Exam 1, Chapter 1

In a human cell, the DNA of each chromosome is ______. Multiple choice question. double-stranded and linear single-stranded and linear double-stranded and circular single-stranded and circular

double-stranded and linear

A cell or organism that contains two copies of every chromosome is said to be ...................

diploid or somatic

The DNA of human chromosomes is ______. Multiple select question. double-stranded short circular long single-stranded linear

double-stranded long linear

The complete set of proteins that a cell makes at a given time is called its ..........

proteome

In the genetic code, how many nucleotides are necessary to specify one amino acid?

3

What is a gene mutation? Multiple choice question. A change in the base pair sequence of a gene A change in the total number of chromosomes A change in the structure of a chromosome

A change in the base pair sequence of a gene

True or false: An organism's environment can affect its morphological and physiological traits.

True

A gene can be described as a unit of heredity or as a segment of ............. that produces a functional product.

DNA

The abbreviation for deoxyribonucleic acid is ...............

DNA

What is the genetic material of all living organisms composed of?

DNA

Place the molecules produced when a gene is expressed in the correct sequence beginning with the gene.

DNA mRNA Protein

The information in a(n) ............... molecule is stored in the sequence of its nucleotide bases.

DNA or RNA

The genetic variation among individuals within a population can be explained by differences in the sequence of........

DNA, nucleotides, bases,

What underlies the majority of the genetic variation among individuals within a population? Multiple choice question. Differences in the number of genes Differences in the timing and location of gene expression Differences in the number of chromosomes Differences in the nucleotide sequence of DNA

Differences in the nucleotide sequence of DNA

What is the difference between hypothesis testing and discovery-based science? Multiple choice question. Discovery-based science does not require a preconceived hypothesis. Only discovery-based science can lead to new discoveries. Discovery-based science does not involve the collection of data. Only hypothesis testing is considered a scientific approach.

Discovery-based science does not require a preconceived hypothesis.

True or false: A pair of homologous chromosomes always contains identical alleles of the same genes. True false question. True False

False

True or false: All gene mutations that have an effect on a cell or organism alter the structure and function of the protein encoded by the gene.

False

True or false: All gene mutations that have an effect on a cell or organism alter the structure and function of the protein encoded by the gene. True false question. True False

False

Which approach involves implementation of the scientific method to test an explanation for a natural phenomenon? Multiple choice question. Neither hypothesis testing nor discovery-based science Discovery-based science Hypothesis testing Both hypothesis testing and discovery-based science

Hypothesis testing

Where are the chromosomes located in a eukaryotic cell? Multiple choice question. Attached to ribosomes In the endoplasmic reticulum In the nucleus In the cytosol

In the nucleus

Behavioral trait

The mating call of a bird species

What type of RNA contains the information required to synthesize a protein? Multiple choice question. Messenger RNA Small nuclear RNA Silencing RNA Transfer RNA Ribosomal RNA

Messenger RNA

What are the subunits of DNA? Multiple choice question. Nucleotides Amino acids Polypeptides Chromosomes

Nucleotides

During transcription, the DNA sequence of a gene is copied into a sequence of ______.

RNA

What is the primary advantage of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction? Multiple choice question. Sexual reproduction requires less energy. Sexual reproduction enhances genetic variation. Sexual reproduction results in more offspring.

Sexual reproduction enhances genetic variation.

Which of the following cells are gametes? Multiple select question. Liver cell Sperm Fertilized egg Heart cell Egg

Sperm Egg

Which of the following topics is the focus of molecular genetics? Multiple choice question. The biochemical structure and function of DNA The way that genes are passed from parents to offspring The way genetic variation is related to an organism's environment

The biochemical structure and function of DNA

Morphological trait

The color of a flower

What is the proteome? Multiple choice question. The functional product of a gene An organelle that degrades old and damaged proteins The complete set of proteins that a cell makes at a given time An organelle that synthesizes new proteins

The complete set of proteins that a cell makes at a given time

Physiological trait

The rate at which a bacterium metabolizes a sugar

What is the focus of population genetics? Multiple choice question. The relationship between genetic variation and an organism's environment The relationship of DNA, RNA, and protein through gene expression The transmission of genes from parents to their offspring

The relationship between genetic variation and an organism's environment

What is gene expression? Multiple choice question. The use of a gene sequence to affect the characteristics of a cell or organism. The process of copying the complete genetic information of a cell in preparation for cell division. The analysis of the complete set of genes that a specific cell or organism contains.

The use of a gene sequence to affect the characteristics of a cell or organism.

Which field of genetics focuses on how genes are passed on from parents to offspring? Multiple choice question. Transmission genetics Molecular genetics Population genetics

Transmission genetics

Alternative versions of the same gene are called

allele

The genetic code directs the order of ______ within a polypeptide based on the sequence of nucleotides within a DNA molecule. Multiple choice question. nucleic acids amino acids fatty acids

amino acids

In living cells, DNA is found in large structures called ..................., which are contained in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell.

chromosome

The two chromosomes in a homologous pair contain ______. Multiple choice question. copies of the same genes, which may or may not be identical alleles copies of the same genes, which are always identical to each other entirely different genes

copies of the same genes, which may or may not be identical alleles

An organism's traits can be affected by its genes and also by its................

environment

Changes in the genetic makeup of a population from one generation to the next represent

evolution

The process of using a gene sequence to affect the characteristics of cells and organisms is called gene ______. Multiple choice question. reproduction expression replication

expression

During sexual reproduction, the process in which gametes unite to restore the diploid number of chromosomes is called ............

fertilization

Sperm and egg cells are also called ______. Multiple choice question. morphs somatic cells homologs gametes

gametes

Most genes contain the information to direct the synthesis of a polypeptide. The order of amino acids in the polypeptide is specified according to the ...................... code.

genetic

The study of mutant genes with abnormal function in order to better understand the function of a normal gene is referred to as a(n) .............. approach.

genetic approach.

One of the main advantages of sexual reproduction is that it increases ................ variation.

genetic variation.

Genetics is the branch of biology that deals with ______. Multiple choice question. the structure and function of cell interactions between organisms and their environment the structure and function of biological macromolecules heredity and variation

heredity and variation

In a diploid organism, the two copies of a chromosome are referred to as ______. Multiple choice question. homologs alleles genomes gametes

homologs

In this figure, two copies of chromosome 13 are circled. These two copies of chromosome 13 are called .................... of each other.

homologs, homologues

Genetic variation describes differences in ______. Multiple choice question. the two copies of a gene found in a single individual the number of chromosomes found in different species inherited traits among individuals within a population

inherited traits among individuals within a population

Genetic variation can be attributed to gene ................... that affect the sequence of a single gene or alterations in the structure or total number of ....................

mutations chromosomes

A large molecule that is composed of repeating units of smaller building blocks is called a(n) ................

macromolecule or polymer

When a protein-encoding gene is transcribed, the RNA molecule that is produced is referred to as ........... RNA (mRNA).

messenger

The image is depicting organisms that researchers often use in the laboratory. These are called ...............organisms

model

A macromolecule is best described as a ______. Multiple choice question. molecule that affects the size of a cell molecule composed of repeating units of smaller building blocks molecule composed of two or more different types of molecules

molecule composed of repeating units of smaller building blocks

The color of a butterfly, such as the ones shown here, is an example of a(n) ______ trait.

morphological trait

The term genetic approach refers to the study of ______. Multiple choice question. crosses between individuals with different traits mutant genes with abnormal function normal gene expression the relationship among DNA, RNA, and protein

mutant genes with abnormal function

Changes in the nucleotide sequence of a single gene that result in two or more alleles for that gene are called gene........

mutation

In a DNA molecule, information is contained in the sequence of ______. Multiple choice question. fatty acids nitrogenous bases amino acids

nitrogenous bases

DNA is made of ______. Multiple choice question. amino acids polypeptides nucleotides chromosomes

nucleotides

A DNA molecule is a linear sequence of subunits called...............

nucleotides or nucleotide

The building blocks of DNA are called ............

nucleotides, nucleotide, or deoxyribonculeotides

In a eukaryotic cell, the ....................... is surrounded by a double membrane that protects the chromosomes from the rest of the cellular components.

nucleus or nuclei

A cell that is haploid contains ______ set(s) of chromosomes. Multiple choice question. a partial set four two one

one

A gene is a segment of DNA that produces a functional product, which is usually a(n)........... , or as a unit of heredity that affects an organism's ........................

polypeptide, or protein traits, characteristic, or phenotype

The field of genetics that focuses on the relationship of genetic variation to an organism's environment is called ..................... genetics.

population genetics.

The primary function of DNA is to code for the production of .................

protein, polypeptide, or RNA

An organism's genome consists of ______. Multiple choice question. the complete set of RNA molecules found in its cells the DNA found in all of its chromosomes all of the structures found inside its cells the entire set of proteins found in its cells

the DNA found in all of its chromosomes

The union of gametes at fertilization restores ______. Multiple choice question. the haploid number of chromosomes the double-stranded structure of DNA the diploid number of chromosomes

the diploid number of chromosomes

When a structural gene is expressed, its DNA sequence is ............ into RNA, which is then ................. to produce a polypeptide.

transcripted translated

The process by which a DNA sequence is copied into an RNA sequence is called .................

transcription

The inheritance of genes and the way that genes influence traits is the focus of ....................... genetics.

transmission genetics.

The term diploid means that a cell or organism has ______. Multiple choice question. a total of two chromosomes two alternative traits two different alleles of a specific gene two copies of every chromosome

two copies of every chromosome

Differences in inherited traits among individuals within a population are referred to as genetic ...............

variation, diversity

Which of the following are correct descriptions of a gene? Multiple select question. A unit of heredity An entire chromosome The complete set of information inside a cell A segment of DNA that influences one or more traits of an organism A segment of DNA that produces a functional product

A unit of heredity A segment of DNA that influences one or more traits of an organism A segment of DNA that produces a functional product

The four different categories of large organic molecules found within cells are ______. Multiple select question. Lipids Amino acids Proteins Carbohydrates Nucleic acids Nucleotides Organelles

Lipids Proteins Carbohydrates Nucleic acids

Which area of genetics focuses on the biochemical understanding of DNA and gene expression? Multiple choice question. Molecular genetics Population genetics Transmission genetics

Molecular genetics

The branch of biology that deals with heredity and variation is .---------

genetics

The term that describes all of the DNA found in all of an organism's chromosomes is .............

genome

A cell that contains a single set of chromosomes is called...................

haploid or monoploid

One useful strategy for solving problems in genetics is to propose a(n) , .................. which is an attempt to explain an observation or data.

hypothesis

Both DNA and RNA are ______ acids. Multiple choice question. fatty nucleic amino

nucleic

In a multicellular organism, cells that are not directly involved in sexual reproduction are called ............ cells.

somatic cells.

In the genetic code, there are 64 codons consisting of ................... nucleotide(s) each that specify the 20 different amino acids. (Your answer will be a number).

3

Select all that apply Which of the following are correct descriptions of a gene? Multiple select question. A unit of heredity One or more polypeptides with a specific function A segment of DNA that produces a functional product A chromosome

A unit of heredity A segment of DNA that produces a functional product

What are alleles? Multiple choice question. Alternative versions of the same gene Similar genes that are found in different species Different genes that have similar functions

Alternative versions of the same gene

What is a model organism?

An organism that is studied so that researchers can determine broadly applicable scientific principles

What are somatic cells? Multiple choice question. Cells that are not involved in sexual reproduction Cells that give rise to sperm and egg cells Cells that unite at fertilization to restore a diploid number of chromosomes

Cells that are not involved in sexual reproduction

What is the main function of a cell's genetic material? Multiple choice question. It is an important component of the cell membrane. It provides structural stability for cells. It accelerates chemical reactions. It encodes proteins.

It encodes proteins.

Gene mutations can affect the traits of an organism because they can alter the expression or function of the. ............... encoded by the gene.

proteins, or polypeptide

What is evolution?

Change in the genetic makeup of a population from one generation to the next

Which of the following are genomic alterations that may induce genetic variation? Multiple select question. Changes in chromosome number Gene mutations Changes in chromosome structure Changes in amino acid sequence

Changes in chromosome number Gene mutations Changes in chromosome structure

What structures in a cell contain DNA? Multiple choice question.

Chromosomes

You are trying to solve a genetics problem that asks you to determine how two proteins differ from one another. Which problem-solving strategy would be most helpful for this question? Multiple choice question. Use statistics Describe the steps Compare and contrast Predict the outcome

Compare and contrast

The four categories of large organic molecules that are found in cells are nucleic acids, lipids, carbohydrates, and ............

proteins, polypeptides