Exam 1
Descartes
(1596 -1650) believed that the mind and body were separate. The body is a physical entity, but the mind is a non-material- the body can influence the mind and vice-versa.
Jean Piaget
(1930)- perhaps one of the most influential observers of child behavior and development. Influential theories of the development of cognition in children.
Aristotle
(384-322 BC) Greek naturalist and philosopher, theorized about psychology's concepts. He suggested that the soul and body are not separate and that knowledge grows from experience.
Psychiatrists
(M.D.) medical professionals who use treatments like drugs and psychotherapy to treat psychologically diseased patients.
clinical psychologist
(Ph.D) studies, assesses, and treats troubled people with psychotherapy
Text book titles and equipment requirements:
-Exploring Psychology Tenth edition by David Myers -I-Clicker -Forty Studies That Changed Psychology 7th Edition by Hock -Access to a computer and internet access
Number of questions on each exam:
100 on Final, 50 points per exam
John Locke
17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.
William James
1842-1910; Field: functionalism; Contributions: studied how humans use perception to function in our environment; Studies: Pragmatism, The Meaning of Truth
Number of exams during the quarter:
5- 4 mandatory
Cognitive neuroscience
A field that attempts to understand the links between cognitive processes and brain activity.
Clever Hans
A horse that was claimed to have been able to perform math and other intellectual tasks. It was determined that the horse wasn't actually performing these mental tasks but was watching the reaction of the human observers.
Survey
A technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes, opinions or behaviors of people usually done by questioning a representative, random sample of people.
Case study
A technique in which one person is studied in depth to reveal underlying behavioral principles.
Procedures for exams:
All exams will be taken using the Respondus Lockdown Browser window. 40 mins will be allowed for exams (80 mins for the final exam). Students are not allowed to use the text or notes and are not allowed to work with other students during the exam. Exams will be made available between 8am and 11:30pm on exam day. Exams not completed during this time will result in a 0 for that exam. Once a student begins an exam, that exam must be completed within the time indicated, no exceptions (40 mins). Canvas will automatically stop the exam if not completed in the allotted time.If your exam shuts down, you will be allowed to re-enter the exam, however, the time will continue to run while the exam is closed. NO MAKE UP EXAMS, NO EXCEPTIONS The Final Exam (Exam 5). The final exam will contain 100 questions, worth 1/2 point each (50 points total, same as other exams). You will be given 1hour, 20 mins to complete the exam. The final exam will be comprehensive.Cheating. Due to the online nature of the exams, there are few measures in place to discourage cheating. 1) Timed Exams: exams are timed, you will need to read and answer the questions quickly to finish the exam in the allotted time. 2) Question Pools: each exam is composed of questions randomly drawn from a pool of exam questions. This means that no two exams are the same. Unfortunately, this also means that you may get two questions that are similar - you are allowed to go back through the exam to change your answers if you wish. 3) Respondus LockDown Browser: All exams will be completed using Respondus LockDown Browser. Directions for loading the LockDown Browser are located on Canvas > Modules > Respondus LockDown Browser Instruction. You must download this browser before the first exam. This browser allows you to open the exam but locks down your computer while taking the exam. You will not be able to open any other windows while taking the exam.
Sigmund Freud
An Austrian physician, him and his followers emphasized the importance of the unconscious mind and its effects on human behavior (Id, Ego, and Super Ego). (1900)
B.F. Skinner
Behaviorist that developed the theory of operant conditioning by training pigeons and rats
Psychology's Three Main Levels of Analysis
Biological influences + Psychological influences + Social cultural influences = behavior or mental process
Oskar Pfungst
Clever Hans effect, the horse mimicked the human
J.B Watson and Rosalie Rayner
Conditioned fear response in young child "Little Albert"-Focused on the the scientific study of BEHAVIOR•Can't see it, can't say it.•In order to study behavior you must leave all inference out - can only describe behavior, not infer behavior.-"how are you feeling?" and "what are you thinking?" not able to be studied because we can't see what you are feeling and thinking.-Study of behavior - "Behaviorism"
Maslow and Rogers
Emphasized current environmental influences on our growth potential and our need for love and acceptance.
Darwin
English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882)
Margaret Floy Washburn
First female to be awarded a PhD in psychology; 2nd president of the APA (1921)
Mary Whiton Caulkins
First woman president of APA
Iclicker (purpose of the iclicker, when the iclicker can be used, how to earn points, registering your iclicker, what will happen if you don't register your iclicker correctly, how to view the iclicker points you have earned). (Lecture)
If you are caught with more than one clicker during class, the entire class will forfeit points for that day The total number of clicker points will be between 40 and 80pts for the entire quarter. Some days I will offer multiple points, some days zero points. You will earn clicker points by answering questions in class, reading the assigned chapter before class will allow you to answer the questions correctly. You will receive 1/2 point for using the clicker in class and 1/2 point for getting the answer correct.
Experimental group
In an experiment, the group that is exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable.
Control group
In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.
Behavioral Genetics
Nature vs. Nurture. The study of the effects of heredity on behavior
Naturalistic observation
Observing and recording the behavior of animals in the wild and recording self-seating patterns in a multiracial school lunch room constitute naturalistic observation.
Cross-cultural and Gender Psychology
Specific attitudes and behaviors of different cultures and genders can vary ... but they often have the same underlying causes
Edward Titchener
Student of Wilhelm Wundt; founder of Structuralist school of psychology.
educational psychologist
Studies and helps individuals in school and educational settings
clinical psychologist
Studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders
J. Piaget
Swiss psychologist and epistemologist known for his pioneering work in child development; his theory of cognitive development and epistemological view are together called "genetic epistemology"
Overconfidence
Tendency to overestimate our ability to make correct predictions
Definition of Psychology around 1920-
The Science of Observable Behavior.
Independent Variable
The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.
Dependent Variable
The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.
How will your instructor drop your lowest exam and lab grade?
The professor will drop the lowest score from a downloaded version of the Canvas grade center at the end of the quarter. Students will continue to see all lab and exam score/points on Canvas. The lowest exam score will be dropped by your professor; you will continue to see all scores on Canvas. If you have to miss an exam, that will be the one you drop.
Definition of Psychology prior to the 1920-
The science of Mental Processes
Definition of Psychology 1960-
The science of Mental Processes.
Definition of Psychology today:
The science of mental processes and observable behavior
Mandatory participation requirement (points need = points in gradebook, options for completing this requirement, when does the requirement due)
These 6 points will translate into 12pts in the grade book Option 1: Counseling Participation Option:Counseling: Students may fulfill the requirement by participating in one counseling session at the Community Counseling Center in the Psychology department (room 118 Psychology Building). Note: this is not the same as the Student Health and Wellness Center. Students who want to participate in a counseling session must register their information on the SONA system but will not sign up for a counseling session on the system. Students will fill out a counseling form in class, submit the form to the counseling center and will be contacted by a counselor. The counselor will contact you via phone to set up and appointment for the counseling session and will enter your info on the SONA system for you. If you sign up to participate for a counseling session and miss the session you will be allowed to sign up a second time. If you miss the second session you will be blocked by the system and will be required to fulfill the non-research option below. All counseling sessions will last 50 minutes and are worth 3 points. If you choose to participate in more than one session you may use any additional points for extra credit. Your points from this counseling session will be entered into the Sona system by your counselor. You must register on the Sona system to move these points into the correct Psy. 101 class section (section .001, .002, or .003). If you fail to select the correct lecture section, will you not earn the points for participation. (See Sona System below) Participation in a counseling session must be completed by 5pm on Thursday Nov. 29thst. The points earned on the Sona system are dependent on the length of time for each study. ½ point for each 10 mins. For online surveys, 1 point per 10 mins for face-to-face studies. Point totals for each study are listed with the study. If you sign up to participate for a research study session and miss the session you will be allowed to sign up a second time. If you miss the second session you will be blocked by the system and will be required to fulfill the non-research option below. If you accrue more than 5 points of participation, the remaining points will go toward extra credit. SONA CLOSES ON Thursday Nov. 29th AT 5PM. Option 3: Non-research/non-counseling option: Experience Summary Discover an experience that relates to this course. This could be a newspaper article, popular magazine article, movie, book, on or off campus lecture that relates to the General Psychology course. Submit a two page, double spaced, 1 inch margins, typed summary of a research article, magazine article, movie, or book. The summary must contain 1) a summary of the article, 2) a paragraph or two relating the article to this course, and 3) your personal reflection on the article or storyline. NO CREDIT FOR SUMMARIES LESS THAN 2 PAGES!!! Submit on Canvas lecture page by Friday Nov. 30th 5pm.
Extra credit options
Up to 12 extra credit points. (1 point = 1 point in the gradebook (not weighted) Extra credit points earned on the SONA system will translate point-for-point (i.e. 1 point = 1 point extra credit) Any additional points from counseling sessions (over 5 points) will go toward your extra credit total. Research participation, non-research option (summaries) and counseling sessions will first be used to fulfill the mandatory requirement, participation thereafter will be counted toward extra credit, up to 12 points.
Wilhelm Wundt
Wundt and psychology's first graduate students studied the "atoms of the mind" by conducting experiments at Leipzig, Germany, in 1879.
Labs (purpose of the labs, things that are not allowed during the lab, textbook for the lab)
You may drop your lowest lab quiz/attendance/discussion grade 10 points (but not assignment grade), but not the assignment(s) due for that lab or any other points earned in lab on that day. Emailed assignments are NOT allowed. If you have to miss a lab discussion you must contact the GA (contact information will be provided in the first lab also found on Canvas). Your GA will not allow you to make up the lab - or - the GA may only allow you to make up some, but not all of the points. This may include a summary of the readings, questions regarding the readings, or a quiz. Due to the large number of students, you will not be allowed to attend a different lab to "make up" the one you missed. Arriving late to lab will result in a forfeit of quiz points for that day. All article summaries and article summarized will be submitted on Canvas on the due date. You will receive an F on the assignment if not submitted to Canvas. You will also receive an F if you do not also submit a copy of your article. Cell phones, tablets, etc. will not be tolerated in the classroom. If the use of a cellphone, tablet, etc. becomes a distraction, the student may be asked to leave the class. THE SONA SYSTEM WILL CLOSE ON Nov. 29th at 5pm.
Confounding variable
a factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment
counseling psychologist
a psychologist who usually helps people deal with problems of living
Operational definition
a statement of the procedures (operations) used to define research variables. For example, human intelligence may be operationally defined as what an intelligence test measures.
Hypothesis
a testable prediction, often prompted by a theory, to enable us to accept, reject or revise the theory.
Theory
an explanation that integrates principles and organizes and predicts behavior or events
The Bio-psycho-social approach
an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis
Double-blind
an observation whose true purpose is hidden from both the observer and the person being observed
The Scientific Attitude
curiosity, skepticism, humility
Ivan Pavlov
discovered classical conditioning; trained dogs to salivate at the ringing of a bell
Freudian psychology
emphasized the ways our unconscious thought processes and our emotional responses to childhood experiences affect our behavior
cognitive psychologist
experimenting with how we perceive, think, and solve problems
biological psychologist
explore the links between brain and mind
social psychologist
exploring how we view and affect one another
External validity
extent to which we can generalize findings to real-world settings
J. Watson
father of behaviorism
William James
founder of functionalism; studied how humans use perception to function in our environment (1890) - published the first psychology text book
Psychodynamic
how behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts
Social-cultural
how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking
Neuroscience
how the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences
Evolutionary
how the natural selection of traits has promoted the survival of genes
Cognitive
how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information
Behavioral
how we learn observable responses
personality psychologist
investigate our persistent traits
Replication
repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances
Mary Calkins
student under William James who should have earned her Ph.D. from Harvard; Harvard denied her the degree she had earned, offering her a degree from Radcliffe College, which she refused the degree; she became a memory researcher and the American Psychological Association's (APA's) first female president in 1905
developmental psychologist
studies psychological development across the lifespan
Internal validity
the degree to which changes in the dependent variable are due to the manipulation of the independent variable
Illusory Correlation
the perception of a relationship where none exists
Contemporary Psychology
the scientific study of behavior and mental processes
Positive Psychology
the scientific study of human flourishing, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive
Evolutionary Psychology
the study of the evolution/change of behavior over time. Adaptation to environment, etc.
Behavior genetics
the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior
Hindsight Bias
the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it "I knew it all along"
Behaviorism
the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes.
industrial/organizational psychologist
uses psychological concepts to make the workplace a more satisfying environment for employees and managers