Exam 1 (Chapters 1-3)

Clark's coach continually praises his effort during baseball practice, even when he doesn't make the play. Soon, Clark begins working harder at practice and becomes a better player. What identity concept does this demonstrate? A. social comparison B. self-fulfilling prophecy C. multiple identities within one person D. identities change over time

B. self-fulfilling prophecy

When women organized to gain the right to vote, they were attempting to change which identity, as it was important to change how people thought about women's roles? A. primary B. social C. individual D. fixed

B. social

Identity is a key site where individual and what kind of forces come together to shape communication experiences? A. ethnic B. societal C. social class D. spiritual

B. societal

Individuals are advised to adopt an ethical stance based on... A. standards developed by professional organizations B. their own beliefs, values, and moral training C. the code of ethics of their employer or academic institutions D. the ethical standards outlined in the text

B. their own beliefs, values, and moral training

Communication ethics refers to standards that help us evaluate... A. what is effective or ineffective B. what is right or wrong C. what is private or secret D. what is informative or persuasive

B. what is right or wrong

After dinner, Zac declares that the dish is the spiciest he ever had, but his spouse thinks it's pretty bland. What factor most likely explains this perceptual difference? A. emotional state B. outlook C. cognitive complexity D. physical differences

D. physical differences

Josh's parents always tell him he's a wonderful child and express the same sentiment to their friends. This is likely to have a positive impact on his identity, according to the concept of... A. stereotype threat B. generalized other C. performance of identity D. reflected appraisals

D. reflected appraisals

Carmen strongly believes that lying is wrong, but she is willing to let her children believe in the Tooth Fairy while they are young. Carmen's view of ethical communication can be described as what? A. absolute B. ambiguous C. fixed D. relative

D. relative

The human body experiences more sensory information than it can process and, consequently, focuses on and remembers only a narrow range of the full sensory information. This process is call what? A. interpretation B. organization C. selective perception D. selective attention

D. selective attention

The physical surroundings of a communication event are tied to what elements of communication? A. noise B. channel C. feedback D. setting

D. setting

Marge grew up in an era when resources were very scarce. When her young neighbors throw out several pieces of unused furniture, Marge can't withhold her disapproval and criticism. This is an example of how perception is influenced by... A. the cohort effect B. stereotyping C. social roles D. power

A. the cohort effect

At home, Alliyah wears a long, modest dress and hijab just like her mother, but she receives uncomfortable glances when she wears this in town. What does this demonstrate about identity? A. the context where our communication takes place defines meaning B. identity is an important of how we send and receive messages C. every communication interaction is affected by multiple identities D. much of U.S. life is organized around specific identities

A. the context where our communication takes place defines meaning

Individuals bring their self-images or identities... A. to every communication encounter B. to few communication encounters C. when they are forced to do so D. when they feel comfortable to do

A. to every communication encounter

Which of the following is the best example of a secondary identity? A. college student B. Hispanic C. male D. U.S. citizen

A. college student

It is normal to be proud of one's national group, engaging in polarized thinking and behavior in this regard is known as being what? A. ethnocentric B. defensive C. cognitively complex D. prejudicial

A. ethnocentric

The tendency to attribute others' negative behavior to internal causes and positive behaviors to external causes is called what? A. fundamental attribution error B. self-serving bias C. framing D. over-attribution

A. fundamental attribution error

Margaret went on a first date with John. She did not particularly care for him or his attitude even though several of her friends thought John was a good person. She realized that John looked like someone from her past that she did not get along with and as a result was treating John unfairly. This situation demonstrates which of the following concepts? A. perception checking B. separating facts from inferences C. making ethical choices D. mindfulness

A. perception checking

If you believe a "real man" should act in certain ways, you should... A. recognize there are differences in how people view identity B. make sure everyone knows your opinion C. keep in mind that people don't change over time D. avoid men who don't fit the criteria

A. recognize there are differences in how people view identity

When Kathryn's boss refuses to promote her to a highly demanding position because it will interfere with her role as a mother, this demonstrates which unethical communication behavior? A. reducing others to a single identity B. communicating differently with people based on their status C. invoking an identity that is not your own D. using language that denigrates others based on their identities

A. reducing others to a single identity

Our perceptions and communication to people impact how they... A. see themselves B. alter their primary identities C. utilize their senses in perception D. view society

A. see themselves

If your professor believes you are a good student and, therefore, provides you with extra attention and encouragement, you are likely to perform well in the class. These behaviors are an example of what? A. reflected appraisals B. a self-fulfilling prophecy C. social comparison D. the looking-glass self

B. a self-fulfilling prophecy

Ron has worked as a pharmaceutical sales representative for several years. He has developed a template outlining exactly how he will introduce himself to new doctors in hopes that he can add them as clients. This template serves as... A. a schema B. an interpersonal script C. a prototype D. an interpersonal frame

B. an interpersonal script

Which of the following is the best strategy for making accurate and ethical attributions? A. make an educated guess and stick with it B. avoid overemphasizing the negative C. focus on the positive information you hear D. employ self-serving bias

B. avoid overemphasizing the negative

Researchers found that individuals responded more helpfully to someone in need when they were initially exposed to smiles in a first encounter. This is a reflection of the role of which of the following in perceptual processes? A. cognitive complexity B. emotional state C. physical differences D. knowledge

B. emotional state

When we are most influenced by and pay the most attention to information learned first, this is referred to as the... A. recency effect B. primacy effect C. receiver effect D. primary effect

B. primacy effect

When Emmaline entered the theater, she was engaged in the entire experience—the ornate surroundings, the well-dressed patrons, and the sounds of the orchestra tuning up. But when the curtain rose, Emmaline tuned everything else out and focused on the performer at center stage. This process is known as... A. categorization B. selective attention C. interpretation D. organization

B. selective attention

When Dale first meets Li, he wants to make a good impression, so he talks a lot about himself and a recent award. Instead of being impressed, Li, who is from another country, thinks he is a braggart. This is an example of the role of which of the following in perception? A. power B. social comparison C. culture D. historical time period

C. culture

Olympian Michael Phelps has won 28 medals in swimming, more than any other athlete in any Olympic sport. This distinction is an example of what kind of identity? A. social B. collective C. individual D. primary

C. individual

When speakers perceive and label other groups of people negatively and then use derogatory terms to refer to them, what is most likely to happen? A. it causes others to view the speaker negatively, and the groups more positively B. it causes group members to live up to the negative reactions to these groups C. it reinforces both the speaker's and others' negative reactions to these groups D. it is inconsequential and has little effect on the speaker's or others' perceptions

C. it reinforces both the speaker's and others' negative reactions to these groups

What process takes place just after receiving sensory input and helps us structure and recognize what the input represents? A. retention B. selection C. organization D. interpretation

C. organization

Being hungry, tired, or frightened are all examples of what that can influence your perceptions? A. schemas B. constructs C. physical conditions D. social roles

C. physical conditions

When the text discussed differing perceptions regarding the role of race in the U.S. by white Americans and African Americans, it is referring to the role of what? A. historical time period B. social comparison C. power D. religion

C. power

Which of the following statements about perception is correct? A. when we communicate, we mostly respond to others' words B. a positive self-image makes us much more sensitive to others' negative reactions to us C. when we perceive people as being polite, we are more likely to agree to their requests D. our perceptions have little impact on how others view themselves

C. when we perceive people as being polite, we are more likely to agree to their requests

In the field of communication, categories that people develop to help them organize information are known as what? A. sensory input B. outlooks C. knowledge D. constructs

D. constructs

Which of the following involves achieving one's goals successfully? A. authenticity B. timeliness C. appropriateness D. effectiveness

D. effectiveness

Keeping a clear focus on the activity you are engaged in, with attention to as many of the specifics of the event as you can, is a perception skill known as what? A. selective attention B. cognitive complexity C. perception checking D. mindfulness

D. mindfulness

Our sense of identity... A. creates negative stereotypes B. is largely built on self-reflection C. influences who we find attractive D. shapes our perceptions

D. shapes our perceptions

Which of the following is an example of unethical behavior related to perception? A. informing your sister that you perceive her boyfriend to bo a loud, obnoxious person B. not wearing a hat outside because you believe the temperature to be warmer than it really is C. not partnering up with a classmate for a project when you know the classmate has cheated before D. treating an elderly person as a child because you believe old people are infirm

D. treating an elderly person as a child because you believe old people are infirm

When do communicators have an ethical responsibility to share information? A. only when they feel compelled to do so B. when others are unwilling to share information C. only when it involves a public figure D. when it helps others make informed decisions

D. when it helps others make informed decisions

The means through which a message is transmitted is referred to as what? A. the channel B. noise C. the participants D. feedback

A. the channel

Which statement supports the understanding that communication is symbolic? A. Words and gestures are nearly universal in meaning B. The meaning of words and gestures does not change over time C. Words and gestures does not change over time D. There is an intrinsic connection between most words and their meaning

C. Words and gestures does not change over time

We can understand the importance of studying human communication by realizing that it is... A. an academic skill used primarily in formal settings B. a simple skill that is easily learned and mastered C. a complex skill that enables others to connect with us D. an innate skill that comes easily for most people

C. a complex skill that enables others to connect with us

Cate was discouraged when she went shopping for a bathing suit because she felt that all the choices were "too young" for her. Cate is demonstrating which aspect of her identity? A. social class B. sexual C. age D. gender

C. age

How does society generally respond to people who enact identities that are contrary to social expectations? A. by accepting them for exactly who they are B. by praising them for their identity C. by pressuring them to change their performance D. by virtually ignoring them

C. by pressuring them to change their performance

In the context of communication, synergy is understood to mean that... A. each interaction participant is a sender and receiver at the same time B. meaning is symbolic and is created by a combination of verbal and nonverbal symbols C. different communication elements work together to create something different, and greater, than the sum of its parts D. the communication process reverses when a receiver decodes a message and then sends a message back

C. different communication elements work together to create something different, and greater, than the sum of its parts

Your text asserts that, fundamentally, your communication interactions with others allow you to A. engage in introspective reflection B. change or conceal your self-identity C. establish who you are to them D. identify hidden communication patterns

C. establish who you are to them

Which of the following is part of the processes of critical thinking? A. asking others to adapt to your communication style and needs B. formulating an opinion about an assertion before hearing the evidence C. responding automatically to other's communication and behavior D. keeping an open mind for new evidence when evaluating assertions

D. keeping an open mind for new evidence when evaluating assertions

Communication competence is composed of which two elements? A. encoding and decoding B. honesty and ethics C. informing and persuading D. appropriateness and effectiveness

D. appropriateness and effectiveness

When you automatically assume that your son's preschool teacher must be female, and are concerned to find out that he is male, you... A. are showing that you don't respond to stereotypical perceptions B. are combatting problematic gender perceptions C. are reinforcing others' positive responses D. are unethically denying him the right to form his own identity

D. are unethically denying him the right to form his own identity

When participants bring their beliefs, values, norms, and attitudes to an interaction, what it affecting the communication process? A. code of ethics B. gender C. academic field of experience D. culture

D. culture

Which statement best reflects the text's view on disability identity? A. disability identity is seldom shaped by communication interactions B. disability identity is affected less by societal norms than other types of identities C. disability identity is a primarily and fixed construct D. disability identity reflects how society thinks about different abilities, rather than who we are

D. disability identity reflects how society thinks about different abilities, rather than who we are

We are much more likely to communicate ethically when we keep in mind that... A. the language we use has little impact on other's self-identities B. most of us value one identity over another C. we should communicate with others based on their status D. each of us is composed of multiple identities

D. each of us is composed of multiple identities

Stan's doctor tells him the nurse will be in soon to give him the injection. Stan expects a middle-aged white woman wearing a white dress and white cap to come walking in. Stan's idea of a nurse represents... A. a prototype B. categorization C. an interpersonal script D. a label

A. a prototype

If your spouse ignores you, you try to figure out why. You may infer reasons as to why they are ignoring you. Which of the following best explains this tendency? A. attribution theory B. the primacy effect C. self-serving bias D. categorization

A. attribution theory

Good communication skill are... A. complex B. universally known C. beyond the scope of research D. inherent in most people

A. complex

Haley listens as her friend Paul states his reasons for the right to own guns. As she listens, Haley reflects upon her own ideas while evaluating Paul's arguments. She keeps an open mind and asks herself what other conclusions or explanations are possible before she responds. Haley is engaging in what? A. critical thinking B. co-rumination C. automatic processing D. persuasion

A. critical thinking

Tony lives in Los Angeles but was born in France and frequently talks to his parents who live in Paris. This is an example of Tony expressing which identity? A. ethnic B. racial C. social class D. religious

A. ethnic

What quality best describes secondary identities? A. fluid B. inherited C. fixed D. enduring

A. fluid

Self-esteem is understood to be... A. how you evaluate yourself overall B. how others perceive you C. a reverse image of your looking-glass self D. an inflated view of your abilities

A. how you evaluate yourself overall

Which statement best reflects the modern view of racial identity? A. identification with a particular racial group B. a group with gene frequencies differing from those of other groups C. identification with a particular country or region of origin D. the physical manifestation of skin color and eye shape

A. identification with a particular racial group

What kind of constructs are used to make decisions and inferences about other people? A. interpersonal B. communication C. academic D. intrapersonal

A. interpersonal

Truthfulness plays an essential role in ethical communication because... A. messages have consequences B. transparency is more important than secrecy C. it is a universal value D. lying is always wrong

A. messages have consequences

Although Ladonna has been a teacher for many years, she works hard to get to know her students each year. She pays extra attention to their unique personalities and issues and tries not to make any assumptions. What perception skill is Ladonna practicing? A. mindfulness B. assessing her physical condition C. perception checking D. removing social position influence

A. mindfulness

In the United States, there are television stations such as "Black Entertainment Television" and "Telemundo" and magazines like "Ebony" and "Out", which are targeted to groups based on their race, age, gender, or sexuality. This illustrates which reason why identity is important to communication? A. much of U.S. life is organized around and geared toward specific identities B. identity is a key site in which individual and societal forces come together to shape communication experiences C. communication interactions shape and create identities D. identity plays a key role in intercultural communication

A. much of U.S. life is organized around and geared toward specific identities

When we use cognitive maps to form mental models for later recognition, this is part of the process known as what? A. organization B. perception C. interpretation D. attention

A. organization

Race is an example of which identity? A. primary B. secondary C. internal D. individual

A. primary

An ethical strategy for communicating effectively about identities is to... A. remember that people change over time B. assume that moral standards are constant among cultures C. assume you know a person's "real" identity D. remember that beliefs seldom vary among peer groups

A. remember that people change over time

When we say that people in the United States give primacy to the visual, this is an example of its... A. sensory model B. social comparison C. shared practices D. cultural background

A. sensory model

Some think that most people would be happier in the best house in a not-so-nice neighborhood than they would be in the worst house in a really nice neighborhood. This is an example of the way which of the following can influence our identities? A. social comparisons B. self-fulfilling prophecies C. particular others D. stereotype threats

A. social comparisons

Racial identity primarily develops as a result develops as a result of what kind of forces? A. societal B. national C. individual D. internal

A. societal

When Fernando sees the crossing guard extend a flat hand directly at him, he knows he must stop the car until her hand is down. This interaction demonstrates the role of what in the communication process? A. symbols B. channels C. noise D. participants

A. symbols

The role played by prejudice in allowing people to view their own values, norms, and cultural practices as appropriate and correct is known as what? A. value-expressive function B. cohort effect C. social role D. ego-defensive function

A. value-expressive function

Overall, how are our individual and social identities created? A. they are inherited from our parents B. we choose them for ourselves C. we gain them through interactions with others D. they are innate

C. we gain them through interactions with others

Dylan's girlfriend makes him a special birthday dinner. When asked if he likes it, Dylan tells her, "No, I really hate that kind of food." Dylan's standard for ethical communication can be described as what? A. relative B. absolute C. amoral D. conditional

B. absolute

The process of identity development begins at... A. childhood B. birth C. puberty D. young adulthood

B. birth

Michael sees his son playing with his sister's dolls. Instead of pulling the dolls away and handing him a truck, Michael asks if he can play with him. How is Michael improving his communication with his son? A. by avoiding social comparisons B. by understanding variations in identity C. by challenging his primary identity D. by understanding the importance of self-fulfilling prophecies

B. by understanding variations in identity

Jay is told he should wear traditional clothing for his upcoming interview, and Jay thinks this means he must look boring and old-fashioned. This is an example of that type of meaning? A. shared B. connotative C. symbolic D. relationship

B. connotative

When Nate addresses the meeting, he is most concerned about getting the group to immediately adopt his proposal. What type of communication goal does this represent? A. relationship goal B. content goal C. identity goal D. ethical goal

B. content goal

The concrete meaning of a message, such as a dictionary definition, is known as what kind of meaning? A. relationship B. denotative C. connotative D. symbolic

B. denotative

The assumptions and attitudes we use to filter perceptions to create meaning are referred to as what? A. patterns B. frames C. attributions D. categories

B. frames

Generally, what are the three types of goals that are important during a communication interaction? A. logos, ethos, and pathos B. identity, relationship, and content C. informing, persuading, and entertaining D. context, content, and charisma

B. identity, relationship, and content

The Synergetic Model differs from the linear model of communication in that it emphasizes the role of what in the communication process? A. encoding and decoding messages B. individual and societal forces C. noise and channels D. two or more people creating meaning

B. individual and societal forces

When we work to improve understanding by separating facts from inferences, we understand that inferences are... A. truths that are observable B. interpretations we make based on the facts C. hunches based on our feelings or attitudes D. truths that are verifiable

B. interpretations we make based on the facts

Researchers found that when people openly discuss and know more about organ donation, they are more likely to perceive it favorably. This is an example of the role of which of the following in perception? A. constructs B. knowledge C. outlook D. emotional state

B. knowledge

Which communication model assumes that one person plays the sender and one person plays the receiver in clearly defined roles during each communication exchange? A. transactional B. linear C. circular D. synergetic

B. linear

A naturally optimistic person may expect more positive experiences and make fewer negative attributions. This refers to one's... A. physical attributes B. outlook C. emotional state D. knowledge

B. outlook

A society's understandings of reality are usually determined by people with what? A. social skills B. power C. beauty D. experience

B. power

If you believe that moral behavior varies among individuals, groups, and cultures, then you believe ethical standards are... A. universal B. relative C. rational D. absolute

B. relative

When examining ethics and perception, it is important to keep in mind that... A. power hierarchies control our perceptions and cognitions B. we control our perceptions and cognitions C. society controls our perceptions and cognitions D. we cannot change our perceptions and cognitions

B. we control our perceptions and cognitions

The best description of the study of communication emphasizes... A. the emergence of language as part of physical development B. the history of oratory and persuasion C. the exchange of messages to create meaning D. how the brain receives and processes sensory stimuli

C. the exchange of messages to create meaning

The ability to adapt one's communication to achieve one's goals is part of the definition of... A. ethical communication B. realistic communication C. communication competence D. linear communication

C. communication competence

Which of the following refers to the setting or physical environment in which communication interactions occur, as well as how many participants are present? A. individual forces B. culture C. context D. societal forces

C. context

Which of the following terms refers to the setting, or aspects of the physical environment, in which an interaction occurs? A. culture B. channel C. context D. content

C. context

If older adults treat teenagers with respect and admiration during their conversations with them, these young people may view themselves as more mature and more valuable than they did previously. This illustrates the fact that communication interactions have the power to do what? A. foster appreciation of cultural differences B. minimize the differences between groups of people C. create and shape identities D. separate our identities from our communication experiences

C. create and shape identities

Receiving a message and interpreting its meaning is referred to as what? A. persuading B. encoding C. decoding D. feedback

C. decoding

Referring to someone as "just a stay-at-home dad" is an example of... A. descriptive and reasonable communication B. valuing someone based on status C. denigrating someone based on identity D. recognizing individual differences

C. denigrating someone based on identity

Individuals who refer to themselves as "feminine" are referring to their... A. societal identity B. sexual identity C. gender identity D. biological identity

C. gender identity

Exhibiting more respect when you communicate with your boss than with the employees you manage is an example of... A. how we tend to reduce others to a single identity category B. ethical communication practices in the workplace C. how the way you value a relationship can affect how you communicate D. how language denigrates others based on their identities

C. how the way you value a relationship can affect how you communicate

When a groups of citizens gather under a Black Lives Matter banner to march in protest, this is an example of which aspect of communication and identity? A. communication interactions create and shape identities B. U.S. life is organized around and geared toward specific identities C. identities can mobilize people to act D. Identity plays an important role in intercultural communication

C. identities can mobilize people to act

What term refers to the social categories you identify yourself with as well as the categories that others identify with you? A. cognition B. ethnicity C. identity D. culture

C. identity

An assumption of the linear model of communication is the belief that... A. the audiences' understanding of messages is strongly influenced by context B. communication is a complex and transactional process with interchanging roles C. messages are clear to the audience regardless of their own experiences D. message encoding and decoding are affected by individual and societal forces

C. messages are clear to the audience regardless of their own experiences

Identity and communication are... A. somewhat unrelated B. mutually exclusive C. mutually reinforcing D. complete opposites

C. mutually reinforcing

In the process of identity development, George Herbert Mead described two types of "others." What are they? A. self-fulfilling and stereotype B. looking-glass and reflected C. particular and generalized D. primary and secondary

C. particular and generalized

Your mother, an important, and your significant other are each examples of what kind of people according to George Herbert Mead? A. generalized others B. looking-glass selves C. particular others D. social partnerships

C. particular others

The combination of emotional state, outlook, and knowledge refers to which factor that affects the perceptual process? A. cognitive complexity B. sensory capabilities C. personality and individual characteristics D. physical difference

C. personality and individual characteristics

If Marian's friends see her as friendly and outgoing, and communicate this through their comments and actions, then she probably sees herself... A. differently B. neutrally C. positively D. objectively

C. positively

A teacher stands in front of a classroom, and the students expect the teacher to be authoritative and professional. This is an example of... A. stereotype threats B. social comparisons C. role expectations D. self-fulfilling prophecies

C. role expectations

The manner in which you discipline your child may be different in the grocery store versus at your home because of what component of human communication? A. symbols B. noise C. setting D. message creation

C. setting

When Daya arrives in class, she has a question about the upcoming exam. As Daya formulates her specific question, what component of the communication process is taking place? A. feedback B. decoding C. noise D. encoding

D. encoding

Sophie sees her own ethnic group as the standard against which all others should be judged for female beauty. This is a demonstration of what? A. prejudice B. cultural norms C. stereotyping D. ethnocentrism

D. ethnocentrism

Steven is a chef and his wife is a doctor. They both have a rough day and vent to each other at home that night. However, they end up frustrated and in an argument because neither fully understands the demands of the other's job. This demonstrates the influence of what is communication? A. cultural norms B. gender C. context D. field of experience

D. field of experience

The education and experiences that a communicator possesses are known as their what? A. personal context B. societal forces C. culture D. field of experience

D. field of experience

How and to what extent one identifies with the social construction of masculinity and femininity is known as which identity? A. genetic B. sexual C. cultural D. gender

D. gender

When Elmer wants to communicate with his granddaughter, he remembers that she prefers text messages instead of lengthy phone conversations. Likewise, his granddaughter calls Elmer occasionally just to chat. Which aspect of identity and communication is demonstrated here? A. much of U.S. life is organized around specific identities B. identity plays an important role in intercultural communication C. communication can also be used to denigrate other identities D. individuals bring their identities to every communication encounter

D. individuals bring their identities to every communication encounter

A journalist focuses on how important agriculture is to the national economy. A farmer reading this article feels proud for the contribution she is making to her country. This is an example of what kind of identity? A. inherent B. primary C. individual D. social

D. social

When a tennis player compares her ranking against that of another tennis player, she is engaging in what? A. personal reflection B. self-fulfilling prophecy C. social status D. social comparison

D. social comparison

What does our brain do to make sense of all the sensory inputs around us? A. the brain creates biases to help us interpret information B. the brain emphasizes perceptions that we already understand C. the brain paints a complete picture of all the stimuli it receives D. the brain limits and structures what we perceive

D. the brain limits and structures what we perceive