Exam 1

Compared to humans, cats have excellent night vision. Thus, compared to the human eye, cats must hav more types of cone receptors. A. true B. false

B. false

In the presence of high thyroid hormone levels, TSH secretion from the AP would increase. A. true B. false

B. false

Which muscle fiber type is always recruited first? A. Type IIb B. Type I or type IIa, depending on the activity. C. Type I D. Type IIx E. Type IIa

C. Type I

At rest, photoreceptor cells have OPENED non-selective cation channels, permeable mainly to Na and Ca. What would you predict a resting potential for a rod to be compared to a 'regular' neuron that sits at -70 mV? A. -35 mV B. -70 mV C. -80 mV D. -100 mV

A. -35 mV

If you were able to control fatigue in the muscle cell experimentally such that you only exposed the muscle to high levels of Pi and no other metabolites, what would you observe? A. A decline in force without much change in velocity B. A muscle operating below Lo C. An increased affinity of Ca2+ for troponin D. A decline in both force and velocity E. A decline in velocity without much change in force

A. A decline in force without much change in velocity

During a marathon, Bob starts to feel his muscles wear down around mile 20. What could be happening in his brain/muscle at that point that's making him feel so fatigued? A. Action potential firing from the brain to the muscle may be compromised B. More than one of these choices could explain what's happening C. Inorganic phosphate as a result of so much ATP hydrolysis is inhibiting force D. Bob has used up all of his fat energy stores so none are left to fuel his continued performance E. Lactic acid is building up after all of that running

A. Action potential firing from the brain to the muscle may be compromised

If the amount of sodium in the blood decreases, what would a negative feedback control mechanism be expected to do? A. Increase the amount of sodium in the blood B. Decrease the amount of sodium in the blood C. Leave the amount of sodium unchanged D. Change the set point for sodium E. Inhibit the ingestion of more sodium

A. Increase the amount of sodium in the blood

A ligand binds to a channel and opens it, resulting in the influx of sodium into a post-synaptic cell. The receptor and post synaptic response are... A. Ionotropic and excitatory B. Ionotropic and inhibitory C. Metabotropic and inhibitory D. Metabotropic and excitatory E. Ionotropic and neither excitatory nor inhibitory

A. Ionotropic and excitatory

Which of the following correctly describes the end plate potential (EPP)? A. It is both a local potential in the end plate area of the muscle cell that allows the muscle cell to depolarize and it is primarily mediated by Na+ influx B. It is a local potential in the end plate area of the muscle cell that allows the muscle cell to depolarize C. It is a local potential in the alpha motor neuron that allows the muscle cell to depolarize D. It is primarily mediated by Na+ influx E. It is both a local potential in the alpha motor neuron that allows a cell to depolarize and it is primarily mediated by Na+ influx

A. It is both a local potential in the end plate area of the muscle cell that allows the muscle cell to depolarize and it is primarily mediated by Na+ influx

Sodium concentration outside a neuron is higher than usual. How would this affect resting membrane potential? A. It would not affect it B. It would depolarize resting membrane potential C. It would hyper polarize resting membrane potential D. Resting membrane potential would be zero

A. It would not affect it

The sodium potassium pump... A. More than one of the choices are correct B. Uses ATP to power its activity C. Pumps sodium and potassium down their gradients D. All of the choices are correct Pumps 3 Na's out for every 2K's in

A. More than one of the choices are correct

Which of the following statements is NOT true of the endocrine system? A. Most of its components are anatomically connected, like most other systems of the body B. It is one of two major regulatory systems of the body C. It is composed of glands that secrete chemical messengers into the blood D. It is an important regulator of homeostatic mechanisms E. It influences and is influenced by the nervous system

A. Most of its components are anatomically connected, like most other systems of the body

Lab work showing consistently higher levels than normal of TSH would indicate... A. The individual may have hypothyroidism B. The individual may have hyperthyroidism C. The individual may have Grave's disease D. The individual may have an overactive thyroid

A. The individual may have hypothyroidism

Interstitial fluid and plasma are both considered extracellular fluid and thus have similar ionic components. A. True B. False

A. True

Thyroid hormone can negatively feedback on the hypothalamus, decreasing the release of TRH. This is a long negative feedback loop A. True B. False

A. True

Which of the following ends a positive feedback loop? A. When the initial stimulus ends B. When the initial stimulus lessens in intensity C. When the variable that was increased at the beginning is now back at homeostatic levels D. When an enhancement of the initial stimulus continues

A. When the initial stimulus ends

Which of the following is an action of the sympathetic nervous system during stress? A. it increases the ability to respond to situations where physical activity is required B. it increases blood flow to the skeletal muscles and viscera C. it inhibits blood clotting D. it decreases ventilation of the lungs to save oxygen E. it increases glycogen synthesis in the liver

A. it increases the ability to respond to situations where physical activity is required

Potassium concentration outside a neuron is higher than usual. How would this affect action potential spike height? A. it would not affect it B. it would increase the AP spike height C. it would decrease the AP spike height

A. it would not affect it

Which of these occurs when light strikes photoreceptors? A. retinal undergoes a change of shape B. there is an increase in neurotransmitter release from photoreceptor cells C. the photoreceptor cell membrane becomes depolarized D. the concentration of cyclic GMP inside cells increases E. the photoreceptor cells are stimulated and fire AP's

A. retinal undergoes a change of shape

When I say thick filament regulation, what do I mean? A. the myosin protein is altered to allow for contraction B. the actin protein is altered to allow for contraction C. both actin and myosin are altered to allow for contraction E. its how all 3 muscle types contract

A. the myosin protein is altered to allow for contraction

The ionic basis of resting potential. TRUE or FALSE. The inside of the cell/neuron is negatively shared relative to the outside A. True B. False

A. true

An alpha motor neuron innervating type I fibers has about 15 muscle fibers in an individual motor unit. How many fibers would you predict there to be in a type IIx motor unit? A. 1 B. 30 C. 5 D. 15

B. 30

Which of the following would you find in the synaptic cleft between an alpha motor neuron and a muscle cell? A. Acetylcholine re-uptake transporter B. Acetylcholine C. Dopamine D. Calcium E. Voltage-gated calcium channels

B. Acetylcholine

Suppose you discover a chemical that can block leak potassium channels. What might happen as a result of this blockage? A. Na might have a larger influence on resting potential B. All of the answers are correct C. K would become less permeable D. The value of the resting membrane potential would change E. Two of these options are correct

B. All of the answers are correct

The prolonged electrical depolarization of cardiac muscle cells that occurs during contraction is primarily due to the persistent influx of what? A. Chloride B. Calcium C. Acetylcholine D. Potassium E. Sodium

B. Calcium

Cell B normally excites cell C. Cell A tonically inhibits the activity of cell B. Which of these cells would opioids most likely target directly? A. Cell C B. Cell A C. Cell B

B. Cell A

Extracellular fluid, including intracellular and interstitial fluid, is high in potassium. A. True B. False

B. False

The calcium that permits neurotrasmitter release from the alpha motor neuron is recycled and used as calcium that becomes available for the muscle contraction. A. True B. False

B. False

What concept is the defining feature of the discipline of physiology? A. Descent with modification B. Homeostasis C. Evolution D. Equilibrium E. Differentiation

B. Homeostasis

Potassium concentration outside a neuron is higher than usual. How would this affect resting membrane potential? A. It would not affect it B. It would depolarize resting membrane potential C. It would hyper polarize resting membrane potential D. Resting membrane potential would be zero

B. It would depolarize resting membrane potential depending how high it is

Which of the these is a major difference between smooth and skeletal muscle? A. Myosin is the main protein that is regulated in skeletal muscle B. Myosin is the main protein that is regulated in smooth muscle C. Skeletal muscle usually exhibits spontaneous activity while smooth muscle cannot contract spontaneously D. Only skeletal muscle has both actin and myosin E. Only skeletal muscle requires increased calcium ion concentration in the cytosol for contraction

B. Myosin is the main protein that is regulated in smooth muscle

During a long illness, Terrell has not been eating much. As a result his plasma Ca levels decrease. Which hormone wold we expect to see in higher levels than usual in his blood? A. thyroxine B. PTH C. Calcitonin D. GH E. insulin

B. PTH

Lo can be described as... A. The length at which a muscle produces maximum power B. The length at which a muscle produces maximum force or tension C. The length at which a muscle produces maximum velocity or speed D. The length at which the actin and myosin molecules in a given sarcomere are all touching.

B. The length at which a muscle produces maximum force or tension

Which of the following is NOT an anterior pituitary hormone? A. LH B. Vasopressin C. Growth Hormone D. FSH D. ACTH

B. Vasopressin

A slow-twitch muscle fiber... A. Will fatigue faster than a fast-twitch muscle fiber B. Will have more mitochondria than a fast-twitch muscle fiber C. All of the answers are correct. D. Will cycle through the cross bridge faster than a fast-twitch muscle fiber

B. Will have more mitochondria than a fast-twitch muscle fiber

Where does the calcium for skeletal muscle contraction come from? A. extracellular environment B. ca storage organelle, SR C. both a and b

B. ca storage organelle, SR

What is it called when a presynaptic and postsynaptic cell are fused together? A.. chemical synapse B. electrical synapse C. synaptic flow D. connexons

B. electrical synapse

Suppose you infuse into the extracellular environment of a neuron, a solution with high potassium levels (~90mM). what would you observe? A. following infusion, hyperpolarization of the RMP B. following infusion, depolarization of the RMP C. following infusion, an increased driving force for potassium to come into the neuron D. A and C E. B and C

B. following infusion, depolarization of the RMP

Synapses can be excitatory or inhibitory. A synapse that causes a post-synaptic opening of a ligand-gated potassium channel is most likely a _______ synapse. A. excitatory B. inhibitory

B. inhibitory

Ca is kept in incredibly low concentrations ________ because _______. A. outside cells; it is a signaling molecule B. inside cells; it is a signaling molecule C. outside cells; so I can build bone D. inside cells; so it can build bone E. outside cells; so it can contribute to cardiovascular health

B. inside cells; it is a signaling molecule

Transducin.... A. is an inotropic receptor B. is active in the light C. when activated, is part of a signaling cascade that depolarizes the photoreceptor D. a and b E. a, b and c

B. is active in the light

A neuron at rest has a resting potential of -70 MV. You put this neuron in a solution where the concentration of potassium in the extracellular solution is much higher. What happens to the resting membrane potential? A. it doesn't change B. it gets more positive (depolarizes) C. it gets more negative (hyperpolarizes) D. not enough info given

B. it gets more positive (depolarizes)

Sodium concentration outside a neuron is higher than usual. How would this affect action potential spike height? A. it would not affect it B. it would increase the AP spike height C. it would decrease the AP spike height

B. it would increase the AP spike height

Vercuronium poisons the neuromuscular junction by disrupting the interaction between which players in contraction? A. Vg Ca channel and neurotransmitters B. neurotransmitters and post synaptic receptors C. post synaptic receptors and Na channels D. neurotransmitters and Na channels E. t-tubules and SR

B. neurotransmitters and post synaptic receptors

Cortisol has anti-inflammatory properties. Does this mean it helps your immune response do its job? A. yes B. no

B. no

If muscles are provided more calcium, they will produce more force, yes? A. yes B. no

B. no

A patient has been diagnosed with hypothyroidism. Their thyroid gland seems to be unresponsive and as such is not producing enough TH. Assuming that the thyroid gland (and not the pituitary) is the issue, what would you expect concentrations of TSH in the blood of the patient to look like? A. about normal B. too high C. too low

B. too high

The two regulatory proteins involved in muscle contraction have several roles. Which of the following roles listed below is incorrectly described? A. troponin- Ca binding protein B. tropomyosin- ATP binding protein C. tropomyosin- covers the myosin binding sites on actin at rest D. tropomyosin- works coordinately with troponin to make binding sites available for myosin on actin E. troponin- bound to tropomyosin at rest

B. tropomyosin- ATP binding protein

Which adrenal hormone is INCORRECTLY paired with where it's released from in the adrenal gland? A. Aldosterone - adrenal cortex B. Cortisol - adrenal cortex C. ACTH - adrenal cortex D. Norepinephrine - adrenal medulla E. Epinephrine - adrenal medulla

C. ACTH - adrenal cortex

In the cross-bridge cycle, when ATP is present... A. Myosin and actin are interacting B. Myosin is in the energized state C. Actin and myosin dissocate from one another D. Rigor mortis sets in E. ADP and Pi are bound to myosin

C. Actin and myosin dissocate from one another

The reason that a potassium-gated channel on a post-synaptic cell would result in an inhibitory response is... A. Because potassium is highly concentrated outside cells and is negative B. Because potassium is highly concentrated outside cells and is positive C. Because potassium is highly concentrated inside cells and is positive D. Because potassium is highly concentrated inside cells and is negative

C. Because potassium is highly concentrated inside cells and is positive

Which is absolutely critical in chemical synaptic transmission? A. Na B. K C. Ca D. Cl E. Mg

C. Ca

Typical extracellular sodium concentrations are around 150mM. A cell suspended in a solution of 80mM Na+ would compared to an identical cell suspended in typical solution would... A. Be less excitable B. Have a more depolarized resting potential C. Have a lower action potential spike height D. Be more excitable E. Three choices are correct F. Have a higher action potential spike height G. Have a more hyperpolarized resting potential H. Two choices are correct

C. Have a lower action potential spike height

The L-type calcium channel opens by... A. Calcium efflux from the ryanodine receptor B. A local potential Potassium influx during repolarization C. Initial sodium influx during cardiomyocyte depolarization D. Binding of acetylcholine to the nicotinic receptors on the muscle cell membrane

C. Initial sodium influx during cardiomyocyte depolarization

Organophosphates, which are found in a lot of insecticides, block the activity of acetylcholineesterase. What might be a result of blocking this important enzyme? A. Hyperstimulation of the nicotinic receptor B. Accelerated ACh breakdown in the synaptic cleft C. Muscle paralysis due to limited activity in the muscle cell D. No answer text provided.

C. Muscle paralysis due to limited activity in the muscle cell

Which of the following statements about oxytocin is true?? A. Oxytocin is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland B. Oxytocin keeps uterine smooth muscle from contracting, so it prolongs pregnancy C. Oxytocin is synthesized by the hypothalamus D. Target cells of oxytocin have receptors for the hormone in their nucleus E. Oxytocin's main function is to increase the rate of respiration

C. Oxytocin is synthesized by the hypothalamus

Blood is a part of which fluid compartment? A. Intracellular fluid B. Interstitial fluid C. Plasma

C. Plasma

Which of the following is a calcium release channel? A. Troponin B. Tropomyosin C. Ryanodine receptor D. Nicotinic receptor E. DHP receptor

C. Ryanodine receptor

This hormone is in the amine group but can cross cell membranes. This hormone is... A. NOREPI B. cortisol C. TH D. GH E. ADH

C. TH

Which is most directly responsible for the falling (repolarizing) phase of the action potential A. The permeability to Na+ increases greatly B. ATPase destroys the energy supply that was maintaining the action potential at its peak C. The permeability to K+ increases while the permeability to Na+ decreases D. The Na+/K+ pump restores the ions to their original locations outside and inside the cell. E. Voltage gated Na+ channels are open

C. The permeability to K+ increases while the permeability to Na+ decreases

You are studying a frog gastrocnemius. You set the muscle up with a force transducer (measures force) at Lo. Your lab partner messes with something while you are in the bathroom and you come back to find that the muscle is producing 10g of force without any stimulation. What is happening? A. Your lab mate slacked the muscle and it is now producing passive tension B. Your lab mate stimulated ATP hydrolysis by placing the muscle in a solution of glucose C. Your lab mate stretched the muscle and it is producing passive tension D. Your lab mate sprinkled calcium on the muscle

C. Your lab mate stretched the muscle and it is producing passive tension

The reason that Na leak channels do not significantly contribute to resting membrane potential is... A. they aren't open at resting potentials B. because sodium is only part of the action potential C. because they are in far fewer concentrations compared to leak K channels D. because they don't exist

C. because they are in far fewer concentrations compared to leak K channels

A skeletal muscle deprived of adequate ATP supplies will... A. immediately relax B. release all actin-myosin bonds C. enter a state where actin and myosin are unable to separate D. fire many more AP's than usual and enter a state of 'rigor' E. sequester all free calcium ions into the SR

C. enter a state where actin and myosin are unable to separate

If you block calcium channels on an axon, which will not occur? A. hyperpolarization phase of the presynaptic action potential B. depolarization phase of the presynaptic action potential C. exocytosis of neurotransmitter D. repolarization phase of the presynaptic action potential E. graded potential

C. exocytosis of neurotransmitter

It is possible to train yourself to change your muscle fiber type composition? A. yes B. no C. kind of, gray area

C. kind of, gray area

How would a faster muscle fiber appear on a graph? A. higher x-intercept B. higher y-intercept C. lower x-intercept D. lower y-intercept

C. lower x-intercept

If the myosin ATPase in smooth muscle works at a different rate than skeletal muscle, which parameter would this affect? A. peak tension B. peak load C. peak velocity D. none of these

C. peak velocity

Nerve cells are most permeable too... A. sodium B. calcium C. potassium D. chloride E. potassium and chloride equally

C. potassium

Recall the Na/K pump. What is its job in a typical cell? A. pump 3 Na's out for every 2 K's in, passively B. pump 3 K's out for every 2 Na's in, actively C. pump 3 Na's out for every 2 K's in, actively D. pump 3 K's out for every 2 Na's in, passively E. pump 2 Na's out for every 3 K's in, actively

C. pump 3 Na's out for every 2 K's in, actively

An excitatory synapse... A. Is only excitatory if there is an ionotropic receptor B. Permits chloride flow in the post synaptic cell C. results in some kind of depolarization of the post synaptic cell D. Will always elicit an action potential in the post synaptic cell E. Utilizes ACh as a neurotransmitter

C. results in some kind of depolarization of the post synaptic cell

A hormone is transported in your bloodstream. How does it know where to stop/act? A. its secreted really close to where it is supposed to act, so it knows because its close by B. it has a binding protein that has directionality and knows where the hormone is supposed to go C. there are specific receptors for the hormone in the body, and the hormone travels to them

C. there are specific receptors for the hormone in the body, and the hormone travels to them

Experimentally, caffeine directly activates/opens the Ca release channel on the smooth muscle SR. Suppose you had a few smooth muscle cells sitting in a solution with no calcium, How would subjecting theses smooth muscle cells to caffeine affect the behavior of the smooth muscles? (note: caffeine easily crosses the cell membrane) A. their behavior would not change because there's no extracellular Ca B. they would produce force greater than if there were extracellular Ca present C. they would produce force, but it would be less than if there were extracellular Ca present D. they would relax

C. they would produce force, but it would be less than if there were extracellular Ca present

Which motor unit produces the most force? A. type I B. type IIa C. type IIx

C. type IIx

A hormone may be A. Excreted before it has a chance to act on a target cell B. Activated by its target cell C. Inactivated by nontarget cells D. All of these choices are correct E. Inactivated by its target cell

D. All of these choices are correct

When parathyroid hormone is high... A. Renal reabsorption of calcium decreases B. Osteoblast activity increases C. Blood calcium levels were high prior to its release D. Intestinal absorption of calcium increases

D. Intestinal absorption of calcium increases

A new element has been discovered!! Its name is Rutgeranium and its distribution in the extra- and intracellular fluid is still to be determined. Recently it was found that a ligand gated-Rutgeranium channel opened and resulted in an excitatory post synaptic response. What can you conclude about Rutgeranium? A. It is either positively charged and highly concentrated inside the cell or negatively charged and highly concentrated outside the cell B. It is positively charged and in higher concentrations in the extracellular environment compared to the intracellular C. It is negatively charged and in higher concentrations in the intracellular environment than the extracellular environment D. It is either positively charged and highly concentrated outside OR negatively charged and highly concentrated inside. E. It is positively charged and in higher concentrations in the intracellular environment than the extracellular environment F. It is negatively charged and in higher concentrations in the extracellular environment than the intracellular environment

D. It is either positively charged and highly concentrated outside OR negatively charged and highly concentrated inside.

Which of the proteins in involved in the contraction of smooth muscle is INCORRECTLY paired with its function? A. Actin - binds to myosin to generate force B. Myosin light chain kinase - adds a phosphate to myosin C. Myosin - changes shape upon phosphorylation D. Myosin light chain phosphatase - removes the phosphate from actin D. Calmodulin - binds calcium

D. Myosin light chain phosphatase - removes the phosphate from actin

The ionic basis of the "upshot" of the neuronal action potential is governed by... A. Na efflux B. K efflux C. K influx D. Na influx E. CA influx

D. Na influx

From the back of the eye to front, the order of the cells in the retina are... A. Photoreceptor cells, ganglion cells, bipolar cells B. Ganglion cells, bipolar cells, photoreceptor cells C. Ganglion cells, photoreceptor cells, bipolar cells D. Photoreceptor cells, bipolar cells, ganglion cells

D. Photoreceptor cells, bipolar cells, ganglion cells

The Ca2+ ATPase pumps on the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane play an important role in muscle contraction. In patients with muscular dystrophy, there is some evidence that shows the expression of the Ca2+ ATPase pumps is diminished (there are fewer). Which of the following cellular effects may be a result of the diminished number of Ca2+ ATPase pumps? A. Reduced communication between the DHP receptor and the Ca2+ ATPase pumps B. Reduced communication between the DHP Receptor and the Ryanodine receptor C. Reduced Ca2+ release through the RyR Slowed activity of the Na/K pump D. Reduced Ca2+ uptake into the SR

D. Reduced Ca2+ uptake into the SR

What is responsible for the short bouts of declining tension that are present in an unfused tetanus? A. All options are correct Three of these options are correct B. Ca+ release through the RyR is accelerating C. The amplitude of the calcium transient is declining D. Two of these options are correct E. The frequency of stimulation is increasing F. Ca2+ ATPase pumps are pumping Ca2+ back into the SR

D. Two of these options are correct

Which of the following is an example of homeostasis? A. You get a cut on your finger and a blood clot forms B. Blood sugar rises following a meal C. Your stomach grumbles because you are hungry D. You go outside in the freezing weather and shiver

D. You go outside in the freezing weather and shiver

Which of the following is an example of homeostasis? A. You take a hot shower and your body temperature increases B. You go swimming in a cold lake and your body temperature decreases C. You over for a week and gain weight D. You run a marathon and you get thirsty E. None of the above

D. You run a marathon and you get thirsty

Which muscle type uses Ca from both the extracellular environment and the SR for contraction? A. skeletal B. smooth C. cardiac D. b and c E. a, b and c

D. b and c

In the dark... The photoreceptor cell is firing action potentials A. Transducin is active B. The photoreceptor cell is hyperpolarized C. cGMP gated channels are closed D. cGMP is high

D. cGMP is high

The resting potential of a neuron that is submerged in a solution with zero extracellular potassium will __________________ because __________________________. A. hyperpolarize ; the driving force for potassium to exit the cell decreases B. depolarize ; the driving force for potassium to exit the cell increases C. depolarize ; the driving force for potassium to exit the cell decreases D. hyperpolarize ; the driving force for potassium to exit the cell increases E. hyperpolarize ; the driving force for potassium to enter the cell increases

D. hyperpolarize ; the driving force for potassium to exit the cell increases

Which of the factors below would likely increase muscle cell force? A. higher rate of ATP hydrolysis B. decreased intracellular Ca C. increased intracellular H D. more actin-myosin cross bridges E. more than one of these

D. more actin-myosin cross bridges

What is the main function of the SR in skeletal muscle cells? A. contributes to passive tension B. houses mitochondria C. storage compartment for ATP D. storage compartment for Ca E. main component in muscle relaxation

D. storage compartment for Ca

The calcium that flows into the pre-synaptic cell in synaptic transmission comes from... A. the intracellular environment B. storage vesicles C. the endoplasmic reticulum D. the extracellular environment

D. the extracellular environment

Which of the following is a posterior pituitary hormone? A. GH B. dopamine C. NOREPI D. cortisol E. ADH (vasopressin)

E. ADH (vasopressin)

Which of the following scenario(s) would result in a cell that is more excitable? A. Raising the threshold of the neuron or cell B. Decreased extracellular potassium compared to normal values C. Decreased extracellular sodium compared to normal values D. More than one of the options are correct E. Increased extracellular potassium compared to normal values F. Lowering the resting potential of the neuron

E. Increased extracellular potassium compared to normal values

In the transduction of sound, potassium plays an important role. How is it involved? A. It is pumped out of the hair cell by the sodium potassium pump B. It causes the release of neurotransmitter onto afferent neurons C. It flows from the endolymph into the hair cell, hyperpolarizing it D. It is responsible for voltage gated Na+ release E. It flows from the endolymph into the hair cell, depolarizing it

E. It flows from the endolymph into the hair cell, depolarizing it

What would happen if tropomyosin couldn't change confirmation in the presence of Ca2+ binding to troponin? A. Myosin couldn't bind to troponin B. ACh wouldn't be released from vesicles C. Ca2+ wouldn't be released from the SR D. Myosin couldn't bind to ATP E. Myosin couldn't bind to actin

E. Myosin couldn't bind to actin

You are designing an experiment to quantify the levels of stress experiences by different individuals. Which of the following tests would reveal insight as to a patient's chronic stress? A. Testing plasma levels of parathyroid hormone B. Testing plasma levels of dopamine C. Testing plasma levels of growth hormone D. Testing plasma levels of follicle stimulating hormone E. Testing plasma levels of cortisol

E. Testing plasma levels of cortisol

Which of the following are true? A. the AP for cardiac muscle is much longer than skeletal muscle B. cardiac muscle develops force while the AP is still going on C. Ca is not involved in the skeletal muscle AP D. a and b E. a, b and c

E. a, b and c

If calcium were unavailable, it would affect the structure of which protein(s)? A. troponin B. tropomyosin C. actin D. myosin E. all of them

E. all of them

The hair cell in the ear is analogous to the ______ cell in the eye. A. bipolar B. rod C. cone D. ganglion E. b or c

E. b or c

The light sensitive part of the photoreceptor cells that actually receives a photon of light is... A. cGMP B. ganglion cell C. opsin D. transducin E. retinal

E. retinal

At what point on the graph is the Na/K pump at work? A. rise B. top C. fall D. undershoot E. resting potential F. all of the above

F. all of the above