ex 1 genetics
Given that loci A and B in Drosophila are sex-linked and 20 map units apart, what phenotypic frequencies would you expect in 100 offspring resulting from the following cross? (Assume A and B are dominant to a and b, respectively.) AaBb (trans) female X ab/Y male
(a) AB = 40; ab = 40; Ab = 10; aB = 10 (sexes have the same phenotypes)(b) Ab = 40; aB = 40; AB = 10; ab = 10 (sexes have the same phenotypes)(c) all males = ab; all females = AB
How many Barr bodies would you expect to see in an XXY individual?
1
What conclusions did Mendel make from his monohybrid crosses?
1) Progeny inherit genetic factors from both parents.(2) Each individual possesses two factors (alleles) that control theappearance of each phenotypic trait.(3) The two alleles in each individual separate (segregate) during gametogenesis and are randomly distributed with equal probability of being distributed into the gametes.(4) From a cross between two true-breeding (homozygous) parents expressing different phenotypes for a given trait, traits that appearedunchanged in the F1 heterozygous offspring were dominant, and traitsthat disappeared in F1 heterozygous offspring were recessive.
Two organisms, AABBCCDDEE and aabbccddee, are mated to produce an F1 that is self-fertilized. If the capital letters represent dominant, independently assorting alleles, what proportion of the F2 genotypes will be recessive for all five loci? Enter your answer as a fraction in the box below.
1/1024
Ability to roll the tongue is caused by a dominant allele. A woman is a "roller," but one of her parents is not. Reference: Ref 6-2 The woman is expecting a child with a man who is a "nonroller." What is the probability that their child will be a "roller"?
1/2
The enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PD) is inherited as a recessive gene on the X chromosome in humans. A phenotypically normal woman (whose father had G6PD) is married to a normal man. (a) What fraction of their sons would be expected to have G6PD? (b) If the husband had G6PD, would it make a difference in your answer in part (a)?
1/2, No
Two gene loci, A and B, are unlinked (and thus assort independently), and alleles A and B are dominant over alleles a and b. Indicate the probabilities of producing the following. a. An AB gamete from an AaBb individual? b. An AB gamete from an AABb individual? c. An AABB zygote from a cross AaBb × AaBb? d. An AaBb zygote from a cross AaBb × AABB? e. An Aabb zygote from a cross AaBb × AAbb? f. An AB phenotype from a cross AaBb × AaBb?
1/4 1/2 1/16 1/4 1/4 9/16
In snapdragons, heterozygotes for one of the genes have pink flowers, whereas homozygotes have red or white flowers. When plants with red flowers are crossed with plants with white flowers, what proportion of the offspring will have pink flowers?
100%
If a typical somatic cell has 32 chromosomes, how many chromosomes are expected in each gamete of that organism?
16
Tony, who is not diseased, has a sister with cystic fibrosis (CF). Neither of his parents have CF.Tony is expecting a child with Tina. Tina's family history is unknown. Reference: Ref 6-6 If the frequency of heterozygotes in the general population is 1/50, what is the probability that Tony and Tina's child will have CF? Explain each factor in your calculation.
2/3 × 1/50 × 1/4 = 2/600, or 1/300(Tony: heterozygous) × (Tina: heterozygous) × (homozygous recessive from two heterozygotes)
A diploid somatic cell from a rat has a total of 42 chromosomes (2n = 42). As in humans, sex chromosomes determine sex: XX in females and XY in males. Reference: Ref 2-1 What is the total number of chromosomes in a polar body cell from a rat?
21
The house fly, Musca domestica, has a haploid chromosome number of 6. How many chromatids should be present in a diploid, somatic, metaphase cell? Enter a number in the box below.
24
Two organisms, AABBCCDDEE and aabbccddee, are mated to produce an F1 that is self-fertilized. If the capital letters represent dominant, independently assorting alleles, how many different genotypes will occur in the F2? Enter a number in the box below.
243
Assume that a dihybrid F2 ratio, resulting from epistasis, was 15:1. If a double heterozygote was crossed with the fully recessive type, what phenotypic ratio is expected among the offspring?
3:1
There is about as much nuclear DNA in a primary spermatocyte as in ________ (how many) spermatids?
4
The ant, Myrmecia pilosula, is particularly interesting because it carries all its genetic information in a single pair of chromosomes. In other words, 2n = 2. (Males are haploid and have just one chromosome.) For the purposes of this question, assume that a G1 somatic cell nucleus in a female Myrmecia pilosula contains 2 picograms of DNA. How much DNA would be expected in a Metaphase I cell of a female?
4 pico
A diploid somatic cell from a rat has a total of 42 chromosomes (2n = 42). As in humans, sex chromosomes determine sex: XX in females and XY in males. Reference: Ref 2-1 What is the total number of chromosomes in a polar body cell from a rat?
42
A diploid somatic cell from a rat has a total of 42 chromosomes (2n = 42). As inhumans, sex chromosomes determine sex: XX in females and XY in males.What is the total number of chromosomes present in the cell during metaphase I of meiosis?a. 21b. 42c. 84d. 126e. 168
42
Klinefelter syndrome in humans, which leads to underdeveloped testes and sterility, is caused by which chromosomal condition?
47, xxy
In a mating between individuals with the genotypes IAIO X IOIO, what percentage of the offspring are expected to have the O blood type?
50%
Assume that two genes are 80 map units apart on chromosome II of Drosophila and that a cross is made between a doubly heterozygous female and a homozygous recessive male. What maximum percent recombination would be expected in the offspring of this type of cross?
50% recombination going to independently assort
assume that two genes are 80 map units apart on chromosome II of Drosophila and that a cross is made between a doubly heterozygous female and a homozygous recessive male. what percentage recombination would be expected in the mapping population offspring of this type of cross?
50% recombination going to independently assort
A recessive allele in tigers causes the white tiger. If two normally pigmented tigers are mated and produce a white offspring, what percentage of their remaining offspring would be expected to have normal pigmentation?
75%
In a three-point mapping experiment, how many different genotypic classes are expected?
8
In the following tetrahybrid cross AaBbCcDd x AaBbCcDd what proportion of the F2 offspring would be expected to be phenotypically ABCD ?
81/256
Assuming Mendel's Second Law is correct, what is the expected segregation ratio for traits in a dihybrid cross?
9:3:3:1
Typical ratios resulting from epistatic interactions in dihybrid crosses would be ________.
9:3:4, 9:7
What types of ratios are likely to occur in F2 crosses when one is dealing with two interacting, epistatic gene pairs?
9:7, 9:3:4, 12:3:1, 15:1
What is the composition of a Barr body?
A Barr body (named after discoverer Murray Barr) or X-chromatin is an inactive X chromosome in a cell with more than one X chromosome, rendered inactive in a process called lyonization, in species with XY sex-determination (including humans).
Why are rare X-linked recessive diseases more common in males than in females?
A male with a mutation in a gene on the X chromosome is typically affected with the condition. Because females have two copies of the X chromosome and males have only one X chromosome, X-linked recessive diseases are more common among males than females.
You just bought two black guinea pigs from the pet store that are known to be heterozygous (Bb). You also know that black fur (BB) is dominant over white fur (bb), and that a lethal recessive allele is located only one cM away from the recessive b allele. You decide to start raising your own guinea pigs, but after mating these animals several times, you discover they produce only black progeny. a) How would you explain this result? b) If the original black guinea pigs produce an average of 10 offspring per mating, how many matings would you have to make with these same parents before you'd expect to see a white guinea pig? c) Indicate the most likely genotype of the white offspring.
A. All of the white fur genes apparently mutated into the lethal lethal recessive allele so there were only BB and Bb produced. The 25 percent expected bb died and since the lethal form of b is recessive, it means that both parents would have to have it for all the bb babies to die. They are implying by the 1 CM that crossing over probably changed the b to a lethal variety and either they all got it and died and there is only BB left or there is some heterozygous Bb but when they mate and produce bb the babies die. Probably all of the white gene is the lethal variety or some white babies would eventually be produced so it is impossible to say if it exists in the population unless you notice the babies dying..B. A dihybrid cross should have produced 25 percent or one in four white babies. You should have seen an average of 2.5 white per ten babies born the first generation.C. The genotype of the white has to be bb since it is recessive. It is a little unclear where the mutation or crossing over even likely changed one of the white genes to lethal. Since the lethal allele is recessive a white bb could be a carrier of the lethal gene. The white babies would likely be carriers since the lethal variety took over. The several generations parts makes it unclear when that would happen but since eventually there were no white babies, apparently all the white genes were replaced, logically in the first generation, in crossing over by the lethal gene..
Tribbles are a fictitious species with a pleasing demeanor and incredible fecundity from Star Trek. They're soft, purr, but don't like Klingons. Researching them in the Enterprise genetics lab you find three unlinked recessive mutations: short hair (sh) is fairly self explanatory octave (oc): they purr an octave higher triticaleless (tr): they won't under any circumstances eat quatrotriticale You breed wild-type tribbles with ones triply homozygous for the three gen What phenotype do you expect of your F1 offspring? If you intercross the F1, what proportion of their offspring will have short hair and won't eat quatrotriticale? How many different phenotypes do you expect so see in your F2 progeny?
A. F1 should be wild type. All tribbles hate KlingonsB. 1/16C. (3)^n=27
Tribbles are a fictitious species with a pleasing demeanor and incredible fecundity from Star Trek. They're soft, purr, but don't like Klingons. Researching them in the Enterprise genetics lab you find three unlinked recessive mutations: short hair (sh) is fairly self explanatory octave (oc): they purr an octave higher triticaleless (tr): they won't under any circumstances eat quatrotriticale You breed wild-type tribbles with ones triply homozygous for the three genes. What phenotype do you expect of your F1 offspring? If you intercross the F1, what proportion of their offspring will have short hair and won't eat quatrotriticale? How many different phenotypes do you expect so see in your F2 progeny?
A. F1 should be wild type. All tribbles hate KlingonsB. 1/16C. (3)^n=27
Assume that the somatic cells of a male contain one pair of homologous chromosomes (e.g., A1 and A2), and an additional chromosome without a homolog (e.g., W). What chromosomal combinations would be expected in the meiotic products (spermatids) of a single primary spermatocyte? (There may be more than one answer.)
A1,W A1,W A2 A2 AND A1 A1 A2,W A2,W
An individual has the following genotype. Gene loci ( A) and ( B) are 15 m.u. apart. What are the correct frequencies of some of the gametes that can be made by this individual?
AB= 7.5%; aB= 42.5%
Assume that a cross is made between two organisms, both heterozygous for a gene that shows incomplete dominance. What phenotypic and genotypic ratios are expected in the offspring? phenotypic ratio?
Answer: 1:2:1
The trait of medium-sized leaves in iris is determined by the genetic condition PP'. Plants with large leaves are PP, while plants with small leaves are P'P'. A cross is made between two plants each with medium-sized leaves. (a) If they produce 80 seedlings, how many plants with each type of leaf (large leaves, medium leaves, small leaves) would you expect? (b) What is the term for this allelic relationship? Separate and clearly label your answers for a-b in the box below.
Answer: 20 (large leaves), 40 (medium leaves), 20 (small leaves); incomplete dominance
The trait for medium-sized leaves in iris is determined by the genetic condition PP'. Plants with large leaves are PP, while plants with small leaves are P'P'. The trait for red flowers is controlled by the genes RR, pink by RR', and white by R'R'. A cross is made between two plants each with medium-sized leaves and pink flowers. If they produce 320 seedlings, what would be the expected numbers of the phenotypes below? Assume no linkage. large, red?
Answer:20 large, red40 medium, red20 small, red40 large, pink80 medium, pink40 small, pink20 large, white40 medium, white20 small, whiteSection: 4.4
What inheritance pattern is suggested by the following observations of a particular pedigree? Reference: Ref 6-5 Extensive pedigree analysis on a characteristic shows all of the following: • the characteristic affects males and females equally. • two unaffected parents can have an affected child. • in families in which the parents are unaffected but the children are affected, 1/4 of the children are affected.
Autosomal recessive
Why are rare X-linked recessive diseases more common in males than in females?
Because females have two copies of the X chromosome and males have only one X chromosome,
In deer mice, red eyes (r) is recessive to normal black eyes (R). Two mice with black eyes are crossed. They produce two offspring, one with red eyes and one with black eyes. Give the genotypes of parents and offspring of this cross.
Because the parents both have black eyes, but have a child with red eyes, they must each be Rr.
What events during sexual reproduction are significant in contributing to genetic diversity?
Crossing over (in prophase I) Random assortment of chromosomes (in metaphase I) Random fusion of gametes from different parents.
Genetic information can be carried in which of the following biomolecules?
Either DNA or RNA
Two of the seven different pea traits examined by Mendel involved genes that we now know are linked. Knowing this, can you explain why Mendel was still able to use results from his crossing experiments to develop the principle of independent assortment?
Either peas have lots of chromosomes or just a few very, very big ones. In either case genetic linkage is minimized.
What is meant by the term epistasis? Distinguish between epistasis and dominance. Do not use examples in answering this question.
Epistasis refers to a gene (or genes) of one pair masking the expression of a gene (or genes) at a different locus. Dominance refers to the form of expression f a gene in relation to its alleles (or alleles). When an allele is dominant, the heterozygous combination is the same phenotypically as one of the homozygotes. Epistasis is a nonallelic interaction; dominance is an allelic interaction.
Provide an example of sex-influenced inheritance.
Haemophilia B) Baldness C) Colour Blindness
Explain, at a molecular level, why some traits display X-linked inheritance while others display sex-influenced inheritance. What is the determining factor in whether a trait will display one or the other?
In X-linked inheritance, the gene in question is on the X chromosome, while in sex-influenced inheritance, the gene is autosomal
Match the even tin the cell cycle with the phase in which it occurs. Interphase
Interphase: pair of homologous chromosomes prophase: tetrad formation metaphase: chromosomes align on metaphase plate anaphase: disjunction of sister chromatids telophase: cytokenisis s phase: chromosomal replication
What are three of the characteristics of an autosomal recessive trait that are observed in a pedigree analysis?
Males and females have the same chance of expressing the trait You can only express the trait if you are homozygous If both parents express the trait, then all their offspring should also express the trait If the offspring express the trait but their parents don't, then both parents are heterozygous If one parent expresses the trait, then their offspring who don't express it are heterozygous The trait can skip generations
List four terms used to describe the normal morphological, with respect to arm ratio, of eukaryotic chromosomes.
Metacentric, submetacentric, acrocentric, telocentric
In Drosophila, an individual female fly was observed to be of the XXY chromosome complement (normal autosomal complement) and to have white eyes as contrasted with the normal red eye color of wild type. The female's mother and father had red eyes. The mother, however, was heterozygous for the gene for white eyes. Knowing that white eyes are X-linked and recessive, present an explanation for the genetic and chromosomal constitution of the XXY, white eyed individual. It is important that you state in which parent and at what stage the chromosomal event occurred that caused the genetic and cytogenetic abnormality.
Nondisjunction could have occurred either at meiosis I or meiosis II in the mother, thus giving the XwXwY complement in the offspring.
Drosophila melanogaster, the fruit fly, has a 2n chromosome number of 8. Assume that you are microscopically examining the mitotic and meiotic cells of this organism. You note that in the female two chromosomal pairs are metacentric and that two pairs are acrocentric.
Primary oocyte (metaphase)
While doing summer field work on a remote Indonesian island, you discover a new genus of lizard closely related to komodo dragons. You attempt to discover what sex determination system it uses by performing a series of controlled crosses on the island, using an isolated pair of lizards. Initially, all your crosses yield only males (in significant numbers). As fall begins and you prepare to leave the island, you find that your last cross yielded only females (in significant numbers). Suggest a mode of sex determination that explains this data
Sex determination is influenced by temperature. Males are more likely to be produced in the summer when it is warmer while females are more likely to be produced during the fall when it is cooler.
You are trying to develop a new species of newt as an experimental model system. You know that in other species of newt, green (G) is dominant to brown (g) skin color and is determined by a sex-linked gene. You cross brown males to green females and see that in the F1 all the males are green and all the females are brown. Which is the heterogametic sex in your species of newt? View keyboard shortcuts EditViewInsertFormatToolsTable 12ptParagraph
The heterogametic sex in this species is the female. They show the recessive phenotype
Provide a brief definition for positive interference
The phenomenon in which one crossover decreases the likelihood of crossovers in nearby regions
The expected ratio of phenotypes among the progeny of a test cross is 1:1:1:1. Out of 200 total resulting progeny, 48 occur in one of the four phenotypic classes. Given this information, which of the following must also be true?
The value of observed - expected for this cell = -2.(With a total of 200, the expected number in each cell when the predicted ratio is 1:1:1:1 = 50. The observed number is 48.)
Which of the following statements about homologous chromosomes are true?
They occur together in diploid cells.
Under what conditions does one expect a 1:1:1:1 phenotypic ratio among the offspring of a cross? What must be true about the parents? What must be true about the genes in question?
This occurs in a cross involving doubly heterozygous individuals crossed to fully recessive individuals. The genes involved assort independently of each other.
Which are abnormalities involving numbers of X chromosomes? Mark all that apply.
Turner syndrome Klinefelter syndrome XXXX syndrome
What inheritance pattern is suggested by the following observations of a particular pedigree? Extensive pedigree analysis on a characteristic shows all of the following: • males and females are affected equally. • affected fathers may have affected daughters, but never affected sons. • half the children of affected mothers are affected.
X-linked dominant inheritance
Red-green color blindness is X-linked recessive. A woman with normal color vision has a father who is color blind. The woman has a child with a man with normal color vision. Which phenotype is NOT expected?
a color-blind female
Comb shape in chickens represents one of the classic examples of gene interaction. Two gene pairs interact to influence the shape of the comb. The genes for rose comb (R) and pea comb (P) together produce walnut comb. The fully homozygous recessive condition (rrpp) produces the single comb. Assume that a rose-comb chicken is crossed with a walnut-comb chicken and the following offspring are produced: 17 walnut, 16 rose, 7 pea, 6 single. (a) What are the probable genotypes of the parents? (b) Give the genotypes of each of the offspring classes. Some classes may have more than one possible genotype. Separate and clearly label your answers for a-b in the box below.
a) Rrpp x RrPpb)R-Pp walnutR-pp roserrPp pearrpp single
While doing field work in Madagascar, you discover a new dragonfly species that has either red (R) or clear (r) wings. Initial crosses indicate that R is dominant to r. You perform three crosses using three different sets of red-winged parents with unknown genotype and observe the following data: Cross Phenotypes 1 72 red-winged, 24 clear-winged 2 4 red-winged 3 96 red-winged a. What is the most likely genotype for each pair of parents? b. Do you think there are a sufficient number of progeny to support each of your answers in the previous question?
a. Cross 1 results in a 3:1 ratio of red-winged to clear-winged progeny; therefore the parents are most likely both Rr. Crosses 2 and 3 result in only red-winged progeny, therefore the parents are most likely all RR. b. Crosses 1 and 3 have a sufficient number of progeny, but the low number of progeny from cross 2 precludes making any conclusions
In a three-point mapping experiment, what three general classes of offspring are expected (assuming crossovers occur)? Select all those that apply.
a. noncrossover, single crossover, and double crossover
Assume that a man who carries an X-linked gene has children. Assuming normal meiosis and random combination of gametes, the man would pass this gene to
all of his daughters
An allele is
an alternate form of a gene
Assuming no crossing over between the gene in question and the centromere, during what phase of meiosis do alleles segregate?
anaphase 1
The sketch above depicts a cell from an organism in which 2n = 2 and each chromosome is metacentric. What stage is does the sketch represent?
anaphase of meiosis 2
a. Meiosis I anaphase b. Meiosis I prophase c. Meiosis II anaphase d. Meiosis II prophase e. Mitosis telophase f. Mitosis prophase Reference: Ref 2-2 Crossing over (genetic recombination) occurs in... Enter only the letter of your choice.
b. Meiosis I prophase
Two- and three-factor testcrosses can both be used to _____________ and _____________. a. screen recessive mutantsb. map gene locic. determine parental origind. determine genotypee. identify double-crossover events Separate your answers with a comma, and enter only the letters of your choices.
b. map gene locid. determine genotype
The attachment point on the chromosome for spindle microtubules is the
centromere
What conditions are likely to apply if the progeny from the cross AaBb X AaBb appear in the 9:3:3:1 ratio?
complete dominance, independent assortment, and no gene interaction
Name one characteristic of X-linkage that is often used to identify X-linked genes in pedigree analysis.
criss cross pattern of inheritance-where all sons exhibit mutant mother phenotype, the phenotype largely or exclusively affects males.
Two forms of hemophilia are determined by genes on the X chromosome in humans. Assume that a phenotypically normal woman whose father had hemophilia is married to a normal man. What is the probability that their first daughter will have hemophilia?
daughter 0 son 1/2
If a mouse has one wild-type agouti allele (A) it is agouti colored, if not it is black. Agouti is _______ to black in mice. If a mouse has a wild-type albino gene it is agouti or black, depending on the A gene, if not the mouse is white. Albino is _______ to agouti.
dominant recessive
Match the N number with number of possible gametes. 2^n
ex 2^2 = 4 gametes
Match the ploidy with the number of human chromosomes.
haploid 23 diploid 46 triploid 69 tetraploid 92
Because of the mechanism of sex determination, males of many species can be neither homozygous nor heterozygous. Such males are said to be:
hemizygous
Males with an X-linked gene are said to be ______________ for these X-linked genes.
hemizygous
Ability to roll the tongue is caused by a dominant allele. A woman is a "roller," but one of her parents is not. Reference: Ref 6-2 What is the woman's genotype?
hetero
If a cyclin protein was produced at a constant level (instead of variably) througout the cell cycle what effect would you predict?
inappropriate cell cycle stage turn off a stage prematurely fail to come out of a stageapoptosis o There are several different cyclin proteins, each responsible for a particular phase of cell cycle. Depending on which cyclin and at what time during the cell cycle, introduction of constant rate in a particular cyclin would either bring about an inappropriate cell cycle stage or turn off a stage prematurely or fail to come out of a stage. All of these would likely lead to apoptosis of the cell.
In a Chi-square test, as the value of the (chi)2 increases, the likelihood of rejecting the null hypothesis ________.
increases
A photograph of a chromosome squash is called a....
karyotype
The trait of medium-sized leaves in iris is determined by the genetic condition PP'. Plants with large leaves are PP, while plants with small leaves are P'P'. A cross is made between two plants each with medium-sized leaves. (a) If they produce 80 seedlings, how many plants with each type of leaf (large leaves, medium leaves, small leaves) would you expect? (b) What is the term for this allelic relationship? Separate and clearly label your answers for a-b in the box below.
make a punnet square and find probablity of each type of leaf and then divide the fraction then di 80/by that number
In the yawncat (a rare hypothetical animal), the dominant allele R causes solid tail color, and the recessive allele r results in white spots on a colored background. The black coat color allele B is dominant to the brown allele b, but these genes can only be expressed if the animal has an mm genotype at a third gene locus. Animals that are M- are yellow regardless of which allele from the B locus is present. A mating between a solid yellow-tailed male yawncat and a solid brown-tailed female yawncat produce 16 offspring with the following tail phenotypes: six solid yellow, two spotted yellow, three solid black, one spotted black, three solid brown, and one spotted brown. a. What are the most likely genotypes of the male and female parents? Explain the strategy used to determine the genotypes. b. What is the probability of the next offspring from these same two parents having a spotted brown tail?
male: Mm Bb Rr female: mm bb Rr 1/16
The secondary oocyte undergoes a division the products of which are________ , which will make the zygote and ______, which is discarded.
mature oocyte( ovum) second polar body
Homologous chromosomes move toward opposite poles of the dividing cell during
meiosis 1
a. Meiosis I anaphase b. Meiosis I prophase c. Meiosis II anaphase d. Meiosis II prophase e. Mitosis telophase f. Mitosis prophase Reference: Ref 2-2 Crossing over (genetic recombination) occurs in... Enter only the letter of your choice.
meiosis 1 prophase
The cellular organelles with inheritance independent of the nucleus are the _____________ and the ____________ .
mitochondrion, and cholorplast
A spontaneously aborted human embryo is characterized with respect to karyotype, and it is found to be normal except that it contains only one chromosome number two. This is an example of what type of aneuploidy?
monosomy or loss of a single chromosome
The phenomenon in which one crossover increases the likelihood of crossovers in nearby regions is called:
negative interference
A measurable or observable trait or characteristic is called a(n)
phenotype
In studies of human genetics, usually a single individual brings the condition to the attention of a scientist or physician. When pedigrees are developed to illustrate transmission of the trait, what term does one use to refer to this individual?
proband
two difference between prokaryote and eukaryote
prokaryotic cells lack membrane bound nucleus and they are much smaller than eukaryotes
What is the outcome of synapsis, a significant event in meiosis? Group of answer choiceschiasma segregationdyad formationside-by-side alignment of homologous chromosomesmonad movement to opposite polesside-by-side alignment of nonhomologous chromosomes
side-by-side alignment of homologous chromosomes
Two independently-assorting loci, "P/p" and "C/c" are drawn on the chromosomes above. The "P" and "p" alleles are said to be on _____________.
sister chromatids
Why would it make sense for cyclin proteins to vary in concentration throughout the cell cycle?
some kinases are dependent on cyclin to function so it would make sense for cyclin concentrations to vary. Levels of activated kinase varies throughout the cell cycle.
Match the male gametogenic precursor with the N (haploid chromosome content) and C (weight of DNA in a haploid nucleus) values
spermatogonium 2n 2c primary spermatocyte 2n 4c secondary spermatocyte 1n 2c spermatozoa 1n 1c
You breed two Gray horses, and among the progeny you see gray, black, chestnut and red dun. This is because:
the extension gene, which gives black coat color, is codominant
In a Chi-square analysis, what condition causes one to reject (fail to accept) the null hypothesis?
usually when the probability value is less than 0.05
