic ketoacidosis.
The nurse is teaching a client about the manifestations and emergency treatment of hypoglycemia. In assessing the client's knowledge, the nurse asks the client what he or she should do if feeling hungry and shaky. Which response by the client indicates a correct understanding of hypoglycemia management?
"I should eat three graham crackers." Eating three graham crackers is a correct management strategy for mild hypoglycemia. Water or resting does not remedy hypoglycemia. Glucagon should be administered only in cases of severe hypoglycemia.
The nurse is providing discharge teaching to a client with newly diagnosed diabetes. Which statement by the client indicates a correct understanding about the need to wear a MedicAlert bracelet?
"If I become hypoglycemic, I could become unconscious." Hypoglycemia is the most common cause of medical emergency in clients with diabetes. A MedicAlert bracelet is helpful if the client becomes hypoglycemic and is unable to provide self-care. Hyperglycemia is not a medical emergency unless it is acidosis; people with diabetes tolerate mild hyperglycemia routinely. Insurance information and information needed for hospital admission do not appear on a MedicAlert bracelet.
A client expresses fear and anxiety over the life changes associated with diabetes, stating, "I am scared I can't do it all and I will get sick and be a burden on my family." What is the nurse's best response?
"Let's tackle it piece by piece. What is most scary to you?" Suggesting the client tackle it piece by piece and asking what is most scary to him or her is the best response; this approach will allow the client to have a sense of mastery with acceptance. Referring to the illness as overwhelming is supportive, but is not therapeutic or helpful to the client. Trying to see how much the client can learn in one day may actually cause the client to become more nervous; an overload of information is overwhelming. Suggesting that other people handle the illness just fine is belittling and dismisses the client's concerns.
Which statement by a client with cirrhosis indicates that further instruction is needed about the disease?
"My liver is scarred, but the cells can regenerate themselves and repair the damage." Although cells and tissues will attempt to regenerate, this will result in permanent scarring and irreparable damage. Cirrhosis is a chronic condition that leaves scars on the liver. Permanent scars form in response to attempts by the cells to regenerate and create problems in blood circulation moving through the liver. Liver scarring will create problems with blood clotting, cholesterol levels, and blood pressure, as well as with the metabolism of drugs and toxins.
A diabetic client has a glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C) level of 9.4%. What does the nurse say to the client regarding this finding?
"What are you doing differently?" Assessing the client's regimen or changes he or she may have made is the basis for formulating interventions to gain control of blood glucose. HbA1C levels for diabetic clients should be less than 7%; a value of 9.4% shows poor control over the past 3 months. Telling the client this is not good, although true, does not take into account problems that the client may be having with the regimen and sounds like scolding. Although it may be true that the client needs more insulin, an assessment of the client's regimen is needed before decisions are made about medications.
A client with type 2 diabetes has been admitted for surgery, and the health care provider has placed the client on insulin in addition to the current dose of metformin (Glucophage). The client wants to know the purpose of taking the insulin. What is the nurse's best response?
"Your body is under more stress, so you'll need insulin to support your medication." Because of the stress of surgery and NPO status, short-term insulin therapy may be needed perioperatively for the client who uses oral antidiabetic agents. For those receiving insulin, dosage adjustments may be required until the stress of surgery subsides. No evidence suggests that the client's diabetes has worsened; however, surgery is stressful and may increase insulin requirements. Metformin may be taken in the hospital; however, not on days when the client is NPO for surgery. When the client returns to his or her previous health state, oral agents will be resumed.
In reviewing the health care provider admission requests for a client admitted in a hyperglycemic-hyperosmolar state, which request is inconsistent with this diagnosis?
1 ampule NaHCO3 IV now NaHCO3 is given for the acid-base imbalance of diabetic ketoacidosis, not the hyperglycemic-hyperosmolar state, which presents with hyperglycemia and absence of ketosis/acidosis. KCl 20 mEq for each liter of IV fluid will correct hypokalemia from diuresis. IV regular insulin at 2 units/hr will correct hyperglycemia. IV normal saline at 100 mL/hr will correct dehydration.
A client with type 1 diabetes mellitus received regular insulin at 7:00 a.m. The client should be monitored for hypoglycemia at which time?
11:00 a.m. Onset of regular insulin is ½ to 1 hour; peak is 2 to 4 hours. Therefore, 11:00 a.m. is the anticipated peak time for regular insulin received at 7:00 a.m. For regular insulin received at 7:00 a.m., 7:30 a.m., 2:00 p.m., and 7:30 p.m. are not the anticipated peak times.
Which of these clients with diabetes does the endocrine unit charge nurse assign to an RN who has floated from the labor/delivery unit?
A 70-year-old who needs blood glucose monitoring and insulin before each meal A nurse from the labor/delivery unit would be familiar with blood glucose monitoring and insulin administration because clients with type 1 and gestational diabetes are frequently cared for in the labor/delivery unit. The 58-year-old with sensory neuropathy, the 68-year-old with diabetic ketoacidosis, and the 76-year-old with fatigue and shortness of breath all have specific teaching or assessment needs that are better handled by nurses more familiar with caring for older adults with diabetes.
When assessing a client for hepatic cancer, the nurse anticipates finding an elevation in which laboratory test result?
Alpha-fetoprotein Fetal hemoglobin (alpha-fetoprotein) is abnormal in adults; it is a tumor marker indicative of cancers. Although anemia may be present, elevated hemoglobin and hematocrit are not diagnostic of hepatic cancer. White blood cells (leukocytes) are not used to specifically diagnose cancers. Serum albumin levels may be low in liver cancer and in malnutrition.
Which is the best referral that the nurse can suggest to a client who has been newly diagnosed with diabetes?
American Diabetes Association The American Diabetes Association can provide national and regional support and resources to clients with diabetes and their families. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention does not focus on diabetes. The client's health care provider's office is not the best resource for diabetes information and support. A pharmaceutical representative is not an appropriate resource for diabetes information and support.
A client with type 2 diabetes who is taking metformin (Glucophage) is seen in the diabetic clinic. The fasting blood glucose is 108 mg/dL, and the glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C) is 8.2%. Which action does the nurse plan to take next?
Ask the client about current dietary intake and medication use. The nurse's first action should be to assess whether the client is adherent to the currently prescribed diet and medications. The client's current diet and medication use have not been successful in keeping glucose in the desired range. Checking blood glucose more frequently and/or using rapid-acting insulin may be appropriate, but this will depend on the assessment data. The HbA1C indicates that the client's average glucose level is not in the desired range, but discussing the need to check blood glucose several times every day assumes that the client is not compliant with the therapy and glucose monitoring. The nurse should not assume that adding insulin, which must be prescribed by the provider, is the answer without assessing the underlying reason for the treatment failure.
Which nursing action can the home health nurse delegate to a home health aide who is making daily visits to a client with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes?
Assist the client with washing the feet and applying moisturizing lotion. Assisting with personal hygiene is included in the role of home health aides. Assisting with dietary choices, evaluating the effectiveness of teaching, and performing assessments are complex actions that should be implemented by licensed nurses.
The nurse asks a client with liver disease to raise the arms to shoulder level and dorsiflex the hands. A few moments later, the hand begins to flap upward and downward. How does the nurse correctly document this in the medical record?
Asterixis Liver flap or asterixis is related to increased serum ammonia levels—the dorsiflexed hands begin to flap upward and downward when outstretched for a few moments. Babinski's sign is positive when, as the sole of the foot is stroked, the great toe points up and the toes fan out. Hyperreflexia refers to deep tendon reflexes that are overactive. Kehr's sign is reflected by increased abdominal pain, exaggerated by deep breathing, and referred to the right shoulder.
It is essential that the nurse monitor the client returning from hepatic artery embolization for hepatic cancer for which potential complication?
Bleeding When monitoring a client post hepatic artery embolization, an arterial approach is taken; therefore, prompt detection of hemorrhage is the priority. Discomfort may be present, but the priority is to assess for hemorrhage. The nurse must assess for signs of shock, not polyuria. Embolization does not suppress the bone marrow; if chemotherapy or immune modulators are used, the nurse then assesses for bone marrow suppression.
A client newly diagnosed with diabetes is not ready or willing to learn diabetes control during the hospital stay. Which information is the priority for the nurse to teach the client and the client's family?
Causes and treatment of hypoglycemia The causes and treatment of hypoglycemia must be understood by the client and family to manage the client's diabetes effectively. The causes and treatment of hyperglycemia is a topic for secondary teaching and is not the priority for the client with diabetes. Dietary control and insulin administration are important, but are not the priority in this situation.
A client with type 1 diabetes arrives in the emergency department breathing deeply and stating, "I can't catch my breath." The client's vital signs are: T 98.4° F (36.9° C), P 112 beats/min, R 38 breaths/min, BP 91/54 mm Hg, and O2 saturation 99% on room air. Which action does the nurse take first?
Check the blood glucose. The client's clinical presentation is consistent with diabetic ketoacidosis, so the nurse should initially check the client's glucose level. Based on the oxygen saturation, oxygen administration is not necessary. The nurse provides support, but it is early in the course of assessment and intervention to offer reassurance without more information. Cardiac monitoring may be implemented, but the first action should be to obtain the glucose level.
The nurse has just taken change-of-shift report on a group of clients on the medical-surgical unit. Which client does the nurse assess first?
Client taking glyburide (Diabeta) who is dizzy and sweaty The client taking glyburide (Diabeta) who is dizzy and sweaty has symptoms consistent with hypoglycemia and should be assessed first because this client displays the most serious adverse effect of antidiabetic medications. Although the client taking repaglinide who has nausea and back pain requires assessment, the client taking glyburide takes priority. Metformin may cause abdominal cramping and diarrhea, but the client taking it does not require immediate assessment. Ankle swelling is an expected side effect of pioglitazone.
The nursing team consists of an RN, an LPN/LVN, and a nursing assistant. Which client should be assigned to the RN?
Client with end-stage cirrhosis who needs teaching about a low-sodium diet The RN is responsible for client teaching; therefore, the client with end-stage cirrhosis should be assigned to the RN. Assisting a client with toileting and recording stool number and amount can be accomplished by nonprofessional staff. The LPN/LVN can provide dressing changes. Ancillary staff can perform venipuncture.
The RN has just received the change-of-shift report for the medical unit. Which client should the RN see first?
Client with portal-systemic encephalopathy (PSE) who has become increasingly difficult to arouse A change in the level of consciousness (LOC) of the client with PSE is the greatest concern; actions to improve the client's LOC should be rapidly implemented. Although uncomfortable, a headache in the client with ascites is not likely related to liver disease and does not pose an immediate threat or complication. A hemoglobin of 10.9 g/dL and thrombocytopenia are expected findings in a client with cirrhosis and do not pose an immediate threat. Elevated ALT and AST levels are expected for the client with hepatitis A and do not indicate a risk for severe complications.
The nurse is caring for clients in the outpatient clinic. Which of these phone calls should the nurse return first?
Client with severe ascites who has a temperature of 101.4° F (38° C) The client with ascites and an elevated temperature may have spontaneous bacterial peritonitis; the nurse should call this client first. Itching is anticipated with jaundice, this client may be called last. Weight gain with cirrhosis is not uncommon owing to low albumin levels. Cirrhosis may cause mild right upper quadrant pain; this client should be called after the client with severe ascites.
The nurse has just received change-of-shift report on the endocrine unit. Which client does the nurse see first?
Client with type 1 diabetes whose insulin pump is beeping "occlusion" Because glucose levels will increase quickly in clients who use continuous insulin pumps, the nurse should assess this client and the insulin pump first to avoid diabetic ketoacidosis. Thirst is a symptom of hyperglycemia and, although important, is not a priority; the nurse could delegate a fingerstick blood glucose to unlicensed assistive personnel while assessing the client whose insulin pump is beeping. Although a blood glucose reading of 150 mg/dL is mildly elevated, this is not an emergency. Mild hypertension is also not an emergency.
A client who was awaiting liver transplantation is excluded from the procedure after the presence of which condition is discovered?
Colon cancer with metastasis to the liver Transplantation is performed for hepatitis and primary (not secondary) liver cancers. Hypertension is a controllable factor and would not preclude the client from a liver transplant. Encephalopathy is a consequence of advanced liver disease, consistent with the condition of a client awaiting transplantation; it can be treated with lactulose and nonabsorbable antibiotics. Ascites and resulting shortness of breath are also consequences of advanced liver disease, consistent with the client awaiting transplantation; they can be managed with diuretics and paracentesis.
When providing dietary teaching to a client with hepatitis, what practice does the nurse recommend?
Consuming increased carbohydrates and moderate protein To repair the liver, the client should have a high-carbohydrate and moderate-protein diet; fats may cause dyspepsia. The client with hepatitis feels full easily and should have four to six small meals daily. Fluids are restricted with ascites caused by cirrhosis; not all clients with hepatitis progress to cirrhosis. Complete abstention from alcohol is necessary until the liver enzymes return to normal.
In caring for a client who has undergone paracentesis, which changes in the client's status should be promptly reported to the provider?
Decreased blood pressure, increased heart rate Decreased blood pressure and increased heart rate are indicative of shock. Increased blood pressure, increased respiratory rate, increased apical pulse, pallor, tachypnea, and diaphoresis are all indicative of anxiety on the client's part.
The nurse receives report on a 52-year-old client with type 2 diabetes: Physical Assessment Diagnostic Findings Provider Prescriptions Lungs clear Glucose 179 mg/dL Regular insulin 8 units if blood glucose 250 to 275 mg/dL and cold to touch Right great toe mottled Hemoglobin A1c 6.9% Regular insulin 10 units if glucose 275 to 300 mg/dL Client states wears eyeglasses to read Which complication of diabetes does the nurse report to the provider?
Decreased peripheral perfusion A cold, mottled toe may indicate arterial occlusion secondary to arterial occlusive disease or embolization; this must be reported to avoid potential gangrene and amputation. Although one glucose reading is elevated, the hemoglobin A1c indicates successful glucose control over the past 3 months. After the age of 40, reading glasses may be needed due to difficulty in accommodating to close objects. Lungs are clear and no evidence of distress is noted.
A client has just been diagnosed with diabetes. Which factor is most important for the nurse to assess in the client before providing instruction about the disease and its management?
Educational and literacy level A large amount of information must be synthesized; typically written instructions are given. The client's educational and literacy level is essential information. Although lifestyle should be taken into account, it is not the priority. Sexual orientation will have no bearing on the ability of the client to provide self-care. Although energy level will influence the ability to exercise, it is not essential.
Which activity by the nurse will best relieve symptoms associated with ascites?
Elevating the head of the bed The enlarged abdomen of ascites limits respiratory excursion; Fowler's position will increase excursion and reduce shortness of breath. The client may need oxygen, but first the nurse should raise the head of the bed to improve respiratory excursion and oxygenation. Monitoring will detect anticipated decreased serum albumin levels associated with cirrhosis and hepatic failure but does not relieve the symptoms of ascites. Administering IV fluids will contribute to fluid volume excess and fluid shifts into the peritoneal cavity, worsening ascites.
When caring for a client with portal hypertension, the nurse assesses for which potential complications?
Esophageal varices, ascites, hemorrhoids Portal hypertension results from increased resistance to or obstruction (blockage) of the flow of blood through the portal vein and its branches. The blood meets resistance to flow and seeks collateral (alternative) venous channels around the high-pressure area. Veins become dilated in the esophagus (esophageal varices), rectum (hemorrhoids), and abdomen (ascites due to excessive abdominal [peritoneal] fluid). Hematuria may indicate insufficient production of clotting factors in the liver and decreased absorption of vitamin K. Fever indicates an inflammatory process.
Which intervention is important for the nurse to include in the plan of care for a client who is to undergo paracentesis later today?
Have the client void before the procedure is performed. Voiding before the procedure prevents bladder injury. The drainage color and amount will be recorded after the procedure. Liver enzymes are expected to be elevated; this is the purpose of the procedure. The health care provider performing the procedure should discuss the intervention and potential complications with the client and obtain informed consent.
A client is scheduled to undergo a liver transplantation. Which nursing intervention is most likely to prevent the complications of bile leakage and abscess formation?
Keeping the T-tube in a dependent position Keeping the T-tube in a dependent position and secured to the client is likely to prevent bile leakage, abscess formation, and hepatic thrombosis. Preventing hypotension will help to prevent the complication of acute kidney injury. Administering antibiotic vaccinations will help to prevent infection. Administering immune-suppressant drugs will help to prevent graft rejection.
When caring for a client with hepatic encephalopathy, in which situation does the nurse question the use of neomycin (Mycifradin)?
Kidney failure The aminoglycoside drugs, which include neomycin, are nephrotoxic and ototoxic, and should not be taken by the client with hepatic encephalopathy. Cirrhosis and hepatic failure cause both ascites and encephalopathy; no contraindication for neomycin is known. Fetor hepaticus causes an ammonia smell to the breath when serum ammonia levels are elevated; neomycin is used to decrease serum ammonia levels. The client may be NPO for a few hours before paracentesis, but may take neomycin when the procedure is complete, or with less than 30 mL of water, depending on hospital policy.
What teaching does the home health nurse give the family of a client with hepatitis C to prevent the spread of the infection?
Members of the household must not share toothbrushes. Toothbrushes, razors, towels, and items that may spread blood and body fluids should not be shared. The client should not consume alcohol, but abstention will not prevent spread of the virus. The client may share a bathroom if he or she is continent. To prevent hepatitis A when traveling to foreign countries, bottled water should be consumed and ice made from tap water should be avoided.
When providing community education, the nurse emphasizes that which group should receive immunization for hepatitis B?
Men who prefer sex with men Men who prefer sex with men are at increased risk for hepatitis B, which is spread by the exchange of blood and body fluids during sexual activity. Consuming raw or undercooked shellfish may cause hepatitis A, not hepatitis B. Travel to third-world countries exposes the traveler to contaminated water and risk for hepatitis A; hepatitis B is not of concern, unless the client is exposed to blood and body fluids during travel. Clients who have liver disease should receive the vaccine, but men who have sex with men are at higher risk for contracting hepatitis B.
When providing discharge teaching to a client with cirrhosis, it is essential for the nurse to emphasize avoidance of which of these?
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) Clients who have cirrhosis should not take NSAIDs because they may predispose to bleeding. The client with cirrhosis is prone to bleeding; vitamin K can decrease bleeding, so it is not necessary to restrict this in the diet. Potassium-sparing diuretics are used to reduce ascites. Nonabsorbable antibiotics are used to decrease ammonia levels.
A client with a history of esophageal varices has just been admitted to the emergency department after vomiting a large quantity of blood. Which action does the nurse take first?
Obtain pulse and blood pressure. The nurse should assess vital signs to detect hypovolemic shock caused by hemorrhage. Obtaining charts, assessing bowel sounds, and pain assessment can be delayed until the client has stabilized. Assessment for adequate perfusion is the highest priority at this time.
The nurse caring for four diabetic clients has all of these activities to perform. Which is appropriate to delegate to unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP)?
Perform hourly bedside blood glucose checks for a client with hyperglycemia. Performing bedside glucose monitoring is an activity that may be delegated because it does not require extensive clinical judgment to perform; the nurse will follow up with the results. Intravenous therapy and medication administration are not within the scope of practice for UAP. The client with blood glucose of 68 mg/dL will need further monitoring, assessment, and intervention not within the scope of practice for UAP. The client reporting palpitations and anxiety may have hypoglycemia, requiring further intervention; this client must be assessed by licensed nursing staff.
The RN is caring for a client with end-stage liver disease that has resulted in ascites. Which action does the RN delegate to unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP)?
Placing the client in a semi-Fowler's position Positioning the client in a semi-Fowler's position is included within UAP education and scope of practice, although the RN will need to supervise the UAP in providing care and will evaluate the effect of the semi-Fowler's position on client comfort and breathing. Assessment of skin integrity and abdominal distention, obtaining blood from a central line, and evaluation of laboratory results should be done by the RN.
An intensive care client with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is receiving an insulin infusion. The cardiac monitor shows ventricular ectopy. Which assessment does the nurse make?
Potassium level With insulin therapy, serum potassium levels fall rapidly as potassium shifts into the cells. Detecting and treating the underlying cause is essential. Insulin treats symptoms of diabetes by putting glucose into the cell as well as potassium; ectopy, indicative of cardiac irritability, is not associated with changes in urine output. A 12-lead ECG can verify the ectopy, but the priority is to detect and fix the underlying cause. Increased fluids treat the symptoms of dehydration secondary to DKA, but do not treat the cause.
Which problem for a client with cirrhosis takes priority?
Potential for injury related to hemorrhage Potential for injury related to hemorrhage is the priority client problem because this complication could be life-threatening. Insufficient knowledge, discomfort, and inadequate nutrition are not priorities because these issues are not immediately life-threatening.
When caring for a client with Laennec's cirrhosis, which of these does the nurse expect to find on assessment?
Prolonged partial thromboplastin time, icterus of skin, swollen abdomen The liver produces clotting factors; when it is damaged, prolonged coagulation times and bleeding may result. Icterus, or jaundice, results from cirrhosis. The client with cirrhosis may develop ascites, or fluid in the abdominal cavity. Elevated magnesium is not related to cirrhosis. The client with cirrhosis may develop hypocalcemia and/or hypokalemia. Currant jelly stool is consistent with intussusception, a type of bowel obstruction. Cirrhosis is consistent with elevations of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase; amylase is typically elevated in pancreatitis.
The nurse administers lactulose (Evalose) to a client with cirrhosis for which purpose?
Promotes gastrointestinal (GI) excretion of ammonia Lactulose reduces serum ammonia levels by excreting ammonia through the GI tract. Lactase is the enzyme that digests dairy products. The mechanism of action of lactulose is not to reduce portal pressure. Lactulose does not affect bleeding.
Which action is correct when drawing up a single dose of insulin?
Pull back plunger to draw air into the syringe equal to the insulin dose. The plunger is pulled back to draw an amount of air into the syringe that is equal to the insulin dose. The air is then injected into the insulin bottle before withdrawing the insulin dose. Although handwashing is important before any medication administration, sterile gloves are not required. The bottle of insulin should be rolled gently in the palms of the hands to mix the insulin, not shaken. Insulin syringes are never recapped or reused; the syringe and needle should be disposed of (without recapping) in a puncture-proof container.
A health care worker believes that he may have been exposed to hepatitis A. Which intervention is the highest priority to prevent him from developing the disease?
Requesting an injection of immunoglobulin The administration of immunoglobulin, antibodies to hepatitis A, may prevent development of the disease. The vaccine for hepatitis A will take several weeks to stimulate the development of antibodies; passive immunity in the form of immunoglobulin is needed. Implementing a needleless system and getting the three-part vaccine may prevent the development of hepatitis B, not hepatitis A.
How does the home care nurse best modify the client's home environment to manage side effects of lactulose (Evalose)?
Requests a bedside commode for the client Lactulose therapy increases the frequency of stools, so a bedside commode should be made available to the client, especially if he or she has difficulty reaching the toilet. Small frequent meals and elevating the head of the bed will not have any effect on the side effects of lactulose. Although lactulose produces excessive stools and could potentially result in loss of potassium, it is inappropriate for the nurse to suggest that the client take potassium supplements.
When assessing a client with hepatitis B, the nurse anticipates which assessment findings?
Tea-colored urine, right upper quadrant tenderness, itching The urine may be brown, tea-, or cola-colored in clients with hepatitis. Inflammation of the liver may cause right upper quadrant pain. Deposits of bilirubin on the skin, secondary to high bilirubin levels, and jaundice irritate the skin and cause itching. Hepatitis B virus, not the influenza virus, causes hepatitis B, which is spread by blood and body fluids. The stool in hepatitis may be tan or clay-colored.
Following paracentesis, during which 2500 mL of fluid was removed, which assessment finding is most important to communicate to the heath care provider?
The client's heart rate is 122 beats/min. Rapid removal of fluid may cause symptoms of shock; tachycardia, especially when associated with hypotension, should be reported to the provider. A small amount of serous fluid may leak; the dressing should be reinforced. Platelets will be checked before the procedure; these are slightly low, but this is not a cause for concern. An albumin level of 2.8 mg/dL is an expected finding for a client with cirrhosis; it is not life threatening.
Which explanation best assists a client in differentiating type 1 diabetes from type 2 diabetes?
Those with type 2 diabetes make insulin, but in inadequate amounts. People with type 2 diabetes make some insulin but in inadequate amounts, or they have resistance to existing insulin. Although type 1 diabetes may occur early in life, it may be caused by immune responses. Obesity is typically associated with type 2 diabetes. People with type 2 diabetes are at risk for complications, especially cardiovascular complications.
A client recently admitted with new-onset type 2 diabetes will be discharged with a self-monitoring blood glucose machine. When is the best time for the nurse to explain to the client the proper use of the machine?
While performing the test in the hospital Teaching the client about the operation of the machine while performing the test in the hospital is the best way for the client to learn. The teaching can be reinforced before discharge. Instructing the client on the day of admission or the day of discharge would be overwhelming to the client because of all of the other activities taking place on those days. The client may never feel ready to learn this daunting task; the nurse must be more proactive.