EVR1001 Ch. 3, Landing FSU

Which of the following best represents the overall growth rate of a population?

(birth rate - death rate) + (immigration rate - emigration rate)

If the UV-B radiation at the surface has an intensity of 0.27 watts/m2, approximately what is the intensity at a depth of 100 cm?

0.07 watts/m^2

Feathers either play a role, or may have played a role, in _____. A) courtship B) extended hops C) flight D) gliding E) all of these

E) all of these

Which of the following is accurate?

Ecotourism combines wildlife conservation with economic benefits.

Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences. Not all terms will be used.

From 1984 to 2012, the wing length of cliff swallows in the general population generally decreased.

What process is illustrated by this animation?

Gene flow is the migration of individuals or gametes.

Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences. Not all terms will be used.

2. During the same time period, the wing length of cliff swallows killed on the roads generally increased

Drag the blue labels onto the table to identify the data that is relevant to each hypothesis. Then use the pink labels to indicate whether each hypothesis is supported or not supported by the data.

1. traits that help individuals avoid being hit by cars have evolved through natural selection in the cliff swallow population a. the wing shapes of swallows killed on roads differ from those of the general population b. yes it was supported

Which water depth had the biggest difference in survival rates for embryos with UV-B protection versus embryos without UV-B protection?

10 cm

Drag the blue labels onto the table to identify the data that is relevant to each hypothesis. Then use the pink labels to indicate whether each hypothesis is supported or not supported by the data.

2. the population size of cliff swallows living near roads has decreased over time c. the total number of cliff swallow nests near roads increased during this time d. no not a factor

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3. In most years where data was collected, the wings of cliff swallows killed on the roads were longer than the wings of swallows found in the population at large.

Drag the blue labels onto the table to identify the data that is relevant to each hypothesis. Then use the pink labels to indicate whether each hypothesis is supported or not supported by the data.

3. scavenger population sizes have increased, and more road-killed swallows get eaten before they can be found e. avian scavengers did not increase during this time, ad terrestrial scavengers probably did not increase f. no

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4. Shorter wings allow cliff swallows to take off from the ground more vertically, enabling them to better avoid oncoming cars. As a result, cliff swallows in populations near highways with shorter wings have a survival advantage.

Drag the blue labels onto the table to identify the data that is relevant to each hypothesis. Then use the pink labels to indicate whether each hypothesis is supported or not supported by the data.

4. the number of cars driving on these roads has decreased over time g. car traffic stayed the same or increased during thid time h. no

Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences. Not all terms will be used.

5. The data suggest that, over time, natural selectionresulted in the evolution of shorter wings in the cliff swallow population.

Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences. Not all terms will be used.

6. Shorter wings are a(n) adaptation in this population. Alleles for shorter wings were already present in the general population.

Can you identify the process by which camouflage causes a beetle population to undergo natural selection? MATCH (Environmental Change, Change in Population, Selective Pressure) A) A drought causes a habitat to turn dry and brown B) Green beetles are more visible to birds than brown beetles, so birds eat more green beetles C) Brown beetles survive to reproduce more then green beetles do. The brown allele increases in frequency

A) Environmental Change B) Selective Pressure C) Change in Population

The appearance of an evolutionary novelty often promotes _____. A) adaptive radiation B) gene flow C) mass extinction D) paedomorphosis E) mutation

A) adaptive radiation

One example of artificial selection is ________. A) humans placing a gene for human insulin into a flower B) broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, and brussels sprouts bred from Brassica oleracea C) crossing a lion and a tiger to get a sterile animal called a liger D) the process of allopatric speciation E) pet dogs that have gone wild, mate with coyotes, and live in packs

A) humans placing a gene for human insulin into a flower

Your cousin has bedbugs. Pyrethroid insecticides failed to eliminate them. Which of the following is most likely true?

Aprehend will likely work to eliminate most of them.

Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between UV-B transmission and embryo survival rates shown on the graph?

At shallow depths UV-B transmission is high and unprotected embryo survival rates are low.

Adaptive radiation is rapid, branching speciation under conditions in which there is little ___________. A) Microevolution B) Competition C) Gene flow D) Genetic drift C) Paedomorphosis

B) Competition

For two organisms to belong to the same species, individuals of their species must __________. A) live in the same geographical area B) be able to reproduce and have fertile offspring C) be of the same sex D) share more than 30% genetic identity with each other

B) be able to reproduce and have fertile offspring

A single, small population that exists only in one place on the planet is considered __________ to that area. A) extinct B) endemic C) foreign D) pandemic

B) endemic

A niche specialist is ________. A) more likely to use a wide variety of resources than a niche generalist B) more likely to go extinct than a niche generalist C) more likely to have a large geographic distribution than a niche generalist D) more likely to adapt to climate change than a niche generalist E) more likely to thrive in human-modified environments than a niche generalist

B) more likely to go extinct than a niche generalist

Mass extinctions create conditions that promote _____. A) microevolution B) genetic drift C) adaptive radiation D) gene flow E) paedomorphosis

C) adaptive radiation

The major force(s) causing the genetic divergence of the two isolated fruit fly populations is/are ________. A) natural selection and the variety of other species with which each population interbreeds B) mutation C) mutation and natural selection D) the complete lack of sexual reproduction in the two populations E) mating and gene flow between the two populations

C) mutation and natural selection

The logistic growth curve can be said to appear similar to __________. A) the letter X B) a zigzag letter W C) the letter S D) the letter J

C) the letter S

Which of the following is true?

Commercial insecticides used to be more effective at eliminating bedbugs.

A population is a group of ________. a) individuals of several interacting species that live in one area B) cells that have similar function C) individuals of several interacting species that interact in multiple ecosystems D) individuals of a single species that live and interact in one area E) all individuals of a species in all locations

D) individuals of a single species that live and interact in one area

A community ecologist would study which of the following? A) the effects of soil moisture and nutrients on the growth of the invasive European buckthorn B) the dynamics of population change in white-tailed deer C) the effects of waterborne microorganisms on humans D) patterns of interactions between wolves and coyotes in Yellowstone National Park

D) patterns of interactions between wolves and coyotes in Yellowstone National Park

Extinction is ________. A) the loss of a species from one place on the planet while still existing in other locations B) always caused by human disturbance C) the loss of communities from the planet D) the disappearance of a species from Earth E) proceeding more slowly now than at any other time

D) the disappearance of a species from Earth

The barrier between the fruit fly populations ________. A) produced distinct species as soon as the barrier became impassible B) was the first part of an extinction event for both populations C) did not greatly interfere with both populations accessing both mountaintops D) was an effective barrier to mating and gene flow between the two populations E) caused completely different mutations to occur in the two populations

D) was an effective barrier to mating and gene flow between the two populations

According to the graph the percent transmission of UV-B relative to light intensity at the water's surface:

Decreases with increasing depth.

Based on the data shown here, what conclusion would you present to stakeholders?

Hakalau Forest NWR is the only region where all populations of native bird species are either increasing or stable, highlighting the critical role that habitat restoration plays in the protection and recovery of native birds.

Based on these graphs, which species of bird saw the largest increase in its population between 1987 and 2007?

Hawai'i 'Amakihi

A uniform distribution will occur when __________.

individuals are competing for an evenly distributed resource such as space

In England, dogs with large, floppy ears called hounds came into existence. These dogs were favored for hunting because of their excellent sense of smell. Which statement most accurately represents the process that produced such dog breeds from the wild-type (feral) dog?

Humans noticed dogs with large, floppy ears and a great sense of smell and wanted more like them. They then bred them with similar dogs over many generations.

Consider the effects of several drier-than-average years on the western toad population. If the average depth of pools available for toad spawning declines, what other effects might be associated with the drier climate?

Lower than average embryo survival rates.

Based on the graphs in Part A, what can you conclude about the impact of the restoration on both native and non-native bird species monitored in the upper study area between 1987 and 2007?

Population densities of all native and non-native bird species increased.

__________ is the number of individuals in a population per unit area.

Population density

logistic growth

S-Shape

According to the figure, which of the following is true? 17

Snakes are more closely related to crocodiles than they are to turtles.

Which of the following statements are true of a population at carrying capacity? Select all that apply.

The birth rate equals the death rate. The population growth rate equals zero. The rate at which resources are used is equal to the rate at which they are supplied.

One hypothesis -- the egg-viability hypothesis -- proposes that the variation in clutch size results from reduced viability of eggs in warm temperatures. Observations that led scientists to develop this hypothesis include: Birds typically lay one egg a day until the clutch is complete. At that time, they begin incubating all the eggs together, resulting in an equal pace of development. As long as the surrounding temperature is below 24-26°C (75.2-78.8°F) , the temperature that triggers development, the earlier-laid eggs "keep." However, when eggs are exposed for an extended period to a temperature range between the trigger temperature and the optimum incubation temperature, 36-39°C (96.8-102.2°F), development goes awry. What prediction(s) can researchers make based on the egg-viability hypothesis? Select all that apply.

The probability of hatching failure will be higher later in the spring season. The probability of hatching failure will be higher in large clutches. The probability of hatching failure will be lower at higher latitudes.

The key to the success of this product lies in which of the following?

The spread of fungal spores.

Your home is infested with bedbugs. You search for a chemical-free alternative. Which of the following would be your best option?

The use of high temperatures.

What process is illustrated by this animation?

This is natural selection, since environmental conditions dictate that green individuals are more likely to reproduce than are red individuals.

Which of the following are testable hypotheses that could explain the researchers' data? Select all that apply.

Traits that help individuals avoid being hit by cars have evolved through natural selection in the cliff swallow population. The population size of cliff swallows living near roads has decreased over time. Scavenger population sizes have increased, and more road-killed swallows get eaten before they can be found.

Territoriality generally results in what kind of population distribution?

Uniform

Which of the following statements are true of logistic growth? Select all that apply.

When the population reaches carrying capacity, it stops growing. As the population approaches carrying capacity, it grows more slowly.

Entomopathogenic fungi would likely be most successful in helping with which of the following outbreaks?

Yellow fever, spread by a mosquito vector

Read the following scenario and answer the question(s) below. In 1906, President Theodore Roosevelt created the Grand Canyon National Game Preserve on the Kaibab Plateau in northern Arizona. Between 1907 and 1923, cattle grazing was greatly reduced, mule deer hunting was eliminated, and predators were killed. Over 800 cougars, 20 wolves (most had already been killed in the 1800s), and 7000 coyotes were trapped or shot. In response, the mule deer herd began to increase: By 1915, deer numbers were estimated at 25,000; 50,000 by 1920; and 100,000 by 1923. Which of the following describes a graph of the Kaibab deer population between 1906 and 1923?

a J-shaped upward curve with a very rapid increase

Which of the following is the broadest (most all-encompassing) level of ecological organization?

a biosphere

Read the following scenario and answer the question(s) below. In 1906, President Theodore Roosevelt created the Grand Canyon National Game Preserve on the Kaibab Plateau in northern Arizona. Between 1907 and 1923, cattle grazing was greatly reduced, mule deer hunting was eliminated, and predators were killed. Over 800 cougars, 20 wolves (most had already been killed in the 1800s), and 7000 coyotes were trapped or shot. In response, the mule deer herd began to increase: By 1915, deer numbers were estimated at 25,000; 50,000 by 1920; and 100,000 by 1923. Which of the following is likely to be a direct or indirect effect of removing top predators from an ecosystem such as the Kaibab Plateau?

a decrease in ground-level vegetation such as tree saplings

environmental change

a drought causes a habitat to turn dry and brown

A coyote, which can alter its food intake to match seasonal abundance of plants, fruits, or small animals, is considered to be ________.

a generalist

Which of the following would best represent a clumped population dispersion pattern?

a pod of 40 migrating gray whales in the Bering Sea

If a population had a carrying capacity of 1000 individuals, which of the following populations would be experiencing the greatest rate of growth as a percentage of the current population size?

a population of 10 individuals

The different finch species found on the Galápagos Islands probably arose as a result of _____.

adaptive radiation

Oyster populations are primarily, if not exclusively, composed of _____.

adults

Drag the blue labels to the graph below to indicate what data researchers should plot on the x- and y- axes. Then select the graph line that would support their hypothesis. Q14

clutch size on yaxis female plumage ornamentation on xaxis increasing graph

exponential growth

backwards L

For two organisms to belong to the same species, individuals of their species must __________.

be able to reproduce and have fertile offspring

According to the figure, crocodiles are most closely related to ________.

birds

Which of the following factors does not contribute to environmental resistance?

birth rate

Graph C shows that the probability of hatching failure is highest for _ clutch sizes. The data _Prediction #3

both the largest and the smallest, do not support

One example of artificial selection is ________.

broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, and brussels sprouts bred from Brassica oleracea

change in population

brown beetles survive to reproduce more than green beetles do. the brown allele increases in frequency

When the organisms of a particular population seek habitats or resources that are unevenly spaced, the distribution of the individuals in the population tends to be ________.

clunped

Graph B shows that the probability of hatching failure _ at higher latitudes. The data _ Prediction #1.

decreases, support

__________ is the visitation of natural areas for enjoyment, often in areas near less-affluent communities that economically benefit from conserving the natural area.

ecotourism

Which of these organisms has a survivorship curve similar to that of humans?

elephants

An ecosystem ________.

encompasses all the organisms and the physical and chemical environment within an area

A single, small population that exists only in one place on the planet is considered __________ to that area.

endemic

Populations lacking any environmental resistance tend to increase by ________.

exponential growth

Which of the three graphs shown in Part G best represents the growth of these yeast population?

graph A

Which of the three graphs shown in Part G best represents the growth of this coyote population?

graph B

Which graph best represents the growth of the beetle population in the sack of corn meal?

graph C

Which of these organisms has a survivorship curve similar to that of oysters?

grasses

selective pressure

green beetles are more visible to birds than brown beetles, so birds eat more green beetles

Density-dependent factors __________.

have a greater impact at higher population densities

Density-dependent factors ________.

include the effects of disease, predators, and food on a single species within a community

As a population approaches carrying capacity, environmental resistance __________

increases

Graph A shows that the probability of hatching failure _ later in the season. The data _ Prediction #2.

increases, support

Members of two separate species cannot __________.

interbreed

Researchers were unable to test Prediction #4. This is because it was too difficult for volunteers to collect data on which eggs were_

laid earliest

According to the figure, which of the following birds is most closely related to the Palila?

laysan finch

What does the orange graph line represent?

logistic growth

Generation-to-generation change in the allele frequencies in a population is _____.

microevolution

Which of these species typically has a mortality rate that remains fairly constant over an individual's life span?

robins

Which of the following is considered a community?

several interacting species living in the same area

Assuming the populations of fruit flies are the same size, the length of time necessary for significant divergence to take place in the populations depends on ________.

the kinds of mutations in the populations and the similarity of the two isolated habitats

The y-axis to the right represents ___________.

the level of resources available per capita

You are an ecologist researching divergent evolution on the Galapagos Islands. Which of the following might you be studying?

the similarities that have arisen between two completely unrelated species of birds that are competing for the same resources?

neither exponential growth nor logistic

up and own pattern

The barrier between the fruit fly populations ________.

was an effective barrier to mating and gene flow between the two populations