exam 1

Conclusions on "Race"

"Race concept" lacks biological support False belief that intellect and cultural factors are predominantly genetically determined Race concept assumes that one's own group is superior to other groups. Racism is a cultural, not a biological phenomenon, and is found worldwide.

Pigmentation and Geography

Before 1500, skin color followed a geographical distribution. Greatest amount of pigmentation found in tropics. Lighter skin color found in more northern latitudes.

Sexual Variation

Hair distribution (males have more hair on face, chest, abdomen and back) Differences in body mass, facial shape, deepening of voice Secondary sexual characteristics

Human Variation: Biological Perspective

Human variation now studied in light of evolutionary forces -Gene flow, Genetic drift, Natural selection

Race concepts assume between group variation much greater than within group variation

INCORRECT ASSUMPTION!! Blood groups, other genetic polymorphisms show that: 88-90% of human genetic variation found within groups Between group variation (ie European versus African) accounts for 10-12% of total human genetic variation

Adaptive explanations for relationship between pigmentation and latitude

Low latitudes, high UV, darker pigmentation -reduce folate destruction (folate necessary for fetal development, sperm production) skin cancer High latitudes, low UV, lighter pigmentation -facilitates Vitamin D production

What are three Human Adaptations to Climate

Skin Color Body size and shape Chest and lung size

Regional Differences in Human Body Form and Pigmentation

Some differences reflect adaptation to different environments Some of this variation reflects genetic adaptation, but much is a result of developmental acclimatization Body size, Limb proportions, Chest size Can have differences in body form without major genetic differences between populations

The Adaptive Significance of Human Variation

Some human variation reflects adaptation to environmental conditions Genetic adaptation: evolutionary changes characterize all individuals within a population or species. Genetic adaptations to heat evolved in our ancestors: Sweat Glands: 3-4 litres/hour short periods. Vasodilation

Genghis Khan, and the spread of Y-chromosome varieties across Asia (Gene Flow, Cultural Selection)

A Y-chromosome variant found in Genghis Khan and his male relatives is now very common among modern Asians living within the boundaries of what was the Mongol Empire

Correspondence of Different Traits

A meaningful race concept would have to work for a number of independent traits Race concepts do not. Different traits lump different human populations together.

g. A nucleotide a. is composed of a nitrogenous base, a sugar, and a phosphate unit b. is the same thing as an RNA molecule c. codes for the production of an amino acid d. can include the nitrogenous base uracil e. a and b only

A nucleotide a. is composed of a nitrogenous base, a sugar, and a phosphate unit

AA: More likely to die from malaria than AS AS: Natural resistance to malarial parasites SS: Die from SCA

AA: More likely to die from malaria than AS AS: Natural resistance to malarial parasites SS: Die from SCA

Compare two native South American populations, one inhabiting low altitudes and the other high altitudes. a. An infant born at low altitude but raised at high altitude will develop a larger chest and lung size than the mean for low altitude children b. High altitude children on average have smaller lungs but larger chests than low altitude children c. People produce fewer red blood cells at high altitudes. d. Chest and lung size are reduced at higher altitudes.

An infant born at low altitude but raised at high altitude will develop a larger chest and lung size than the mean for low altitude children

Effects of Mutation

Can produce new genes/alleles, provide variation for natural selection Rare, may not have big effect on evolutionary change frequency of new allele can be affected by drift

What is Lactase?

Enzyme that breaks down sugar in milk (lactose)

Sickle cell anemia, how fatal is it?

Frequently fatal before reproductive age if not treated (no cure yet)

Sickle Cell Anemia: abnormal hemoglobin

Hemoglobin Variants (e.g. A & S) 96% of hemoglobin in adults is A Abnormal hemoglobin (S) molecule distorts Red Blood Cells (RBC) Abnormal RBC shape can lead to tissue damage, anemia

Growth, Development and Aging Relative to other mammals, humans have:

Long childhood with little growth Adolescent growth spurt Long post-reproductive life, including grandparents

What is Allen's rule in regards to Climate and Morphological Variation? Mammals in cold climates tend to have short, bulky limbs (decreases SA/volume) Mammals in hot climates tend to have long, slender limbs (increases SA/volume)

Mammals in cold climates tend to have short, bulky limbs (decreases SA/volume) Mammals in hot climates tend to have long, slender limbs (increases SA/volume)

Achondroplasia—Dominant Mutation

Most common form of dwarfism Cartilage doesn't grow properly Caused by dominant gene dd=normal, Dd=achondroplastic dwarf, DD=lethal prenatally

History of settlement in the US.

Original large populations came from the ends of the pigmentation spectrum, Europe and West Africa. This has given rise to the idea of 2 distinct races; the middle of the spectrum, which exists elsewhere, was missing.

Vikings, and the population history of Ireland (Gene Flow)

Populations in the midland counties of Ireland differ genetically from other Irish populations. The "Midlanders" are genetically intermediate between other Irish populations, and those from Scandinavia. Their population was formed through gene flow, when Viking invaders settled in the Midlands and inter-married with the local populations.

What is stabilizing selection

Selection leading to a stable distribution where that mean the value is best suited

What is directional selection?

Selection leading to change in the mean value

Even with strong selection, genetic variation of a population can be maintained because: A. Selection only affects one gene at a time. B. The effects of many alleles are hidden from selection by the effects of other alleles C. Mutation constantly adds new alleles at an extremely fast rate. D. Populations always go extinct before their gene frequencies are dramatically altered.

The effects of many alleles are hidden from selection by the effects of other alleles

Individuals with the recessive homozygote have difficulty in digesting milk (LACTOSE INTOLERANCE) which can lead to diarrhea, cramps and other intestinal problems. True or false?

True

Variation due to Activity Level High activity levels can lead to greater bone and muscle mass

Variation due to Activity Level High activity levels can lead to greater bone and muscle mass

Variation due to Nutrition Body size is influenced by nutrition Host of diseases reflect diet (either malnourishment or excessive nourishment)

Variation due to Nutrition Body size is influenced by nutrition Host of diseases reflect diet (either malnourishment or excessive nourishment)

Pleiotropy: When an allele effects more than one trait E.g. a gene that effects bird wing length and breadth

When an allele effects more than one trait E.g. a gene that effects bird wing length and breadth

Antigen: a substance that prompts the generation of antibodies and can cause an immune response

a substance that prompts the generation of antibodies and can cause an immune response

How many ABO phenotypes (blood types) are there? a. 4 b. 2 c. 3 d. 6 e. 1

a) 4

. Biological anthropology is a) a science about human biological variation and human evolution b) a science about the origin of life c) a science about the diversity of life forms on Earth d) a science about human genetics e) a science about variation of human culture

a) a science about human biological variation and human evolution

Which of the following is an example of human biological adaptation to the frequent malaria infection in tropical Africa? a) high frequency of sickle-cell anemia b) high frequency of Tay-Sachs disease c) lactose intolerance d) dark skin color

a) high frequency of sickle-cell anemia

s. What was a major goal of the Human Genome Project? t. a. Facilitate human cloning b. Map the chromosomes of every human on the planet c. Sequence the entire human genome d. Trace evolutionary relationships among primates e. Prevent overpopulation

a. Facilitate human cloning

What did Linnaeus do? a. established a binomial system of classification for plants and animals b. was a proponent of evolutionary change c. opposed all notions of fixity of species d. was a supporter of Charles Darwin e. developed theories of natural selection

a. established a binomial system of classification for plants and animals

Among the apes, the ________ have the smallest average body sizes. a. gibbons and siamangs b. bonobos c. chimpanzees d. macaques e. orangutans

a. gibbons and siamangs

This term refers to a diploid organism whose chromosomes carry two copies of the same allele at a single genetic locus. a. homozygous b. heterozygous c. homology d. heritability e. humerus

a. homozygous

Which of the following types of traits are governed by more than one genetic locus? a. polygenic b. dominant c. Mendelian d. recessive e. pleiotropic

a. polygenic

q. Enzymes are: r. a. specialized proteins. b. reproductive cells. c. a semifluid substance in the nucleus of the cell. d. always produced outside the body. e. in the formation of a double helix.

a. specialized proteins.

The principle of uniformitarianism a. stated that the geological processes that operated in the past are still occurring in the present. b. was a problem for the development of evolutionary theories. c. proposed that the earth was only a few thousand years old. d. was the same as the theory of catastrophism. e. was first proposed by Georges Cuvier.

a. stated that the geological processes that operated in the past are still occurring in the present.

Darwin argues that: a. there is biological variation within all species. b. there are fewer selective pressures on well-adapted species. c. in each generation all offspring survive in the most adapted species. d. fitness is a measure of how healthy and physically adapted an individual is. e. individuals who have more resources are reproductively successful.

a. there is biological variation within all species.

A person who is homozygous recessive at a locus has which of the following? a. two copies of the recessive allele b. two copies of the dominant allele c. an autosomal trisomy d. a recessive allele on the X chromosome only e. a recessive allele on the Y chromosome only

a. two copies of the recessive allele

Among 1500 New Yorkers 100 had genotype MM, 100 had genotype MN, 1300 had genotype NN. What is the frequency of M allele in the population of New York? a)0.066 b) 0.1 c) 0.258 d) 0.2 e) none of the above

b) 0.1

Mitosis results in: a) 2 haploid cells b) 2 diploid cells c) 4 haploid cells d) 4 diploid cells e) 2 haploid and 2 diploid cells

b) 2 diploid cells

Messenger RNA (mRNA).... a) is a structural part of a ribosome b) carries genetic information from the nucleus to cytoplasm c) initiates and directs chemical reactions d) is a structural part of a chromosome e) brings amino acids to mRNA

b) carries genetic information from the nucleus to cytoplasm

Mr. Brown is homozygous dominant (KK), his son Mike is heterozygous (Kk). What do we know about the genotype of Mrs. Brown? a) Her genotype is definitely kk b) her genotype is either kk or Kk c) her genotype is either KK or Kk d) her genotype is either KK, or Kk, or kk e) Mr. Brown cannot be Mike's biological father

b) her genotype is either kk or Kk

Towns Tomville and Plummerton are of approximately the same size (100,000 people each). Frequencies of Z and z alleles in each of these towns are as follows: Tomville: fr(Z) = 0.8, Plummerton: fr(Z) = 0.6 These two towns used to be separated by a forest. Recently, however, a road was built connecting these two towns and the populations of Tomville and Plummerton began mating randomly. How might Fr(Z) change in Tomville? a) will become 0.9 b) will become 0.7 c) will become 0.5 d) will remain 0.3 e) will become 0.1

b) will become 0.7

Two people (both heterozygotes) are able to taste a chemical substance called PTC. The ability to taste PTC is caused by a dominant allele (T). The inability to taste PTC is caused by a recessive allele (t). What proportion of their offspring would be expected to be heterozygous? a. 3/4 b. 1/2 c. All d. 1/4 e. 2/3

b. 1/2

Who was the first to actually attempt to explain the mechanism by which species change? a. Carolus Linnaeus b. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck c. Charles Lyell d. Charles Darwin e. Erasmus Darwin

b. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

Mendelian traits... a. are governed by several genetic loci b. are more likely to have identifiable loci than polygenic traits c. have continuous distributions d. can be described by statistics such as the average and standard deviation e. have phenotypic expressions that are often the result of genetic and environmental interactions

b. are more likely to have identifiable loci than polygenic traits

This term refers to a diploid organism whose cells carry two different alleles for a particular genetic locus. a. homozygous b. heterozygous c. homology d. heritability e. humerus

b. heterozygous

Structural similarities shared by species that are acquired by descent from a common ancestor are a. analogies b. homologies c. acquired d. uncommon e. uninformative of evolutionary relationships

b. homologies

Large molecules consisting of long chains of amino acids that can bind to other molecules are called a. zygotes b. proteins c. DNA d. gametes e. nucleolus

b. proteins

"Fitness," in an evolutionary sense, refers to an individual's a. strength b. reproductive success c. aggressiveness d. size e. age at death

b. reproductive success

______ is the practical application of the subfields of anthropology. a. ​Linguistics b. ​Applied Anthropology c. ​Archaeology d. ​Physical Anthropology e. ​Cultural Anthropology

b. ​Applied Anthropology

Charles Darwin a. grew up in modest circumstances. b. began to doubt the fixity of species during a voyage around the world in the 1830s c. received no formal education. d. spent two years in Africa where he developed the theory of natural selection. e. was a physician who studied natural history as a hobby.

began to doubt the fixity of species during a voyage around the world in the 1830s

Climate and Morphological Variation Bergmann's rule:

body size greater in populations living in colder climates decreasing SA/volume ratio

What evolutionary force is affecting allele frequencies in Plummerton and Tomville? a) balancing selection b) genetic drift c) gene flow d) disruptive selection e) random mating

c) gene flow

Which of the following includes genetic alterations within populations? a. Anatomy b. Macroevolution c. Microevolution d. Osteology e. Paleopathology

c. Microevolution

In Europe during the Middle Ages, it was most commonly believed that a. all species had evolved from a common ancestor. b. evolution was the result of natural selection acting upon genetic variation. c. all forms were created by God and did not change over time. d. most species had become extinct over time. e. life was created slowly, over millions of years.

c. all forms were created by God and did not

Homologous chromosomes a. are members of different chromosome pairs. b. are genetically identical. c. carry genetic information that influences the same traits (they have the same genes). d. are only inherited from the mother. e. are only inherited from the father.

c. carry genetic information that influences the same traits (they have the same genes).

The genetic makeup of an organism is called the __________. a. folivore b. omnivore c. genotype d. phenotype e. misanthrope

c. genotype

k. The structure within the cytoplasm that converts energy is called: l. a. prokaryotes. b. eukaryotes. c. mitochondria. d. messenger RNA (mRNA). e. transfer RNA (tRNA).

c. mitochondria.

d. A cell formed by the union of an egg cell and a sperm cell is called a a. ova b. gamete c. zygote d. nucleus e. ribosome

c. zygote

​ The term evolution refers to: a. ​ patterns of inheritance from parent to offspring. b. ​ the process of biological specialization. c. ​ changes in the genetic make-up of a population from one generation to the next. d. ​ genetic changes within populations, but not the appearance of new species. e. ​ a response of organisms or populations to the environment

changes in the genetic make-up of a population from one generation to the next

Human Variation—Complex traits like skin pigmentation are _____________; race categories are ___________.

continuous,discrete

Choose the complementary mRNA strand for TCA GAT DNA sequence a) TCA GAA b) UGA CTU c) GAC UCG d) AGU CUA e) CUG AGC

d) AGU CUA

Which contemporary of Charles Darwin also developed a theory of evolution by means of natural selection? a) Charles Lyell b) Jean-Baptiste Lamarck c) Erasmus Darwin d) Alfred Russel Wallace e) Georges Cuvier

d) Alfred Russel Wallace

9. The origins of physical anthropology arose from two areas of interest among 19th-century scientists. What did these areas concern? a. ​The genetic determinants of behavior and osteology b. Nonhuman primates and origins of modern species c. Human variation and osteology d. The origins of modern species and human variation e. Human evolution and nonhuman primates

d. The origins of modern species and human variation

Several events had combined to alter Western Europeans' ideas about the earth by the 18th century. What did these include? a. the circumnavigation of the globe b. the discovery of the New World c. the rise of the notion of a sun-centered universe d. all of these e. A and B only

d. all of these

Which statement(s) concerning polygenic traits is/are true? a. They are governed by more than one genetic locus. b. Their expression is often influenced by genetic/environmental interactions. c. The alleles have an additive effect on the phenotype. d. all of these e. a and b only

d. all of these

What is gene flow defined as? a. production of new alleles b. production of new genetic material c. chance loss of alleles in a population d. exchange of genes between populations e. differential reproductive success of individuals

d. exchange of genes between populations

b. ______________ are structures made up of two or more atoms and can combine with one another to form more complex structures. c. a. somatic cells b. gamete cells c. nucleotides d. molecules e. mitochondria

d. molecules

When discussing the observable characteristics of organisms which of the following terms do we use? a. folivore b. omnivore c. genotype d. phenotype e. misanthrope

d. phenotype

Evolution can be described as a two-stage process that includes which of the following? a. genetic drift followed by migration b. natural selection followed by migration c. recombination followed by mutation d. production of variation followed by natural selection e. none of these

d. production of variation followed by natural selection

Albinism is determined by a recessive allele a. Among Hopi albino males do not participate in long hunting expeditions. They stay at the base camp and frequently mate with wives of other males and father more children than other males in a Hopi community. What type of evolutionary force is affecting frequency of allelea in the described group? a) disruptive selection b) genetic drift c) random mating d) gene flow e) directional selection for recessive phenotype

e) directional selection for recessive phenotype

Mary and her brother Tim are both homozygous recessive (dd). If their parents had another baby, what will be his/her genotype a) definitely dd b) definitely DD c) either Dd or dd, but not DD d) either DD or Dd, but not dd e) either DD, Dd, or dd (all are possible)

e) either DD, Dd, or dd (all are possible)

____________ is the study of human anatomical and behavioral evolution as evidenced by the fossil record. a. Osteology b. Paleopathology c. Anthropometry d. Primatology e. Paleoanthropology

e. Paleoanthropology

What is meant by the term biocultural evolution? a. Changes in human culture from generation to generation b. Biological evolution in all species except humans c. Biological changes in a species over time d. The influence of genetic engineering on culture e. The interaction between biology and culture in human evolution

e. The interaction between biology and culture in human evolution

_________ are alternate forms of a gene and occur at the same locus on both members of a pair of chromosomes. a. homozygous b. heterozygous c. genotype d. phenotype e. alleles

e. alleles

h. A sequence of DNA bases that specifies the order of amino acids in an entire protein, a portion of a protein, or any functional product is called a(n) i. a. enzyme b. codon c. exon d. intron e. gene

e. gene

Which of the following is not inherited in a Mendelian fashion? a. ABO blood type b. Marfan syndrome c. achondroplasia d. phenylketonuria e. skin color

e. skin color

Archaeologists: a. are interested in human behavior when it pertains to osteology. b. only examine complex civilizations that have left architectural ruins. c. focus primarily on biological imperatives. d. never work with physical anthropology. e. study earlier human groups using artifacts and structures as their evidence.

e. study earlier human groups using artifacts and structures as their evidence.

what is the belief that species do not change but are the same as when first created known as? a. fixity of species b. the Great Chain of Being c. heliocentrism d. uniformitarianism e. natural selection

fixity of species

Clinal variation:

gradual change in allele frequencies over geographic space

The fact that individuals who possess favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce than those who possess less favorable traits is the basis for the theory of a. uniformitarianism. b. natural selection. c. the inheritance of acquired characteristics. d. catastrophism. e. the fixity of species.

natural selection.

Genetic Drift random change in genetic makeup of population what else?

random change in genetic makeup of population small population changes can occur as "accidents"

7. The anthropological perspective proposes to broaden our viewpoint though time and space. a. True b. False

true

What are Other factors involved in human variation

• Sexual variation • Human Growth and Development (Life History) • Nutrition • Activity Levels