evr landing chapter 3

Which of the following best represents the overall growth rate of a population?

(birth rate - death rate) + (immigration rate - emigration rate)

If the UV-B radiation at the surface has an intensity of 0.27 watts/m2, approximately what is the intensity at a depth of 100 cm?

0.07 watts/m2

A female darkling beetle laid her eggs in a sack of corn meal. The corn meal was an excellent source of food for the beetle larvae (mealworms), and the beetle population quickly increased. After four months, the beetles had eaten all of the corn meal, and the adult beetles flew away to find new food sources. *Which graph best represents the growth of the beetle population in the sack of corn meal?*

Graph C

__________ is the visitation of natural areas for enjoyment, often in areas near less-affluent communities that economically benefit from conserving the natural area.

Ecotourism

Which of the following is accurate?

Ecotourism combines wildlife conservation with economic benefits.

Scientists grew a population of yeast cells in a flask to which they provided a constant supply of nutrients. As the population of yeast cells increased, competition for the nutrients also increased. This caused the population to grow more slowly, until the rate at which the yeast cells used the nutrients was equal to rate at which the nutrients were supplied to the flask. *Which of the three graphs shown in Part G best represents the growth of these yeast population?*

Graph A

A pair of coyotes colonized a large island where rodents (their prey) were abundant. At first the number of coyotes increased. But as the coyote population increased, competition for prey also increased and the coyote population grew more slowly. In some years, weather conditions killed many of the rodents, causing some coyotes to starve. In other years, weather conditions were favorable for the rodent poulation, allowing the coyotes to thrive, reproduce, and raise many pups. *Which of the three graphs shown in Part G best represents the growth of this coyote population?*

Graph B

Can you identify the process by which camouflage causes a beetle population to undergo natural selection? Drag the labels onto the flowchart to indicate the correct sequence.

*Environmental Change* 1. a drought causes a habitat to turn dry and brown. *Selective Pressure* 2. Green beetles are more visible to birds than brown beetles, so birds eat more green beetles. *Change in Population* 3. Brown beetles survive to reproduce more than green beetles do. The brown allele increases in frequency.

Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences. Not all terms will be used.

1. From 1984 to 2012, the wing length of cliff swallows in the general population generally *decreased.* 2. During the same time period, the wing length of cliff swallows killed on the roads generally *increased.* 3. In most years where data was collected, the wings of cliff swallows killed on the roads were *longer* than the wings of swallows found in the population at large. 4. Shorter wings allow cliff swallows to take off from the ground more vertically, enabling them to better avoid oncoming cars. As a result, cliff swallows in populations near highways with *shorter* wings have a survival advantage. 5. The data suggest that, over time, *natural selection* resulted in the evolution of shorter wings in the cliff swallow population. 6. Shorter wings are a(n) *adaptation* in this population. Alleles for shorter wings were *already present* in the general population.

Which water depth had the biggest difference in survival rates for embryos with UV-B protection versus embryos without UV-B protection?

10 cm

Your cousin has bedbugs. Pyrethroid insecticides failed to eliminate them. Which of the following is most likely true?

Aprehend will likely work to eliminate most of them.

Click on the diagram to start the animation. What process is illustrated by this animation?

gene flow

Which of the following statements are true of logistic growth? *Select all that apply*.

As the population approaches carrying capacity, it grows more slowly. When the population reaches carrying capacity, it stops growing.

Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between UV-B transmission and embryo survival rates shown on the graph?

At shallow depths UV-B transmission is high and unprotected embryo survival rates are low.

Which of the following is true?

Commercial insecticides used to be more effective at eliminating bedbugs.

Adaptive radiation is rapid, branching speciation under conditions in which there is little ___________.

Competition

According to the graph the percent transmission of UV-B relative to light intensity at the water's surface:

Decreases with increasing depth.

Suppose you are a researcher who is advocating for expanding restoration efforts across Hawaii. You want to highlight the positive impact of habitat restoration on native birds in the Hakalau Forest NWR. Compare the population trends between Hakalau Forest NWR and the other regions. Based on the data shown here, what conclusion would you present to stakeholders?

Hakalau Forest NWR is the only region where all populations of native bird species are either increasing or stable, highlighting the critical role that habitat restoration plays in the protection and recovery of native birds.

Based on these graphs, which species of bird saw the largest increase in its population between 1987 and 2007?

Hawai'i 'Amakihi

In England, dogs with large, floppy ears called hounds came into existence. These dogs were favored for hunting because of their excellent sense of smell. Which statement most accurately represents the process that produced such dog breeds from the wild-type (feral) dog?

Humans noticed dogs with large, floppy ears and a great sense of smell and wanted more like them. They then bred them with similar dogs over many generations.

According to the figure, which of the following birds is most closely related to the Palila?

Laysan Finch

Consider the effects of several drier-than-average years on the western toad population. If the average depth of pools available for toad spawning declines, what other effects might be associated with the drier climate?

Lower than average embryo survival rates.

Based on the graphs in Part A, what can you conclude about the impact of the restoration on both native and non-native bird species monitored in the upper study area between 1987 and 2007?

Population densities of all native and non-native bird species *increased*.

__________ is the number of individuals in a population per unit area.

Population density

To test the egg-viability hypothesis, researchers set out to determine whether its predictions were borne out. Predictions of the egg-viability hypothesis include: Prediction #1: The probability of hatching failure will be lower at higher latitudes (because temperatures remain cooler at higher latitudes). Prediction #2:: The probability of hatching failure will be higher later in the season (because temperatures are warmer later in the season). Prediction #3: The probability of hatching failure will be higher in larger clutches (because in a larger clutch, the earlier eggs have to wait longer for incubation to begin). Prediction #4: The probability of hatching failure will be higher for eggs laid earlier within a clutch (because eggs laid earlier in a clutch have to wait longer for incubation to begin). Citizen scientists monitored bluebird nestboxes throughout the breeding season and reported details such as date, location, number of eggs, number of hatchlings, and number of unhatched eggs. The three graphs below show the data they collected.

Prediction #1: The probability of hatching failure will be lower at higher latitudes (because temperatures remain cooler at higher latitudes). SUPPORTED Prediction #2: The probability of hatching failure will be higher later in the season (because temperatures are warmer later in the season). SUPPORTED Prediction #3: The probability of hatching failure will be higher in larger clutches (because in a larger clutch, the earlier eggs have to wait longer for incubation to begin). NOT SUPPORTED (Three-egg clutches also showed a high rate of hatching failure.) Prediction #4: The probability of hatching failure will be higher for eggs laid earlier within a clutch (because eggs laid earlier in a clutch have to wait longer for incubation to begin). COULD NOT BE TESTED

Use the figure above to answer the following question. According to the figure, which of the following is true?

Snakes are more closely related to crocodiles than they are to turtles.

Which of the following statements are true of a population at carrying capacity? *Select all that apply.*

The population growth rate equals zero. The birth rate equals the death rate. The rate at which resources are used is equal to the rate at which they are supplied.

Which of the following are testable hypotheses that could explain the researchers' data? Select all that apply.

The population size of cliff swallows living near roads has decreased over time. Traits that help individuals avoid being hit by cars have evolved through natural selection in the cliff swallow population. Scavenger population sizes have increased, and more road-killed swallows get eaten before they can be found.

What prediction(s) can researchers make based on the egg-viability hypothesis? Select all that apply.

The probability of hatching failure will be higher in large clutches. The probability of hatching failure will be higher later in the spring season. The probability of hatching failure will be lower at higher latitudes.

The key to the success of this product lies in which of the following?

The spread of fungal spores.

Your home is infested with bedbugs. You search for a chemical-free alternative. Which of the following would be your best option?

The use of high temperatures.

Territoriality generally results in what kind of population distribution?

Uniform

Entomopathogenic fungi would likely be most successful in helping with which of the following outbreaks?

Yellow fever, spread by a mosquito vector.

In 1906, President Theodore Roosevelt created the Grand Canyon National Game Preserve on the Kaibab Plateau in northern Arizona. Between 1907 and 1923, cattle grazing was greatly reduced, mule deer hunting was eliminated, and predators were killed. Over 800 cougars, 20 wolves (most had already been killed in the 1800s), and 7000 coyotes were trapped or shot. In response, the mule deer herd began to increase: By 1915, deer numbers were estimated at 25,000; 50,000 by 1920; and 100,000 by 1923. Which of the following is likely to be a direct or indirect effect of removing top predators from an ecosystem such as the Kaibab Plateau?

a decrease in ground-level vegetation such as tree saplings

A coyote, which can alter its food intake to match seasonal abundance of plants, fruits, or small animals, is considered to be ________.

a generalist

Which of the following would best represent a clumped population dispersion pattern?

a pod of 40 migrating gray whales in the Bering Sea

If a population had a carrying capacity of 1000 individuals, which of the following populations would be experiencing the greatest rate of growth as a percentage of the current population size?

a population of 10 individuals

Can you identify the different ways in which populations grow? *Drag the correct label under each graph to identify the type of population growth shown.*

a. logistic growth b. exponential growth c. neither

To test their hypotheses, the researchers examined the data they collected during the period of study. Using the information available to them, they assessed whether the population sizes of cliff swallows and potential scavengers living near highways had changed over time. They determined how traffic patterns on these roads had changed over time. They also measured the bodies of cliff swallows that had been killed on the roads and compared their features to the features of cliff swallows in the general population. The table below summarizes the researchers' findings. *Drag the blue labels onto the table to identify the data that is relevant to each hypothesis. Then use the pink labels to indicate whether each hypothesis is supported or not supported by the data.*

a. the wing shapes of swallows killed on roads differ from those of the general population. *b. yes* c. the total number of cliff swallow nests near roads increased during this time. *d. no* e. Avian scavengers did not increase during this time, and terrestrial scavengers probably did not increase. *f. no* g. Car traffic stayed the same or increased during this time. *h. no*

****In 1906, President Theodore Roosevelt created the Grand Canyon National Game Preserve on the Kaibab Plateau in northern Arizona. Between 1907 and 1923, cattle grazing was greatly reduced, mule deer hunting was eliminated, and predators were killed. Over 800 cougars, 20 wolves (most had already been killed in the 1800s), and 7000 coyotes were trapped or shot. In response, the mule deer herd began to increase: By 1915, deer numbers were estimated at 25,000; 50,000 by 1920; and 100,000 by 1923. Which of the following describes a graph of the Kaibab deer population between 1906 and 1923?

an S-shaped curve that shows a smooth, rapid increase and then levels off

Mass extinctions create conditions that promote _____.

adaptive radiation

The appearance of an evolutionary novelty often promotes _____.

adaptive radiation

The different finch species found on the Galápagos Islands probably arose as a result of _____.

adaptive radiation

Oyster populations are primarily, if not exclusively, composed of _____.

adults

Feathers either play a role, or may have played a role, in _____.

all of these

For two organisms to belong to the same species, individuals of their species must __________.

be able to reproduce and have fertile offspring

Use the figure above to answer the following question. According to the figure, crocodiles are most closely related to ________.

birds

Which of the following factors does not contribute to environmental resistance?

birth rate

One example of artificial selection is ________.

broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, and brussels sprouts bred from Brassica oleracea

When the organisms of a particular population seek habitats or resources that are unevenly spaced, the distribution of the individuals in the population tends to be ________.

clumped

Drag the blue labels to the graph below to indicate what data researchers should plot on the x- and y- axes. Then select the graph line that would support their hypothesis.

clutch size(left) female plumage ornamentation (bottom) / graph (middle)

Which of these organisms has a survivorship curve similar to that of humans?

elephants

An ecosystem ________.

encompasses all the organisms and the physical and chemical environment within an area

A single, small population that exists only in one place on the planet is considered __________ to that area.

endemic

Populations lacking any environmental resistance tend to increase by ________.

exponential growth

Which of these organisms has a survivorship curve similar to that of oysters?

grasses

Density-dependent factors __________.

have a greater impact at higher population densities

Density-dependent factors ________.

include the effects of disease, predators, and food on a single species within a community

As a population approaches carrying capacity, environmental resistance __________.

increases

A uniform distribution will occur when __________.

individuals are competing for an evenly distributed resource such as space

A population is a group of ________.

individuals of a single species that live and interact in one area

Members of two separate species cannot __________.

interbreed

What does the orange graph line represent?

logistic growth

Generation-to-generation change in the allele frequencies in a population is _____.

microevolution

A niche specialist is ________.

more likely to go extinct than a niche generalist

Click on the diagram to start the animation. What process is illustrated by this animation?

natural selection

A community ecologist would study which of the following?

patterns of interactions between wolves and coyotes in Yellowstone National Park

Which of these species typically has a mortality rate that remains fairly constant over an individual's life span?

robins

Which of the following is considered a community?

several interacting species living in the same area

Which of the following is the broadest (most all-encompassing) level of ecological organization?

the biosphere

Extinction is ________.

the disappearance of a species from Earth

Use the figure above to answer the following question. Assuming the populations of fruit flies are the same size, the length of time necessary for significant divergence to take place in the populations depends on ________.

the kinds of mutations in the populations and the similarity of the two isolated habitats

The y-axis to the right represents ___________.

the level of resources available per capita

*****You are an ecologist researching divergent evolution on the Galapagos Islands. Which of the following might you be studying?

the processes by which several unrelated species of birds developed flightlessness as a result of the islands lacking natural predators

The barrier between the fruit fly populations ________.

was an effective barrier to mating and gene flow between the two populations