Exam 1, Chapter 1
In a human cell, the DNA of each chromosome is ______. Multiple choice question. double-stranded and linear single-stranded and linear double-stranded and circular single-stranded and circular
double-stranded and linear
A cell or organism that contains two copies of every chromosome is said to be ...................
diploid or somatic
The DNA of human chromosomes is ______. Multiple select question. double-stranded short circular long single-stranded linear
double-stranded long linear
The complete set of proteins that a cell makes at a given time is called its ..........
proteome
In the genetic code, how many nucleotides are necessary to specify one amino acid?
3
What is a gene mutation? Multiple choice question. A change in the base pair sequence of a gene A change in the total number of chromosomes A change in the structure of a chromosome
A change in the base pair sequence of a gene
True or false: An organism's environment can affect its morphological and physiological traits.
True
A gene can be described as a unit of heredity or as a segment of ............. that produces a functional product.
DNA
The abbreviation for deoxyribonucleic acid is ...............
DNA
What is the genetic material of all living organisms composed of?
DNA
Place the molecules produced when a gene is expressed in the correct sequence beginning with the gene.
DNA mRNA Protein
The information in a(n) ............... molecule is stored in the sequence of its nucleotide bases.
DNA or RNA
The genetic variation among individuals within a population can be explained by differences in the sequence of........
DNA, nucleotides, bases,
What underlies the majority of the genetic variation among individuals within a population? Multiple choice question. Differences in the number of genes Differences in the timing and location of gene expression Differences in the number of chromosomes Differences in the nucleotide sequence of DNA
Differences in the nucleotide sequence of DNA
What is the difference between hypothesis testing and discovery-based science? Multiple choice question. Discovery-based science does not require a preconceived hypothesis. Only discovery-based science can lead to new discoveries. Discovery-based science does not involve the collection of data. Only hypothesis testing is considered a scientific approach.
Discovery-based science does not require a preconceived hypothesis.
True or false: A pair of homologous chromosomes always contains identical alleles of the same genes. True false question. True False
False
True or false: All gene mutations that have an effect on a cell or organism alter the structure and function of the protein encoded by the gene.
False
True or false: All gene mutations that have an effect on a cell or organism alter the structure and function of the protein encoded by the gene. True false question. True False
False
Which approach involves implementation of the scientific method to test an explanation for a natural phenomenon? Multiple choice question. Neither hypothesis testing nor discovery-based science Discovery-based science Hypothesis testing Both hypothesis testing and discovery-based science
Hypothesis testing
Where are the chromosomes located in a eukaryotic cell? Multiple choice question. Attached to ribosomes In the endoplasmic reticulum In the nucleus In the cytosol
In the nucleus
Behavioral trait
The mating call of a bird species
What type of RNA contains the information required to synthesize a protein? Multiple choice question. Messenger RNA Small nuclear RNA Silencing RNA Transfer RNA Ribosomal RNA
Messenger RNA
What are the subunits of DNA? Multiple choice question. Nucleotides Amino acids Polypeptides Chromosomes
Nucleotides
During transcription, the DNA sequence of a gene is copied into a sequence of ______.
RNA
What is the primary advantage of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction? Multiple choice question. Sexual reproduction requires less energy. Sexual reproduction enhances genetic variation. Sexual reproduction results in more offspring.
Sexual reproduction enhances genetic variation.
Which of the following cells are gametes? Multiple select question. Liver cell Sperm Fertilized egg Heart cell Egg
Sperm Egg
Which of the following topics is the focus of molecular genetics? Multiple choice question. The biochemical structure and function of DNA The way that genes are passed from parents to offspring The way genetic variation is related to an organism's environment
The biochemical structure and function of DNA
Morphological trait
The color of a flower
What is the proteome? Multiple choice question. The functional product of a gene An organelle that degrades old and damaged proteins The complete set of proteins that a cell makes at a given time An organelle that synthesizes new proteins
The complete set of proteins that a cell makes at a given time
Physiological trait
The rate at which a bacterium metabolizes a sugar
What is the focus of population genetics? Multiple choice question. The relationship between genetic variation and an organism's environment The relationship of DNA, RNA, and protein through gene expression The transmission of genes from parents to their offspring
The relationship between genetic variation and an organism's environment
What is gene expression? Multiple choice question. The use of a gene sequence to affect the characteristics of a cell or organism. The process of copying the complete genetic information of a cell in preparation for cell division. The analysis of the complete set of genes that a specific cell or organism contains.
The use of a gene sequence to affect the characteristics of a cell or organism.
Which field of genetics focuses on how genes are passed on from parents to offspring? Multiple choice question. Transmission genetics Molecular genetics Population genetics
Transmission genetics
Alternative versions of the same gene are called
allele
The genetic code directs the order of ______ within a polypeptide based on the sequence of nucleotides within a DNA molecule. Multiple choice question. nucleic acids amino acids fatty acids
amino acids
In living cells, DNA is found in large structures called ..................., which are contained in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell.
chromosome
The two chromosomes in a homologous pair contain ______. Multiple choice question. copies of the same genes, which may or may not be identical alleles copies of the same genes, which are always identical to each other entirely different genes
copies of the same genes, which may or may not be identical alleles
An organism's traits can be affected by its genes and also by its................
environment
Changes in the genetic makeup of a population from one generation to the next represent
evolution
The process of using a gene sequence to affect the characteristics of cells and organisms is called gene ______. Multiple choice question. reproduction expression replication
expression
During sexual reproduction, the process in which gametes unite to restore the diploid number of chromosomes is called ............
fertilization
Sperm and egg cells are also called ______. Multiple choice question. morphs somatic cells homologs gametes
gametes
Most genes contain the information to direct the synthesis of a polypeptide. The order of amino acids in the polypeptide is specified according to the ...................... code.
genetic
The study of mutant genes with abnormal function in order to better understand the function of a normal gene is referred to as a(n) .............. approach.
genetic approach.
One of the main advantages of sexual reproduction is that it increases ................ variation.
genetic variation.
Genetics is the branch of biology that deals with ______. Multiple choice question. the structure and function of cell interactions between organisms and their environment the structure and function of biological macromolecules heredity and variation
heredity and variation
In a diploid organism, the two copies of a chromosome are referred to as ______. Multiple choice question. homologs alleles genomes gametes
homologs
In this figure, two copies of chromosome 13 are circled. These two copies of chromosome 13 are called .................... of each other.
homologs, homologues
Genetic variation describes differences in ______. Multiple choice question. the two copies of a gene found in a single individual the number of chromosomes found in different species inherited traits among individuals within a population
inherited traits among individuals within a population
Genetic variation can be attributed to gene ................... that affect the sequence of a single gene or alterations in the structure or total number of ....................
mutations chromosomes
A large molecule that is composed of repeating units of smaller building blocks is called a(n) ................
macromolecule or polymer
When a protein-encoding gene is transcribed, the RNA molecule that is produced is referred to as ........... RNA (mRNA).
messenger
The image is depicting organisms that researchers often use in the laboratory. These are called ...............organisms
model
A macromolecule is best described as a ______. Multiple choice question. molecule that affects the size of a cell molecule composed of repeating units of smaller building blocks molecule composed of two or more different types of molecules
molecule composed of repeating units of smaller building blocks
The color of a butterfly, such as the ones shown here, is an example of a(n) ______ trait.
morphological trait
The term genetic approach refers to the study of ______. Multiple choice question. crosses between individuals with different traits mutant genes with abnormal function normal gene expression the relationship among DNA, RNA, and protein
mutant genes with abnormal function
Changes in the nucleotide sequence of a single gene that result in two or more alleles for that gene are called gene........
mutation
In a DNA molecule, information is contained in the sequence of ______. Multiple choice question. fatty acids nitrogenous bases amino acids
nitrogenous bases
DNA is made of ______. Multiple choice question. amino acids polypeptides nucleotides chromosomes
nucleotides
A DNA molecule is a linear sequence of subunits called...............
nucleotides or nucleotide
The building blocks of DNA are called ............
nucleotides, nucleotide, or deoxyribonculeotides
In a eukaryotic cell, the ....................... is surrounded by a double membrane that protects the chromosomes from the rest of the cellular components.
nucleus or nuclei
A cell that is haploid contains ______ set(s) of chromosomes. Multiple choice question. a partial set four two one
one
A gene is a segment of DNA that produces a functional product, which is usually a(n)........... , or as a unit of heredity that affects an organism's ........................
polypeptide, or protein traits, characteristic, or phenotype
The field of genetics that focuses on the relationship of genetic variation to an organism's environment is called ..................... genetics.
population genetics.
The primary function of DNA is to code for the production of .................
protein, polypeptide, or RNA
An organism's genome consists of ______. Multiple choice question. the complete set of RNA molecules found in its cells the DNA found in all of its chromosomes all of the structures found inside its cells the entire set of proteins found in its cells
the DNA found in all of its chromosomes
The union of gametes at fertilization restores ______. Multiple choice question. the haploid number of chromosomes the double-stranded structure of DNA the diploid number of chromosomes
the diploid number of chromosomes
When a structural gene is expressed, its DNA sequence is ............ into RNA, which is then ................. to produce a polypeptide.
transcripted translated
The process by which a DNA sequence is copied into an RNA sequence is called .................
transcription
The inheritance of genes and the way that genes influence traits is the focus of ....................... genetics.
transmission genetics.
The term diploid means that a cell or organism has ______. Multiple choice question. a total of two chromosomes two alternative traits two different alleles of a specific gene two copies of every chromosome
two copies of every chromosome
Differences in inherited traits among individuals within a population are referred to as genetic ...............
variation, diversity
Which of the following are correct descriptions of a gene? Multiple select question. A unit of heredity An entire chromosome The complete set of information inside a cell A segment of DNA that influences one or more traits of an organism A segment of DNA that produces a functional product
A unit of heredity A segment of DNA that influences one or more traits of an organism A segment of DNA that produces a functional product
The four different categories of large organic molecules found within cells are ______. Multiple select question. Lipids Amino acids Proteins Carbohydrates Nucleic acids Nucleotides Organelles
Lipids Proteins Carbohydrates Nucleic acids
Which area of genetics focuses on the biochemical understanding of DNA and gene expression? Multiple choice question. Molecular genetics Population genetics Transmission genetics
Molecular genetics
The branch of biology that deals with heredity and variation is .---------
genetics
The term that describes all of the DNA found in all of an organism's chromosomes is .............
genome
A cell that contains a single set of chromosomes is called...................
haploid or monoploid
One useful strategy for solving problems in genetics is to propose a(n) , .................. which is an attempt to explain an observation or data.
hypothesis
Both DNA and RNA are ______ acids. Multiple choice question. fatty nucleic amino
nucleic
In a multicellular organism, cells that are not directly involved in sexual reproduction are called ............ cells.
somatic cells.
In the genetic code, there are 64 codons consisting of ................... nucleotide(s) each that specify the 20 different amino acids. (Your answer will be a number).
3
Select all that apply Which of the following are correct descriptions of a gene? Multiple select question. A unit of heredity One or more polypeptides with a specific function A segment of DNA that produces a functional product A chromosome
A unit of heredity A segment of DNA that produces a functional product
What are alleles? Multiple choice question. Alternative versions of the same gene Similar genes that are found in different species Different genes that have similar functions
Alternative versions of the same gene
What is a model organism?
An organism that is studied so that researchers can determine broadly applicable scientific principles
What are somatic cells? Multiple choice question. Cells that are not involved in sexual reproduction Cells that give rise to sperm and egg cells Cells that unite at fertilization to restore a diploid number of chromosomes
Cells that are not involved in sexual reproduction
What is the main function of a cell's genetic material? Multiple choice question. It is an important component of the cell membrane. It provides structural stability for cells. It accelerates chemical reactions. It encodes proteins.
It encodes proteins.
Gene mutations can affect the traits of an organism because they can alter the expression or function of the. ............... encoded by the gene.
proteins, or polypeptide
What is evolution?
Change in the genetic makeup of a population from one generation to the next
Which of the following are genomic alterations that may induce genetic variation? Multiple select question. Changes in chromosome number Gene mutations Changes in chromosome structure Changes in amino acid sequence
Changes in chromosome number Gene mutations Changes in chromosome structure
What structures in a cell contain DNA? Multiple choice question.
Chromosomes
You are trying to solve a genetics problem that asks you to determine how two proteins differ from one another. Which problem-solving strategy would be most helpful for this question? Multiple choice question. Use statistics Describe the steps Compare and contrast Predict the outcome
Compare and contrast
The four categories of large organic molecules that are found in cells are nucleic acids, lipids, carbohydrates, and ............
proteins, polypeptides