Exam 1- Biodiversity

How does the body recognize "self" cells compared to "nonself" cells?

"Self" cells are marked by glycoproteins called major-histocompatibility complexes (MHC)

Best Way to Describe A Virus?

A nonliving complex of RNA or DNA protected by a protein coat

Structures that have the same function but evolved independently, such as the wings of bats and birds

Analogous structures

When two different forms of a virus infect the same cell, the host cell may manufacture viral particles from both viruses to reassemble them into a new form of virus?

Antigenic Shift

The specific immune system recognizes _____ found on the surface of the pathogen

Antigens

The influenza vaccine elicits an immune response by presenting the body with?

Antigens specific to the virus

The SARS-Cov2 virus enters host cells by ?

Attaching to ACE2 receptors

In living organisms, the flow of information is from

DNA > RNA> protein

Two most prevelant forms of the influenza virus?

Influenza A and Influenza B

The most common flu vaccine is called a trivalent vaccine because?

It contains 3 different strains of inactivated viruses

When the influenza virus enters into an epithelial cell within the respiratory tract, the infected cell responds by

Posting antigens on its cell surface, acting as a flag for the cytotoxic T cells to destroy it

What is the Lymphatic System responsible for?

Returning body fluid to the circulatory system (blood)

Which protein structures on the SARS-CoV2 virus identify host cells?

S (spike protiens)

Where did Alfred Russel Wallace do his biogeographical studies?

South Pacific Islands

Why are viruses excluded from being classified as living organisms?

They cannot process energy and materials

What are the two components of a Virus?

a protein capsid and genetic material

The immune system's role is to

actively seek and destroy pathogens.

The activities of macrophages

are part of the general immune system. nonspecific

What is the action of B cells?

change into plasma cells after meeting antigens to produce antibodies. develop and mature in the bone marrow. carry receptor molecules on their cell surfaces.

natural killer cells (NK cells)

destroy cells of the body that have been infected by viruses or bacteria

What do macrophages, dendritic cells, and neutrophils do?

destroy pathogens by phagocytosis. nonspecific

What are the roles of the Inflammatory System?

increase blood flow to the infected area, isolate the infection to a limited area, and allow fluid to reach the infected area

The cycle of viral infection that will rapidly result in the death of a bacterial cell is called

lytic

Evolution is described as the change in heritable traits of a ___ over time?

population

B lymphocytes

produce antibodies

Capsid

protein coat surrounding a virus

Spikes

type of glycoproteins that assist the virus in identifying and entering its host cell

Structures that are passed on from a common ancestor, such as the bone structure of a limb

Homologous structures

What is the correct sequence of events in viral reproduction?

Attachment, Penetration, Biosynthesis, Maturation, and Release