Exam 1: chapters 1, 2 & 3

The total yield of ATP from one molecule of glucose is a. 2. b. 8. c. 32. d. 36. e. 48.

d. 36.

Plant products involved in (or undergoing) anaerobic respiration produce... a. Some ATP b. Ethanol c. CO2 d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Aerobes use ________ as the final electron acceptor in electron transport phosphorylation. a. hydrogen b. carbon c. oxygen d. H2O e. NAD+

c. oxygen

The end result of glycolysis is a. acetyl CoA. b. oxaloacetate. c. pyruvate. d. citrate. e. acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate.

c. pyruvate.

During the Krebs-Cycle, two important molecules act as electron carriers. Please name the two molecules which help to carry electrons to the last step of the processes. You may use their abbreviated names __________ and __________.

NADH, FADH2

Which of the following is not true regarding a plasma membrane? A) The membrane is composed of proteins, cholesterol, and one layer of phospholipids. B) It regulates the movement of molecules into and out of a cell. C) Microscopic projections of the plasma membrane of some cells increase the surface area. D) Proteins embedded in the membrane serve a role in information transfer. E) One side of a phospholipid of a plasma membrane can dissolve in water; the other side cannot dissolve in water.

A) The membrane is composed of proteins, cholesterol, and one layer of phospholipids.

Electrons are transported to the electron transport system by: A) both FADH2 and NADH. B) FADH2. C) glucose. D) NADH. E) Coenzyme A.

A) both FADH2 and NADH.

According to your text, which of the following is not one of the four stages of metabolism used in the production of ATP from glucose? A) conversion of NADH to NAD+ B) preparatory step C) electron transport system D) citric acid cycle E) glycolysis

A) conversion of NADH to NAD+

HeLa cells: A) have been used in research on cancer, cell nutrition, and viral growth. B) were first observed and studied in the late 1800s. C) were originally obtained from a colon tumor. D) are the only cells known to grow and reproduce within human cells. E) are presently used to culture HIV.

A) have been used in research on cancer, cell nutrition, and viral growth.

Lysosomes dissolve and remove damaged cell organelles and other cellular debris. Once the lysosomes have completed the digestion of these cell parts, they become: A) residual bodies. B) peroxisomes. C) ribosomes. D) mitochondria. E) centrioles.

A) residual bodies.

The two-carbon molecule acetyl is completely broken apart into carbon dioxide, hydrogen ions, and electrons in which of the following processes? A) the citric acid cycle B) exocytosis C) action of the sodium-potassium pump D) the electron transport system E) glycolysis

A) the citric acid cycle

Which of the following structures provides an internal network of support for the cell? A) the cytoskeleton B) cilia C) ribosomes D) nucleoli E) centrioles

A) the cytoskeleton

At the end of the electron transport system, oxygen combines with electrons and hydrogen ions to form ________, a "waste" product. A) water B) urea C) NAD+ D) glucose E) FAD

A) water

How many pounds of fat does the average American eat per year? Good test question. A. 70 B. 22 C. 45 D. 110 E. 10

A. 70

Which substance will absorb hydrogen ions from a solution? A. Base B. Acid C. Buffer D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

A. Base

Which one is a function of a cell's nucleus? A. Contains the cell's DNA. B. Produce proteins. C. Contributes to the cell's shape. D. Detoxify substances within the cell. E. Store and ship materials within the cell.

A. Contains the cell's DNA.

What structure is a series of interacting organelles that function to make lipids, enzymes and proteins? A. Endomembrane system B. Cell wall C. Cytoplasm D. Nuclear envelope E. Cell membrane

A. Endomembrane system

What is a substance required by all organisms for survival but something that animal cells cannot make on their own? A. Energy B. Oxygen C. Nutrient D. Sunlight E. Carbohydrate

A. Energy

Which group possesses a nucleus? A. Eukaryotes B. Prokaryotes C. Bacteria D. None of these E. Archaea

A. Eukaryotes

What term describes a substance that will resist dissolving in water? A. Hydrophobic B. Solvent C. Solute D. Hydrophilic E. Amphipathic

A. Hydrophobic

Which cellular structure specializes in making ATP? A. Mitochondria B. Golgi body C. Lysosome D. Chloroplast E. Plastid

A. Mitochondria

Which organelle is a fluid-filled vesicle that breaks down amino acids, fatty acids and toxic substances? A. Peroxisome B. Golgi body C. Lysosome D. Vesicle E. Endoplasmic reticulum

A. Peroxisome

What is the measure that a particular outcome will occur? A. Probability B. Sampling error C. Hypothesis D. Divergence E. Statistical significance

A. Probability

Which subatomic particle contains a positive charge? A. Proton B. Electron C. Both the neutron and electron D. Both the proton and neutron E. Neutron

A. Proton

In animals ________ is the sugar-storage equivalent of starch in plants. A. glycogen B. cellulose C. sucrose D. glucose E. chitin

A. glycogen

Compare aerobic respiration to fermentation in terms of the efficiency of each process in obtaining energy from glucose. Be concise but specific as possible when answering.

Aerobic respiration is more efficient as it results in the production of 36 ATPs whereas Alcoholic fermentation only produces 2 ATPs which actually come from glycolysis.

Consider the results of your experiment in lab. Make a statement about the relationship between the amount of yeast added and the amount of carbon dioxide produced.

As the amount of yeast increases so to does the production of carbon dioxide. There was much more carbon dioxide produced in tube 4 where 9ml of yeast solution was added then there was in tube 3 where only 3ml of yeast solution was added.

Which of the following is not true regarding metabolism? A) Metabolism involves thousands of different chemical reactions occurring in a living organism. B) An anabolic reaction is one in which a large molecule is broken down into smaller molecules. C) Catabolic pathways result in the release of energy. D) Some metabolic pathways form a repetitive cycle. E) Linear metabolic pathways occur when the product of one reaction is used as the substrate of the next reaction.

B) An anabolic reaction is one in which a large molecule is broken down into smaller molecules.

Which of the following would most likely be associated with the surface of cells and provide a brushing motion, thereby moving materials over the surface of the cells? A) endoplasmic reticulum B) cilia C) microfilaments D) flagella E) centrioles

B) cilia

Metabolic pathways involve several chemical reactions; each reaction requires the presence and action of a specific: A) product. B) enzyme. C) pH. D) phosphate. E) organelle.

B) enzyme.

In the electron transport system, the energy used to synthesize ATP comes from the diffusion of ________ from the outer compartment of the mitochondria to the inner compartment. A) NADH B) hydrogen ions C) pyruvate D) electrons E) FADH2

B) hydrogen ions

The burning sensation associated with muscle fatigue is due to the accumulation of: A) NADH. B) lactic acid. C) pyruvate. D) carbon dioxide. E) protein.

B) lactic acid.

Active transport is like facilitated diffusion in that both processes: A) facilitate the movement of water through the phospholipids of the plasma membrane. B) require the presence of proteins in the plasma membrane that move molecules from one side of the plasma membrane to the other. C) move molecules down their concentration gradient. D) do not require a source of energy. E) require the conversion of ADP to ATP.

B) require the presence of proteins in the plasma membrane that move molecules from one side of the plasma membrane to the other.

When testing the effectiveness of a new cleaning product, which sample would be more valid? A. 14 bacteria in the Petri dish B. 222 bacteria in the Petri dish C. 3 bacteria in the Petri dish D. All samples are equally valid. E. None of the samples are valid.

B. 222 bacteria in the Petri dish

What are the basic building blocks of proteins? A. Glucose B. Amino acids C. Nucleic acids D. Fatty acids E. Sucrose

B. Amino acids

What is the fundamental unit of all substances? A. Tissue B. Atom C. Organ D. Community E. Cell

B. Atom

Which structure is found on the interior of the cell? A. Plasma membrane B. Cytoplasm C. Pili D. Capsule E. Cell wall

B. Cytoplasm

What term describes the unwinding (unraveling) of the overall shape of a protein? A. Metabolism B. Denaturation C. Breakdown D. Condensation E. Hydrolysis

B. Denaturation

What are the two main atoms that are found in organic compounds? A. Hydrogen and Sodium B. Hydrogen and Carbon C. Hydrogen and Oxygen D. Nitrogen and Hydrogen E. Carbon and Oxygen

B. Hydrogen and Carbon

Which chemical process will break apart a large molecule such as a protein, into smaller molecules? A. Development B. Hydrolysis C. Condensation D. Reproduction E. Metabolism

B. Hydrolysis

Which subatomic particle contains a neutral charge? A. Both the neutron and electron B. Neutron C. Electron D. Both the proton and neutron E. Proton

B. Neutron

Which organic molecule functions as a subunit of DNA and RNA? A. Fatty acids B. Nucleotides C. Amino acids D. Monosaccharides E. Polypeptides

B. Nucleotides

Which cell structure contains the organism's DNA? A. Lysosome B. Nucleus C. Cell membrane D. Cell wall E. Mitochondria

B. Nucleus

What does the mass number of an atom represent? A. Number of protons and electrons B. Number of protons and neutrons C. Number of neurons and electrons D. Number of neutrons E. Number of protons

B. Number of protons and neutrons

What type of chemical bond is found between two amino acids? A. Nonpolar covalent B. Peptide bond C. Amino acids don't form bonds D. Hydrogen bond E. Ionic bond

B. Peptide bond

Which structure is found in every cell? A. Central vacuole B. Plasma membrane C. Chloroplast D. Nucleus E. Cell wall

B. Plasma membrane

What is a small circular piece of DNA that carries a few genes called? A. Ribosome B. Plasmid C. Flagella D. Pili E. Cilia

B. Plasmid

How many electrons are shared in a double covalent bond? A. Electrons are not shared in covalent bonds. B. Two pairs C. Three pairs D. Four pairs E. One pair

B. Two pairs

Which of the following is not true regarding receptor proteins? A) They are used to receive and transmit information across the plasma membrane. B) When a receptor protein binds to a molecule, a series of biochemical reactions occur that eventually cause changes to occur in the cell. C) All cells have the same receptor proteins. D) Receptor proteins bind to a specific molecule or group of molecules. E) The molecule that binds to a receptor protein does not enter the cell.

C) All cells have the same receptor proteins.

A student is designing an experiment to show the effects of the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane. He places a highly concentrated saltwater solution into a bag that is permeable only to water. He then submerges the bag into a beaker of pure water. Which of the following can be expected? A) In this situation, the flow of water into the bag will never equal the flow of water out of the bag. B) The net flow of water will be from the bag to the surrounding water. C) The net flow of water will be from the beaker into the bag, causing the contents of the bag to increase in volume. D) The volume of the bag will decrease over time. E) The pH of the contents of the bag will increase over time.

C) The net flow of water will be from the beaker into the bag, causing the contents of the bag to increase in volume.

Which of the following is true regarding phospholipids found in plasma membranes? A) Phospholipids give the membrane structural support because they provide rigidity to the membrane. B) The phospholipids serve as a means of transport and communicating information across the plasma membrane. C) The nonpolar tails of the phospholipids are located in the center of the plasma membrane. D) Typically, plasma membranes are composed of three layers of phospholipids. E) The nonpolar tails of the phospholipids dissolve in the solution found external to and internal to the cell.

C) The nonpolar tails of the phospholipids are located in the center of the plasma membrane.

If red blood cells are placed into a hypertonic solution, which of the following is most likely to occur? A) Water will rush into the cells and the cells will swell and eventually burst. B) Because there is more water outside the cell than inside the cell, an equal amount of water will enter the cell and leave the cell. C) Water will diffuse out of the cells, and they will decrease in cell volume. D) There will be no change in the cells because they are normally in a hypertonic environment. E) Because a hypertonic environment is highly acidic, these cells will become acidic as well.

C) Water will diffuse out of the cells, and they will decrease in cell volume.

The process by which embryonic cells go through functional and structural changes to become specialized is: A) development. B) metabolism. C) differentiation. D) homeostasis. E) in vitro fertilization.

C) differentiation.

In the cell, proteins are synthesized on ribosomes which are located in two different places. If the ribosome is located on rough endoplasmic reticulum, where does the protein it produced go next? A) cytoplasm B) plasma membrane C) folds of the endoplasmic reticulum D) free-floating ribosome E) nucleus

C) folds of the endoplasmic reticulum

Gated channels are especially important in regulating the transport of ________ across a plasma membrane. A) nucleic acids B) glucose C) ions D) small uncharged molecules E) water

C) ions

In human muscle cells, if oxygen is unavailable, pyruvate is converted to ________ instead of acetyl. A) fat B) carbon dioxide C) lactic acid D) water E) glucose

C) lactic acid

Which of the following molecules would be most likely to pass through the lipid bilayer of a plasma membrane? A) ions B) both ions and polar molecules C) small uncharged nonpolar molecules D) polar molecules E) water

C) small uncharged nonpolar molecules

The products of the endoplasmic reticulum are transported to the Golgi apparatus by: A) gated channels. B) endocytosis. C) vesicles. D) cilia. E) free-floating ribosomes.

C) vesicles.

How many additional electrons will chlorine need to obtain in order to have a complete outer shell of electrons? A. 4 B. 3 C. 1 D. 2 E. 5

C. 1

How many electrons will be found in the second shell of a carbon atom? A. 1 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5 E. 2

C. 4

Which substance will release hydrogen ions into solution? A. Base B. Buffer C. Acid D. All of these choices. E. None of these choices.

C. Acid

Which is not a scientific theory? A. Global warming B. Plate tectonics C. Big bang D. Thermodynamics E. Evolution

C. Big bang

What atom can be found in all of the molecules of life? A. Sulfur B. Sodium C. Carbon D. Nitrogen E. Calcium

C. Carbon

Under the system of classification of organisms which level is an immediate subcategory of Phylum? A. Kingdom B. Order C. Class D. Family E. Species

C. Class

What type of microscope uses electrons to illuminate the sample? A. Fluorescence microscope B. Light microscope C. Electron microscope D. Phase-contrast E. All of them use electrons.

C. Electron microscope

What structure is large enough to be seen through a light microscope? A. Proteins B. Viruses C. Eukaryotic cells D. DNA E. Lipids

C. Eukaryotic cells

Which one of the following is not a lipid? A. Oil B. Wax C. Glucose D. Fatty acid E. Steroid

C. Glucose

Which cytoskeleton structure is a hollow cylinder that will contain subunits of tubulin? A. Centrioles B. Microfilaments C. Microtubules D. Motor proteins E. Intermediate filaments

C. Microtubules

What type of chemical bond forms when two elements equally share their electrons? A. Hydrogen B. Ionic C. Nonpolar covalent D. Polar covalent E. None of these choices

C. Nonpolar covalent

Which group makes its own food? A. Decomposers B. Omnivores C. Producers D. Carnivores E. Herbivores

C. Producers

When a hypothesis stands after years of tests and is consistent with all of the data gathered, it is referred to as a(n) ___________. A. prediction B. law of nature C. scientific theory D. sampling error E. educated guess

C. scientific theory

Which of the following is true regarding active transport? A) Active transport relies on the process of diffusion. B) Molecules to be transported attach to phospholipids in the plasma membrane; as the phospholipids change shape, the molecules are moved across the membrane. C) This mechanism allows a cell to equalize the concentration of molecules on either side of the plasma membrane. D) Active transport requires energy. E) Molecules are moved across a plasma membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

D) Active transport requires energy.

Which of the following is not true regarding stem cells? A) The ideal source of human stem cells is the human embryo when it consists of eight or fewer cells. B) Because stem cells are less differentiated than adult cells, it is less likely that they would be rejected by the body's immune system when used in a transplant. C) Stem cells grow better than adult cells in culture. D) Because stem cells are specialized, they adhere tightly to one another and are difficult to separate in culture. E) The use of embryonic stem cells in research is presently highly controversial.

D) Because stem cells are specialized, they adhere tightly to one another and are difficult to separate in culture.

Which of the following structures is characteristic of both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells? A) Golgi apparatus B) nucleus C) mitochondria D) cell membrane E) endoplasmic reticulum

D) cell membrane

During cell division, it is essential that the genetic material be distributed equally to the resulting cells. This is accomplished through the participation of which of the following organelles? A) ribosomes B) Golgi apparatus C) peroxisomes D) centrioles E) nucleolus

D) centrioles

Figure 3.1 The figure above shows a portion of the cell membrane. Which of the following processes is depicted in the above illustration? A) exocytosis B) diffusion C) gated channels D) endocytosis E) facilitated diffusion

D) endocytosis

If a cell does not have a membrane-bound nucleus, it is also not likely to have: A) cytoplasm. B) a plasma membrane. C) a cell wall. D) membrane-bound organelles. E) DNA or RNA.

D) membrane-bound organelles.

Which are short, hair-like structures that project from the surface of the cells? A. Flagella B. Intermediate filaments C. Microtubules D. Cilia E. Centriole

D. Cilia

Which group of organisms will contain a nucleus? A. All contain a nucleus. B. Archaea C. Bacteria D. Eukaryotes E. None contain a nucleus.

D. Eukaryotes

Where are small subunits of ribosomes assembled? A. Lysosome B. Golgi body C. Plasma membrane D. Nucleolus E. Nucleus

D. Nucleolus

Which type of protein is used to identify cells as self? A. Receptor B. Active C. Adhesion D. Recognition E. Passive

D. Recognition

What type of chemical bond forms between two hydrogen atoms in order to form hydrogen gas? A. Triple covalent bond B. Hydrogen bond C. Double covalent bond D. Single covalent bond E. Ionic bond

D. Single covalent bond

What charge does a hydrogen atom have in a water molecule? A. Strongly positive B. Slightly negative C. Strongly negative D. Slightly positive E. Neutral

D. Slightly positive

What does the pH scale measure? A. The concentration of nitrogen ions in a solution. B. The amount of solute dissolved in a solution. C. The amount of protein in a solution. D. The concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution. E. The concentration of carbon ions in a solution.

D. The concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution.

Which level of protein structure consists of a linear sequence of amino acids? A. tertiary B. quaternary C. secondary D. primary E. primary and secondary

D. primary

Which of the following is true regarding cilia and flagella? A) Flagella are typically shorter than cilia. B) Flagella are common on cells that line passageways in the human body. C) Given a typical cell, cilia are less numerous than flagella. D) Flagella are often described as "hair-like." E) The internal structure of cilia and flagella includes microtubules.

E) The internal structure of cilia and flagella includes microtubules.

Which of the following forms of transport across a membrane is passive (does not require the use of energy)? A) endocytosis B) osmosis C) diffusion D) active transport E) diffusion and osmosis

E) diffusion and osmosis

Cells use many sources of energy to make ATP, but the most common and readily available source of this energy is: A) nucleic acids. B) fat. C) proteins. D) glycogen. E) glucose.

E) glucose.

Which of the following steps in the breakdown of glucose can occur without oxygen? A) citric acid cycle B) both the citric acid cycle and the electron transport system C) electron transport system D) preparatory step E) glycolysis

E) glycolysis

The main reason that cellular respiration occurs in a cell is to: A) produce glucose. B) release energy from anabolic reactions, which then can be used to drive catabolic reactions. C) break down ATP molecules into ADP and a phosphate. D) activate the plasma membrane of the cell so that more ADPs can be transported. E) release energy from sugar molecules; the energy is then used to generate ATP.

E) release energy from sugar molecules; the energy is then used to generate ATP.

What is the maximum number of electrons that can be housed in the first shell of an atom? A. 4 B. 3 C. 1 D. 5 E. 2

E. 2

How many phosphates are found in a molecule of ATP? A. 2 B. 5 C. 4 D. 1 E. 3

E. 3

Which feature does not occur in all living organisms? A. Carry out the process of metabolism B. Make and use organic molecules C. Use DNA as their hereditary material D. Consist of one or more cells E. All occur in living organisms

E. All occur in living organisms

Which of the following foods contain hydrogenated vegetable oil? A. Crackers B. Peanut butter C. Cookies D. French fries E. All of the above choices.

E. All of the above choices.

Which disease is associated with prions? A. Mad cow disease B. Creutzfeldt-Jacob C. Bovine spongiform encephalitis D. Scrapie E. All the above are associated with prions.

E. All the above are associated with prions.

Which theory states that the universe originated with an explosion and continues to expand? A. Global warming B. Evolution C. Plate tectonics D. Cell theory E. Big bang theory

E. Big bang theory

What is the sugar component of DNA? A. Ribose B. Sucrose C. Glucose D. Lactose E. Deoxyribose

E. Deoxyribose

What is the first step in the scientific method? A. Making a prediction based upon the hypothesis. B. Testing the hypothesis. C. Evaluate the results. D. Run the experiment. E. Forming a hypothesis.

E. Forming a hypothesis.

Which cellular structure sorts and ships proteins within the cell? A. Centriole B. Vacuole C. Ribosome D. Nucleus E. Golgi body

E. Golgi body

Fatty acids, waxes and oils are classified in what category of biomolecules? A. None of these choices. B. Proteins C. Carbohydrates D. Nucleic acids E. Lipids

E. Lipids

Which structure will digest and recycle materials within the cell? A. Nucleus B. Plasma membrane C. Golgi body D. Rough endoplasmic reticulum E. Lysosome

E. Lysosome

Which one of the following is the simplest form of a carbohydrate? A. Oligosaccharide B. Disaccharide C. Tetrasaccharide D. Polysaccharide E. Monosaccharide

E. Monosaccharide

Which solution has the strongest concentration of hydrogen ions? A. Milk B. Coffee C. Tears D. Bleach E. Orange juice

E. Orange juice

What is the structural unit of interacting tissues called? A. Atom B. Cell C. Tissue D. Community E. Organ

E. Organ

What type of transporters will allow ions to cross the membrane through open or gated channels? A. Recognition B. Adhesion C. Receptor D. Active E. Passive

E. Passive

Which cell structure will modify proteins made by the ribosomes? A. Plasma membrane B. Nucleus C. Mitochondria D. Golgi body E. Rough endoplasmic reticulum

E. Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Why were the species in the Indonesian cloud forest not afraid of people? A. They were protected by Indonesian law. B. They were protected by the Indonesian people. C. They could outrun the people. D. They had natural defenses against people. E. They had never been exposed to people so they never learned to be afraid.

E. They had never been exposed to people so they never learned to be afraid.

Which type of lipid is the most abundant and richest source of energy in vertebrate bodies? A. Carbohydrates B. Oils C. Waxes D. Fatty acids E. Triglycerides

E. Triglycerides

The process of evaluating the quality of information before accepting it is called _____________. A. deductive reasoning B. the scientific method C. inductive reasoning D. making a prediction E. critical thinking

E. critical thinking

During which stage of aerobic respiration is the majority of ATP produced?

Electron Transport Chain

In your experiment in lab, the yeast cells provided __________ which are needed to catalyze the reaction. They do this by __________ the activation energy of the reaction.

Enzymes, increasing

True or False: When a drug company find out that a drug target is not responding to their new drug, the drug company has a legal obligation to inform other drug companies of their negative results.

False

Thought question: Warmer water holds less dissolved oxygen than cooler water. Use this information plus that which you learned from this week's lab to explain why a goldfish would have to increase the rate at which it would beat its gills as water temperature increases.

Since warmer water holds less oxygen, the goldfish takes in less oxygen with each gill beat and would therefore produce less ATP through aerobic respiration. In order to compensate for the reduced dissolved oxygen in warm water, the gills would have to beat harder so that they obtain the amount of oxygen necessary to produce the same amount of ATP as when they are in colder water.

Magnesium has 12 protons. How many electrons are in its third energy level? a. 2 b. 4 c. 6 d. 8 e. 10

a. 2

Who is generally given credit for seeing cells for the first time and naming them? a. Robert Hooke. b. Robert Brown. c. Theodor Schwann and Matthias Schleiden. d. Rudolf Virchow. e. Anton van Leeuwenhoek.

a. Robert Hooke.

Which is the smallest unit of life that can exist as a separate entity? a. a cell b. a molecule c. an organ d. a population e. an ecosystem

a. a cell

A molecule is: a. a combination of two or more atoms. b. less stable than its constituent atoms separated. c. electrically charged. d. a carrier of one or more extra neutrons. e. none of the above.

a. a combination of two or more atoms.

Which liberates the most energy in the form of ATP? a. aerobic respiration b. anaerobic respiration c. alcoholic fermentation d. lactate fermentation e. All liberate the same amount, but through different means.

a. aerobic respiration

The amount of energy released from a glucose molecule is dependent on what happens to a. carbon atoms. b. oxygen atoms. c. hydrogen atoms. d. phosphorus atoms. e. water molecules.

a. carbon atoms.

Which is the smallest unit of life that can exist as a separate entity? a. cell b. a molecule c. an organ d. a population e. an ecosystem

a. cell

The first cell that was seen under a microscope was a a. cork cell. b. blood cell. c. sperm cell. d. skin cell. e. root tip cell.

a. cork cell.

When blood glucose levels decrease (as between meals), what reserves are tapped? a. glycogen b. fats c. proteins d. steroids e. amino acids

a. glycogen

Pyruvate can be regarded as the end product of a. glycolysis. b. acetyl CoA formation. c. fermentation. d. the Krebs cycle. e. electron transport.

a. glycolysis.

Which represents the lowest degree of certainty? a. hypothesis b. conclusion c. fact d. principle e. theory

a. hypothesis

Four of the five answers listed below are characteristics of life. Select the exception. a. ionization b. metabolism c. reproduction d. growth e. cellular organization

a. ionization

Fermentation a. may occur in a muscle under anaerobic conditions. b. produces more ATP than is liberated in the hydrogen transfer series. c. breaks down glucose in reaction with oxygen. d. is restricted to yeasts. e. none of these

a. may occur in a muscle under anaerobic conditions.

In the breakdown of glucose, the compound formed after two phosphorylation reactions is split into two three-carbon compounds. The three-carbon compound is named a. phosphoglyceraldehyde (PGAL). b. pyruvate. c. acetyl CoA. d. lactate. e. acetaldehyde.

a. phosphoglyceraldehyde (PGAL).

When NAD+ combines with hydrogen, the NAD+ becomes a. reduced. b. oxidized. c. phosphorylated. d. denatured. e. none of these

a. reduced.

Which of the following is NOT true of the nuclear envelope? a. single lipid bilayer b. continuous with endoplasmic reticulum c. possesses pores d. controls passage into and out of nucleus e. separates DNA from cytoplasm

a. single lipid bilayer

Plants store their excess carbohydrates in the form of: a. starch. b.1^glycogen. c. glucose. d. cellulose. e. fats.

a. starch.

The movement of water through a membrane is dependent on a. the concentration of solute. b. channel proteins. c. the extent of packing of the phospholipids. d. active transport e. endocytosis.

a. the concentration of solute.

Which of the following is NOT an element? a. water b. oxygen c. carbon d. chlorine e. hydrogen

a. water

How many ATP molecules (net yield) are produced per molecule of glucose degraded during glycolysis? a. 1 b. 2 c. 4 d. 36 e. 38

b. 2

Which statement is true? a. A cell placed in an isotonic solution will swell. b. A cell placed in a hypotonic solution will swell. c. A cell placed in a hypotonic solution will shrink. d. A cell placed in a hypertonic solution will remain the same size. e. A cell placed in a hypotonic solution will remain the same size.

b. A cell placed in a hypotonic solution will swell.

Which of the following do not depend directly on sunlight for energy? I. producers II. consumers III. decomposers a. I only b. II and III only c. II only d. III only e. I and III

b. II and III only

Oxygen is necessary for life because... a. Photosynthesis depends on it b. It serves as the final electron acceptor during aerobic respiration c. It is necessary for glycolysis d. It is necessary for fermentation e. All of the above

b. It serves as the final electron acceptor during aerobic respiration

Which of the following is an example of a prokaryotic cell? a. algae b. bacteria c. human d. plant e. fungus

b. bacteria

Homeostasis provides what kind of environment? a. positive b. constant c. limiting d. changing e. chemical and physical

b. constant

The interior surface area of mitochondria is greatly increased by a. plastids. b. cristae. c. centrioles d. nucleoli. e. microfilaments.

b. cristae.

The capacity to do work is: a. matter b. energy c. metabolism d. aerobic respiration e. life

b. energy

To eliminate the influence of uncontrolled variables during experimentation, one should a. increase the sampling error as much as possible and suspend judgment. b. establish a control group identical to the experimental group except for the variable being tested. c. use inductive reasoning to construct a hypothesis. d. all of these

b. establish a control group identical to the experimental group except for the variable being

Cells active in secreting enzymes would likely exhibit a higher than usual amount of a. osmosis. b. exocytosis. c. lipid bilayers in the plasma membranes. d. endocytosis. e. receptor proteins.

b. exocytosis.

Each cell is able to maintain a constant internal environment. This is called a. metabolism. b. homeostasis. c. physiology. d. adaptation. e. evolution.

b. homeostasis.

The ability to maintain a constant internal environment is a. metabolism. b. homeostasis. c. development. d. physiology. e. thermoregulation.

b. homeostasis.

An —OH group is a(n) __________ group. a. carboxyl b. hydroxyl c. amino d. methyl e. ketone

b. hydroxyl

An experimenter does all but which of the following? a. revises a hypothesis as a result of data collected b. manipulates dependent variables c. reviews other research results obtained by other scientists d. examines the effects of independent variables e. draws conclusions based only on appropriate experimental data

b. manipulates dependent variables

The following items listed from a-e are organelles found in animal cells. Answer questions with reference to these organelles. a. ribosomes b. mitochondria c. lysosomes d. Golgi bodies e. endoplasmic reticulum Refer to Organelles. Sugar metabolism occurs in association with this organelle.

b. mitochondria

Which is NOT found as a part of all cells? a. cell membrane b. nucleus c. ribosomes d. DNA e. RNA

b. nucleus

The removal of electrons from a compound is known as a. dehydration. b. oxidation. c. reduction. d. phosphorylation. e. a nonreversible chemical reaction.

b. oxidation.

The organelle that degrades potentially harmful hydrogen peroxide to harmless substances is the a. lysosome. b. peroxisome. c. mitochondria. d. rough ER. e. Golgi.

b. peroxisome.

All atoms of an element have the same number of: a. ions. b. protons. c. neutrons. d.electrons. e. protons and neutrons.

b. protons.

These are the primary cellular sites for the production of proteins. a. Golgi bodies b. ribosomes c. mitochondria d. lysosomes e. smooth endoplasmic reticulum

b. ribosomes

An adaptive trait is one that has a. mutated. b. survival value. c. decreased in frequency in a population. d. deleterious biological effects. e. the potential to reduce variation.

b. survival value.

Carbon usually forms how many bonds with other atoms? a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5 e. 6

c. 4

Which statement could be considered a scientific principle? a. The proportions of the Miss America contestants have been increasing over the last three decades. b. Chemistry and physics are more exact sciences than biology. c. A portion of sunlight consists of ultraviolet light. d. The growth of a plant is faster in a growth chamber than in a greenhouse. e. Leaves bend toward the light because they know light is needed to grow.

c. A portion of sunlight consists of ultraviolet light.

The energy-releasing process that occurs in most organisms when oxygen is present is... a. Alcoholic fermentation b. Aerobic fermentation c. Aerobic respiration d. Protein synthesis e. None of the above

c. Aerobic respiration

When proteins and fats are used as energy sources, their breakdown subunits enter a. glycolysis b. electron transport c. Krebs cycle d. chemiosmosis e. fermentation

c. Krebs cycle

Which statement could be considered a scientific principle? a. The proportions of the Miss America contestants have been increasing over the last three decades. b. Chemistry and physics are more exact sciences than biology. c. Radioactive isotopes can be used as tracers because radioactive isotopes behave the same as other isotopes. d. The growth of a plant is faster in a growth chamber than in a greenhouse. e. Leaves bend toward the light because they know light is needed to grow.

c. Radioactive isotopes can be used as tracers because radioactive isotopes behave the same as other isotopes.

A single-celled freshwater organism, such as a protistan, is transferred to salt water. Which of the following is likely to happen? a. The cell bursts. b. Salt is pumped out of the cell. c. The cell shrinks. d. Enzymes flow out of the cell. e. all of these

c. The cell shrinks.

A hydrogen bond is: a. a sharing of a pair of electrons between a hydrogen and an oxygen nucleus. b. a sharing of a pair of electrons between a hydrogen nucleus and either an oxygen or a nitrogen nucleus. c. an attractive force that involves a hydrogen two different molecules or within the same molecule. d. none of the above e. all of the above

c. an attractive force that involves a hydrogen two different molecules or within the same molecule.

The choice of whether a particular organism belongs to the experimental group or the control group should be based on a. age. b. size. c. chance. d. designation by the experimenter. e. sex.

c. chance.

In a scientific experiment, conditions that could affect the outcome of the experiment, but do not because they are held constant, are called a. independent variables. b. dependent variables. c. controlled variables. d. statistical variables. e. data set.

c. controlled variables.

The adjective that best describes homeostasis in living organisms is a. rigid. b. biological. c. dynamic. d. chemical. e. physical.

c. dynamic.

Science is based on a. faith. b. authority. c. evidence. d. force. e. consensus.

c. evidence.

In order to arrive at a solution to a problem a scientist usually proposes and tests a. laws. b. theories. c. hypotheses. d. principles. e. facts.

c. hypotheses.

In an experiment, the control group a. is not subjected to experimental error. b. is exposed to experimental treatments. c. is maintained under strict laboratory conditions. d. is treated exactly the same as the experimental group, except for the one independent variable. e. is statistically the most important part of the experiment.

c. is maintained under strict laboratory conditions.

The following items listed from a-e are organelles found in animal cells. Answer questions with reference to these organelles. a. ribosomes b. mitochondria c. lysosomes d. Golgi bodies e. endoplasmic reticulum Refer to Organelles. DNA synthesis occurs in the nucleus. Its breakdown can occur in this organelle.

c. lysosomes

The ability to acquire, store, transfer, or utilize energy is called a. biochemistry. b. photosynthesis. c. metabolism. d. respiration. e. phosphorylation.

c. metabolism.

Four of the five answers listed below are life processes that are characteristic of a normal life. Select the exception. a. reproduction b. metabolism c. mutation d. respiration e. homeostasis

c. mutation

Which are NOT macromolecules? a. proteins b. starches c. nucleotides d. lipids e. nucleic acids.

c. nucleotides

Which statement is false? a. It is easier to prove something false than true. b. Scientific experiments have limited applications. c. Experimental data are valid if they can be repeatedly obtained by the same experiment. d. Scientific conclusions are invalid if any step in the scientific method is omitted. e. Good science often uses experimentation.

d. Scientific conclusions are invalid if any step in the scientific method is omitted.

The phospholipid molecules of most membranes have a. a hydrophobic head and a hydrophilic tail. b. a hydrophobic head and a hydrophobic tail. c. a hydrophobic head and two hydrophobic tails. d. a hydrophilic head and two hydrophobic tails. e. none of these

d. a hydrophilic head and two hydrophobic tails.

Movement of a molecule against a concentration gradient is a. simple diffusion. b. facilitated diffusion. c. osmosis. d. active transport. e. passive transport.

d. active transport.

Which of these is the site for protein modification and lipid synthesis? a. Nucleus b. Cytoskeleton c. Mitochondria d. endoplasmic reticulum e. all of these

d. endoplasmic reticulum

Sodium chloride (NaCl) in water could be described by any of the following EXCEPT: a. Na+ and Cl- form b. a solute c. ionized d. forms spheres of hydration e. dissolved

d. forms spheres of hydration

Which of the following has the greatest amount of energy? a. cAMP (cyclic AMP) b. ADP c. ATP d. glucose e. NADPH

d. glucose

A mutation is a change in a. homeostasis. b. the developmental pattern in an organism. c. metabolism. d. hereditary instructions. e. the life cycle of an organism.

d. hereditary instructions.

About twelve to twenty-four hours after the last meal, a person's blood sugar level normally varies from 60 to 90 milligrams per 100 milliliters of blood, though it may rise to 130 mg/100 ml after meals high in carbohydrates. That the blood sugar level is maintained within a fairly narrow range despite uneven intake of sugar is due to the body's ability to carry out a. adaptation. b. inheritance. c. metabolism. d. homeostasis. e. all of these

d. homeostasis.

A molecule that gives up an electron becomes a. ionized only b. oxidized only c. reduced only d. ionized and oxidized e. oxidized and reduced

d. ionized and oxidized

These contain enzymes and are the main organelles of intracellular digestion. a. Golgi bodies b. ribosomes c. mitochondria d. lysosomes e. endoplasmic reticula

d. lysosomes

The resolution of small details by a light microscope is limited by the a. vision of the human viewer. b. power of the lenses c. size of the specimen d. properties of the light waves e. stains used in preparation of the specimen

d. properties of the light waves

The atomic number is determined by the number of: a. neutrons and protons. b. neutrons and electrons. c. protons and electrons. d. protons only. e. neutrons only.

d. protons only.

During enzyme catalyzed reactions, substrate is a synonym for a. end products. b. by-products. c. enzymes. d. reactants. e. all of these

d. reactants.

Which of the following would NOT be characteristic of living organisms? a. complex structural organization b. dependence on other organisms for energy and resources c. reproductive capacity d. uniformity of size and form e. capacity to evolve

d. uniformity of size and form

A pH of 10 is how many times as basic as a pH of 7? a. 2 b. 3 c. 10 d. 100 e. 1,000

e. 1,000

The ultimate electron acceptor in aerobic respiration is a. NAD+ b. CO2 c. ADP d. NADP+ e. O2

e. O2

Hereditary instructions must a. be unchanging most of the time. b. pass from one generation to the next. c. control a large number of different characteristics. d. provide for the rare change in instructions. e. all of the above

e. all of the above

Proteins may function as: a. structural units. b. hormones. c. storage molecules. d. transport molecules. e. all of the above.

e. all of the above.

All organisms are alike in a. their requirements for energy. b. their participation in one or more nutrient cycles. c. their ultimate dependence on the sun. d. their interaction with other forms of life. e. all of these

e. all of these

As a result of experimentation a. more hypotheses may be developed. b. more questions may be asked. c. a new biological principle could emerge. d. entire theories may be modified or discarded. e. all of these

e. all of these

Enzymatic reactions can be controlled by a. the amount of substrates available. b. the concentration of products. c. temperature. d. modification of reactive sites by substances that fit into the enzyme and, later, their reactive site. e. all of these

e. all of these

Hereditary instructions must a. be unchanging most of the time. b. pass from one generation to the next. c. control a large number of different characteristics. d. provide for the rare change in instructions. e. all of these

e. all of these

Hypotheses are a. often in the form of a statement. b. often expressed negatively. c. sometimes crude attempts to offer a possible explanation for observations. d. testable predictions. e. all of these

e. all of these

The control in an experiment a. makes the experiment valid. b. is an additional replicate for statistical purposes. c. reduces the experimental errors. d. minimizes experimental inaccuracy. e. allows a standard of comparison for the experimental group.

e. allows a standard of comparison for the experimental group.

Triglycerides belong to which class of biomolecules: a. carbohydrates. b. nucleotides. c. proteins. d. fats. e. amino acids.

e. amino acids.

Fructose and glucose are biomolecules known as: a. isotopes. b. monosaccharides. c. disaccharides. d. six-carbon sugars. e. both b and d, but not a or c

e. both b and d, but not a or c

Which is a "Building block" of carbohydrates? a. glycerol b. nucleotide c. simple sugar d. monosaccharide e. c and d above

e. c and d above

Four of the five answers listed below are necessary characteristics to the life of an individual. Select the exception. a. metabolism b. homeostasis c. development d. heredity e. diversity

e. diversity

The following items listed from a-e are organelles found in animal cells. Answer questions with reference to these organelles. a. ribosomes b. mitochondria c. lysosomes d. Golgi bodies e. endoplasmic reticulum Refer to Organelles. RNA carries out the translation of the genetic code in association with ribosomes on this organelle.

e. endoplasmic reticulum

The correct operational sequence of the three processes listed below is: a. glycolysis > oxidative phosphorylation > Krebs b. oxidative phosphorylation > glycolysis > Krebs c. Krebs > glycolysis > oxidative phosphorylation d. oxidative phosphorylation > Krebs > glycolysis e. glycolysis > Krebs > oxidative phosphorylation

e. glycolysis > Krebs > oxidative phosphorylation

Of the following, which is the first explanation of a problem? It is sometimes called an "educated guess." a. principle b. law c. theory d. fact e. hypothesis

e. hypothesis

The chemical processes in the living cell are collectively called a. adaptation. b. homeostasis. c. evolution. d. respiration. e. metabolism.

e. metabolism.

Structural features that influence the shapes of cells are a. plastids. b. vacuoles. c. microvilli. d. nucleoli. e. microfilaments.

e. microfilaments.

Glycolysis a. occurs in the mitochondria. b. happens to glucose only. c. results in the production of pyruvate. d. occurs in the cytoplasm. e. occurs in the cytoplasm and results in the production of pyruvate.

e. occurs in the cytoplasm and results in the production of pyruvate.

The relative impermeability of membranes to water-soluble molecules is a result of the a. nonpolar nature of water molecules. b. presence of large proteins that extend through both sides of membranes. c. presence of inorganic salt crystals scattered through some membranes. d. presence of cellulose and chemicals such as cutin, lignin, pectin, and suberin in the membranes. e. presence of phospholipids in the lipid bilayer.

e. presence of phospholipids in the lipid bilayer.

During metabolism, ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is an energy source for the following processes: a. reproduction and growth b. reproduction and maintenance c. growth only d. growth and maintenance e. reproduction, growth, and maintenance

e. reproduction, growth, and maintenance

Radioactive iodine tends to concentrate in the: a. heart. b. lungs. c. gonads. d. bones. e. thyroid glands.

e. thyroid glands.