EVR CHAP 13

Energy consumption and aggregate emissions have also changed over time. Whereas the ratio of energy consumption to emissions was 1:1 in 1970, by 2006 the ratio was _________. 1:3 3:1 still 1:1

3:1

Which of the following is likely to have the highest concentration of PM 2.5 in China? A province being rapidly deforested. A farming province. A steel manufacturing province. A fishing province.

A steel manufacturing province.

Based on information in the graph in Part A and what you know about the sources of various pollutants, which of the following recommendations might you offer to the congresswoman?

ALTHOUGH FUTURE EFFORTS

You enjoy travelling. Where are you likely to be exposed to the highest concentration of PM 2.5? India Australia Germany Chile

India

What are the effects of carbon monoxide? View Available Hint(s) A bluish haze that gives the Blue Ridge Mountains their name It causes acid rain that can damage plants. Damaged respiratory tissue Suffocation in mammals

Suffocation in mammals

John Walke supports government regulation as the most effective approach for reducing air pollution. Which of the following statements expresses one of his reasons? There is little or no economic incentive for polluters to pay pollution costs. Health risks of air pollution are linked to short-term exposure to high concentrations of pollution. The origins of air pollutants are generally known. Air pollution remains concentrated at its source.

There is little or no economic incentive for polluters to pay pollution costs.

The most obvious cause of industrial smog is ________. generation of nuclear power indoor air pollution burning fossil fuels burning trash fires for heating food

burning fossil fuels

Which of the following chemicals is NOT a VOC (volatile organic compound)? View Available Hint(s) terpenes from plants carbon monoxide evaporated gasoline cleaning solvents

carbon monoxide

In general, China's air pollution __________. View Available Hint(s) falls out in rain over the ocean increases the amount of ice that forms in the Arctic region decreases rainfall in California increases the amount of snowfall in eastern Europe

decreases rainfall in California

smallest to largest growth

desert grassland temperate forest tropical rain forest

In developed countries, the two most deadly sources of indoor pollution are ________. pesticides and cleaning agents radiation from electronic equipment and pesticides synthetic furniture materials and radiation from electronic equipment pesticides and cigarette smoke radon and cigarette smoke

radon and cigarette smoke

A(n) ________ is a device designed to remove airborne pollutants from smokestack emissions. air filter boiler scrubber tall stack coal washer

scrubber

Point sources of air pollution are __________. View Available Hint(s) the diffuse release of pollution from autos and homes into the atmosphere the release of pollution from many unidentifiable sources specific spots--such as a factory's smokestacks--where large quantities of pollution are discharged all the hydrocarbons produced by trees in the Smoky Mountains

specific spots--such as a factory's smokestacks--where large quantities of pollution are discharged

The primary causes of acid deposition are ________. tropospheric ozone soil dust and sand radon gas and fuel wood smoke carbon monoxide and formaldehyde sulfur and nitrogen oxides

sulfur and nitrogen oxides

Use the figure above to answer the following question. In the troposphere ________. temperatures never dip below freezing temperature decreases nearly linearly with altitude warmest temperatures reflect an absence of ozone ozone levels increase with altitude ozone levels decrease with altitude

temperature decreases nearly linearly with altitude

Occasionally, a layer of cool air forms under a layer of warmer air in the troposphere. This change from the normal temperature profile in the troposphere is called a ________. cold front temperature or thermal subversion tornado or supercell temperature or thermal inversion low-pressure system

temperature or thermal inversion

Which piece of legislation set strict standards for air quality and pollution control in the United States? View Available Hint(s) the Clean Air Act the Clean Water Act the Montreal Protocol the Endangered Species Act

the Clean Air Act

Which of the following results in increased levels of pollution caused by automobile exhaust? greater use of biofuels the use of higher octane gasoline the use of electric vehicles the construction of new highways

the construction of new highways

Snow and ice accumulations in California's mountains are carefully monitored because __________. View Available Hint(s) winter sports activities are the most important economic activities in the state they produce essential water for agriculture in Utah and New Mexico they contribute to the main water source for most of the residents of the state deaths from avalanches and floods are the leading killer of people living in California

they contribute to the main water source for most of the residents of the state

The huge dust storms that took place in the United States in the 1930s ________. were triggered by tornados, worsened by global climate change were the result of glacier melt were the result of poor farming techniques were the result of ozone depletion were the result of polar cells

were the result of poor farming techniques

What was the percent change from 1970 to 2006 for vehicle miles traveled? +200% +175% -50% +50%

+175%

Part B - Experimental design: Selecting sample sites

X check X X check X X check check X X X

If the U.S. population in 1970 was approximately 200 million people, what was the approximate population by 2006? 600 million people 200 million people 250 million people 300 million people

300 million people

The Chinese winter monsoon continues to push east. What can people in Korea and Japan expect? A cold winter. An average winter. Unpredictable conditions. A warm winter.

A cold winter.

In an effort to further reduce emissions, a government panel is considering several policy options. For the trends on the graph, which of the following policies could have the biggest long-term impact on lowering emissions? A mandated switch to electric cars with a solar and wind-powered electrical grid to "fuel" the cars Subsidies supporting research to cut emissions by 10% Tax rebates for citizens who have one child per family A high-speed train network that reduces vehicle miles traveled by 25%

A mandated switch to electric cars with a solar and wind-powered electrical grid to "fuel" the cars

Based on the success of the Pollution Potential Index in China, it is implemented in parts of Africa to study air pollution and climate change. Which of the following will be needed to calculate the PPI? Surface wind speeds and weekly humidity averages. Weekly humidity average and changes in barometric pressure. Air temperature gradient anomalies and surface wind speeds. Changes in barometric pressure and air temperature gradient anomalies.

Air temperature gradient anomalies and surface wind speeds.

Which of the following has contributed to longer life spans in the United States? View Available Hint(s) improved health care improved diet decreased air pollution All of the listed responses are correct.

All of the listed responses are correct.

A haze hangs over the East China plains in winter. Which of the following will most likely disperse this haze? Several days of light wind. Heavy rainfall. An extended blast of cold air. Record high temperatures.

An extended blast of cold air.

Based strictly on increases in air pollution over the past few decades, where would we expect to see the greatest decrease in life spans? We would expect to see a decrease in life span in __________. View Available Hint(s) Miami, Florida Honolulu, Hawaii Detroit, Michigan Beijing, China

Beijing, China

Over the time period shown on the graph, both population and vehicle miles traveled have changed. Describe the relationship between the two factors. By 2006, people were driving more than three times as many miles per person as in the 1970s. By 2006, people were driving about twice as many miles per person as in 1970. By 2006, people were driving more than four times as many miles per person as in the 1970s. Both population and vehicle miles traveled have increased by the same percentage.

By 2006, people were driving about twice as many miles per person as in 1970.

Causes and Consequences: Indoor Air Pollution

Causes: VOCs from paints, carpeting, and furniture inefficient indoor cookstoves radon seepage into homes Consequences: lung cancer; 20,000 deaths per year in the United States respiratory disease in developing countries people ill from sick-building syndrome Solutions: measurement of radon with a test kit; increase in ventilation conversion to more efficient clean-burning cook stoves purchase of low- or no-VOC paints, carpeting, and furniture

Which of the following pollutants has the longest residence time? NO SO2 Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) CO NO2

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

What process depends on the cyclical, vertical movement of air currents: sinking cold, dense and rising warm, less dense air masses? View Available Hint(s) Coriolis effect Thermal inversion Polar cells Convective circulation

Convective circulation

Part A - Experimental design: Developing a hypothesis

Decrease plant growth decrease sunlight decrease H2O decrease CO2 No effect on plant growth increase C6H12O6 decrease C6H12O6 Increase plant growth increase H2O increase sunlight increase CO2

Doing which of the following would reduce deaths from PM 2.5 in China by the most? Eliminate the use of oil. Eliminate the use of coal. Eliminate the use of natural gas. Eliminate the burning of wood.

Eliminate the use of coal.

Which of the following conditions would most likely lead to extreme winter haze in the East China plains? Heavy snow in Siberia and elevated levels of Arctic sea ice. Little snow in Siberia and low levels of Arctic sea ice. Heavy snow in Siberia and low levels of Arctic sea ice. Little snow in Siberia and elevated levels of Arctic sea ice.

Heavy snow in Siberia and low levels of Arctic sea ice.

Taylor mentions the reduced demands on natural resources due to both reduced use of natural resources and the shift away from manufacturing economies to service economies. Imagine how Walke might respond to Taylor's statements in a debate. I agree; shifts from manufacturing to service are an effective strategy for pollution control. I agree; creating incentives for companies to outsource manufacturing will solve our pollution problems. I disagree; our economy has only shifted from manufacturing to service because our GDP was declining. I disagree; the shift to a service economy simply means that manufacturing has moved to other countries. Because air pollution does not respect borders, we will still need pollution regulation.

I disagree; the shift to a service economy simply means that manufacturing has moved to other countries. Because air pollution does not respect borders, we will still need pollution regulation.

Thousands of young families moved "over the hills" and into the San Fernando Valley, a suburb of Los Angeles, after World War II. New neighborhoods were springing up, replacing orange groves and open space; roads and schools quickly sprang into existence, trying to keep pace with the rapid population growth. Ringed by beautiful mountains, the entire Los Angeles basin looked like a new, green, sun-filled paradise to the families seeking a fresh start. In the early 1950s, one of the common family chores in Los Angeles was to carry the trash out to the stone incinerator behind the garage where each family burned all of their dry trash. "Wet" garbage was collected and taken to a city dump, where it was burned by the city. Everyone throughout the city either used an incinerator or burned things in an open trash pile; there were over 400,000 backyard trash incinerators. On warm afternoons, eyes would sometimes sting and burn. People would stop, close their eyes, and let the cleansing tears refresh irritated eyes. They accepted this as a normal part of life in sunny California. One key to the puzzle of Los Angeles's smog is the fact that ________. the Hadley cell for that area drops cool air, and pollution, right over Los Angeles there are so many rainy days, increasing the acidic deposition the offshore breezes carry inland pollution to coastal Los Angeles incoming tides in the harbor push air pollution ahead of them Los Angeles and its suburbs are all ringed by mountains

Los Angeles and its suburbs are all ringed by mountains

Which gas makes up 78% of the molecules in the atmosphere? View Available Hint(s) O2, oxygen N2, nitrogen CO2, carbon dioxide H2O, water vapor

N2, nitrogen

How does radon originate? View Available Hint(s) How does radon originate? Cigarette smoke Natural decay of uranium Volatile organic compounds Burning wood indoors

Natural decay of uranium

Jerry Taylor considers better air quality a luxury good. What evidence does he give for this reasoning? Pollution declines generally occur after the passage of pollution control laws. Declines are linked to industry demands for better environmental quality. Property values tend to be unaffected by pollution levels. Once per capita income reaches a certain level, concentrations of pollutants begin to decline as rapidly as they had increased.

Once per capita income reaches a certain level, concentrations of pollutants begin to decline as rapidly as they had increased.

Developing a technique to effectively and economically remove which of the following from the atmosphere would directly decrease haze in an area the most? Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Nitrogen Particulate matter

Particulate matter

What happens when acids from acid deposition hit topsoil? View Available Hint(s) Toxic metals are tied up by acids and become less available. Plants grow due to increased fertilizers from the acid. Plants and soil organisms are harmed. Fish populations increase because of runoff from the soil.

Plants and soil organisms are harmed.

The authors of the two essays are quite opposite in their views, with Walke pro-regulation and Taylor anti-regulation. If you had to select a type of regulation that both authors would approve, which of the following might work? Comprehensive regulation with mandatory pollution limits and fines for exceeding limits Regulatory incentives that award subsidies to companies demonstrating technological changes in their processes that measurably reduce pollution A regulation that cuts taxes for polluters so their profits will increase and pollution will decline A voluntary regulation in which polluters agree to reduce emissions by 10%

Regulatory incentives that award subsidies to companies demonstrating technological changes in their processes that measurably reduce pollution

Based on the graph, which of the criteria air pollutants declined the most significantly relative to the most recent national standard between 1980 and 2015? ozone NO2 CO SO2

SO2

In which layer of the atmosphere is the ozone layer found? View Available Hint(s) Stratosphere Thermosphere Tropopause Troposphere

Stratosphere

Which of the following statements properly describes the cause of a temperature inversion or its effects? View Available Hint(s) Temperature inversions are the main cause of cold fronts. Temperature inversions typically happen in open places as weather fronts move through. Temperature inversions are caused by the rising air of convection currents. Temperature inversions can trap air pollution in one place for many days.

Temperature inversions can trap air pollution in one place for many days.

Why do pollution and smog often become trapped in Los Angeles and other similar urban areas? Why do pollution and smog often become trapped in Los Angeles and other similar urban areas? Increased electromagnetic radiation because of Los Angeles's low altitude. There are no winds in Los Angeles. The combination of temperature inversions (because of being surrounded by mountains) and extended periods of sunlight result in the buildup of smog in Los Angeles. The pollution that occurs there is heavier than the surrounding air, which leads to the buildup of smog.

The combination of temperature inversions (because of being surrounded by mountains) and extended periods of sunlight result in the buildup of smog in Los Angeles.

Which of the following layers of the atmosphere is responsible for the weather that we experience on the surface of Earth? View Available Hint(s) Thermosphere Mesosphere Stratosphere Troposphere

Troposphere

Which of the following countries likely has the highest level of premature deaths due to PM 2.5? United States Turkey Sweden Guyana

Turkey

What would do the most to reduce indoor air pollution in the developing world? View Available Hint(s) Building new homes with radon-resistant features Using solar energy to heat homes Reducing the use of products in the home that contain volatile organic compounds Reducing inhalation of second-hand smoke

Using solar energy to heat homes

Both authors refer to voluntary actions and their effect on pollution control. Which of the following statements best describes one author's viewpoint? Taylor: The voluntary choices of individuals for better environmental quality are not always met by the market. Walke: Voluntary approaches to air pollution control are proven successes, as seen in a voluntary program in Texas. Taylor: Voluntary attempts by companies to reduce their resource impacts are driven by genuine interest in environmental quality. Walke; Voluntary programs are unsuccessful. For example, in a voluntary EPA program, only one-fourth of the participants committed to reducing emissions.

Walke; Voluntary programs are unsuccessful. For example, in a voluntary EPA program, only one-fourth of the participants committed to reducing emissions.

Currently, issues related to which of the following cause the most premature deaths worldwide? Oil Coal Nuclear power Water

Water

What sorts of constituents do atmospheric pollutants (such as sulfates and nitrates) react with to initiate the process that results in acid deposition? View Available Hint(s) Soot Lead Water, oxygen, and oxidants Chlorofluorocarbons

Water, oxygen, and oxidants

Which of the following U.S. states experiences the lowest levels of acid rain? View Available Hint(s) Pennsylvania West Virginia New York Wyoming

Wyoming

On average, it appears that over the past 25 years, improved air quality in the United States has resulted in __________ in the lifespan of the average individual. View Available Hint(s) an increase of about two and one-half years a slight decrease an increase of one to two days an increase of about five months

an increase of about five months

By how much did the reduction of PM10 concentration exceed the reduction of PM2.5 concentration by 2015? By how much did the reduction of PM concentration exceed the reduction of PM concentration by 2015? approximately 20% approximately 30% approximately 40% approximately 10%

approximately 30%

Carbon monoxide ________. is a major component of the atmosphere is consumed by plants for photosynthesis blocks oxygen transport in human blood causes ozone depletion is produced by plants during photosynthesis

blocks oxygen transport in human blood

What is largely responsible for the ozone hole? View Available Hint(s) fossil fuels chlorofluorocarbon refrigerants carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide nitrogen oxides

chlorofluorocarbon refrigerants

What drives long-term climate patterns, such as the Hadley Cells at the Equator, over large geographic scales? View Available Hint(s) the Trade Winds humidity increase convective air currents rainfall patterns

convective air currents

Which of the following describes the greatest health risk posed by air pollution? Air pollutants __________. View Available Hint(s) prevent the absorption of nutrients in the digestive tract damage blood vessels in human lungs stick to the skin and cause skin cancer clog up the liver and impede proper liver function

damage blood vessels in human lungs

What is one of the greatest sources of pollution in Mexico City that has persisted even after the government successfully lowered overall pollutant levels? shutting down oil refineries in the area emissions from automobile exhaust emissions from factories methane emissions from local landfills

emissions from automobile exhaust

In 1970, ________ was/were the source of most of the airborne lead emissions in the United States. gasoline pencil factories water pipes coal-burning power plants paint

gasoline

One of the problems that occur as a consequence of CFC pollution is ________. increased rates of skin cancer in humans increased rates of respiratory irritation and lung cancer the movement of toxins into lakes and rivers, poisoning fish the eutrophication of waterways accelerated damage to human red blood cells

increased rates of skin cancer in humans

In the stratosphere, ________. ozone appears to be evenly distributed at all altitudes increases of temperature and ozone levels are strongly correlated the average temperature is much lower than for the troposphere temperature continues to decrease with altitude as in the troposphere temperature and ozone concentration are inversely correlated

increases of temperature and ozone levels are strongly correlated

How do dust particles from the vast deserts in China affect weather patterns? The dust __________. View Available Hint(s) decreases the chances of storms in Europe increases the chances of rainfall in California increases the chances of snowfall in Australia decreases the chances of snowfall in Oregon

increases the chances of rainfall in California

The Coriolis effect ________. keeps the wind circulating at constant speed around the planet is caused by the moon keeps Earth from spinning too fast is caused by Earth's rotation results in seasonal periods of 24-hour darkness at the poles in winter

is caused by Earth's rotation

How does China's air pollution get to the United States? China's air pollution __________. View Available Hint(s) settles into the ocean and drifts across the Pacific to the west coast of the United States is carried by jets traveling from Asia to the United States is carried by winds over Europe and the Atlantic Ocean to the east coast of the United States is moved by the jet stream to the west coast of the United States

is moved by the jet stream to the west coast of the United States

Tropospheric ozone ________. is produced through the interaction of heat and UV light, with nitrogen oxides and carbon-containing compounds is caused by poor farming techniques is a primary pollutant protects Earth from most of the harmful UV radiation binds with hemoglobin, preventing binding with oxygen in red blood cells

is produced through the interaction of heat and UV light, with nitrogen oxides and carbon-containing compounds

Part C- Experimental design: Making predictions

low growth - medium growth medium growth - high growth

If all of the stratospheric ozone suddenly disappeared, ________. Earth's surface would warm considerably most life on Earth would cease to exist because of the amount of UV radiation penetrating the atmosphere there would be a dramatic decrease in skin cancers plants would flourish because of the extra solar energy reaching Earth's surface insects would be the only organisms to survive

most life on Earth would cease to exist because of the amount of UV radiation penetrating the atmosphere

The Acid Rain Program established under the Clean Air Act of 1990 has been successful in reducing emissions of sulfur dioxide and ________. CFCs lead carbon dioxide carbon monoxide nitrogen oxides

nitrogen oxides

Air near Earth's surface tends to be ________. warmer; it rises as it is displaced by Coriolis forces cooler and drier; it rises when it is displaced by sinking warm air warmer and drier; then it rises, condensing and gathering moisture cooler and wetter; then it rises, is warmed by the sun, and sinks again warmer and wetter; then it rises, expanding and cooling

warmer and wetter; then it rises, expanding and cooling