EXAM 1
spheroplast
Gram-negative cell that has lost its cell wall
Phylum Proteobacteria
Gram-negatives including rickettsias and enterics
protoplast
Gram-positive cell that has lost its cell wall
If you discover that the bacterium you're studying stores phosphate, which of the following would you expect to contain the stored phosphate?
Granules
Cleave bonds on molecules with the addition of water
Hydrolases
The process of determining the characteristics of an organism which will be used to place the organism into its taxonomic ranks.
Identification
The field which studies the protective reactions to microbial infections, examples include blood testing and vaccination
Immunology
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic commonly associated with enzymes?
Increase activation energy Are much smaller than their substrates Are used up by the reaction
red and blue-green
Phycobilin
parasitism
Plasmodium growing inside red blood cells
Which of the following is NOT found in the Gram-Negative cell wall structure?
Teichoic Acids
Plasmodium
The Apicomplexa are non-motile organisms which produce sporelike cells called sporozoites.
Balantidium
The Ciliophora move via cilia and most develop cysts.
Trypanosoma
The Mastigophora contain a single nucleus and move primarily via flagella.
Entamoeba
The Sarcodina move primarily via the use of pseudopods and most contain a single nucleus.
cytoskeleton
This framework, composed of microfilaments and microtubules, serves to anchor other organelles, provide support, and permit movement in some cells
mitochondrion
This organelle contains two membranes of which the inner membrane contains the enzymes and electron carriers that carry out aerobic respiration
smooth ER
This organelle is composed of a series of tunnels within the cell which are used for synthesis, storage and transport of lipids
chloroplast
This organelle is formed of stacks of thylakoids called grana which are responsible for photosynthesis.
rough ER
This organelle, composed of a series of membranes to which ribosomes are attached, functions to process and modify protein
cytoskeleton
This structure is a network of protein polymers that helps stabilize the shape of the cell from within.
granules
This structure stores inorganic compounds, such as sulfur and polyphosphate.
inclusion bodies
This structure stores nutrients during periods of ample resources to compensate for times when nutrients are scarce.
Transfer of an amino group from an amino acid to a carbohydrate produces amino acids that are in low supply
Transamination
Transfer functional groups from one substrate to another
Transferases
Fungi are generally classified according to their ____?
Type of hyphae
A prepared slide is very thin and pale. What should you do? (Getting a new slide is not an option, nor is staining it)
Use the diaphragm lever to increase the contrast.
Which type of microbiologist would be most likely to work with organisms that are visible to the naked eye?
a parasitologist
optimum temperature
a small temperature range which promotes the fastest rate of growth and metabolism
Obligate __________ live at low pH extremes and sometimes maintain the low pH by releasing strong acid.
acidophiles
order the following cytoskeletal elements from smallest diameter to largest.
actin, intermediate filament, microtubule
The best understood bacterial cytoskeletons are composed primarily of
actin.
composed of a cylinder of microtubules in a 9+2 arrangement
both flagella and cilia
bacterial flagellum moves
by rotation that is powered by the proton motive force.
The Krebs cycle provides a significant means to synthesize a small amount of ATP in the absence of oxygen and also to generate pyruvic acid, an essential intermediary metabolite. t/f
false
gram-positive cells
cells which contain a thick layer of peptidoglycan and teichoic acids
gram-negative cells
cells which contain both an inner and outer membrane as well as a thin layer of peptidoglyan
mycoplasms
cells which lack a cell wall with peptidoglycan but contain sterols to strengthen their cell membrane
Excess nutrients that the cell may store for later use may be found within
cytoplasmic granules.
removal of an amino group from amino acids to generate intermediates of the Krebs cycle
deamination
Phylum Crenarchaeota
depend on sulfur for growth, found in extreme habitats like hot springs or extreme cold
Organisms in the Domain Archaea have peptidoglycan in their cell wall. t/f
false
Purple and green sulfur bacteria get their energy from oxygenic photosynthesis. t/f
false
The time required for a complete fission cycle—from parent cell to two new daughter cells—is called the growth rate. T/F
false
Through a process called beta oxidation, __________ can be degraded to acetyl and enter the Krebs cycle via acetyl coenzyme A.
fats
The incomplete oxidation of glucose or other carbohydrates without the use of oxygen is a process referred to as __________.
fermentation
found in certain protozoa and some algae
flagella
select all of the following which are eukaryotic locomotor appendages.
flagella cilia
Phylum Chlorobi
green sulfur bacteria
hyperthermophile
grow at very high temperatures
psychrophile
grow at very low temperatures
hyphae
long thread-like cells that make up filamentous fungi (molds)
central atom in chlorophyll; required for function of ribosomes
magnesium
Which term(s) refer to cells without cell walls?
mycoplasma, sphereoplast, and protoplast
kinetoplastids
named for the mass of DNA within their single mitochondrion
Saprobic microorganisms are important decomposers of plant litter, animal matter, and dead microbes. This is an example of a(n) __________.
niche
The term biologists use to describe all of the adaptations organisms make to their environment is __________.
niche
Organelles which contain DNA include the
nucleus. mitochondria. chloroplast.
The molecule primarily responsible for the strength and stability of the bacterial cell wall is
peptidoglycan.
key component of genetic material in cells
phosphorus
uses light-driven electron transport to generate ATP
photophosphorylation
Which of the following is a characteristic of green and sulfur bacteria?
photosynthetic contain pigments contain bacteriochlorophyll utilize sulfur compounds in their metabolism
Phylum Cyanobacteria
photosynthetic bacteria that may be green, yellow, red, or orange in color
Which of the following binds to the active site of an enzyme?
substrate
transfer of phosphate from high-energy compound to ADP to directly generate ATP
substrate-level phosphorylation
An enzyme promotes a chemical reaction by serving as a physical site upon which __________ can be positioned for various interactions.
substrates
An enzyme promotes a reaction by serving as a physical site upon which the reactant molecules, called __________, can be positioned for various interactions.
substrates
The general term used to denote a situation in which two organisms live together in a close partnership required by one or both members is __________.
symbiosis
Ribosomes function primarily to
synthesize proteins.
Choose the answer that best completes the blanks of this sentence in order. The two major groups of parasitic flatworms include the __________ with a long, ribbon-like body and the __________ with a flat, ovoid body.
tapeworms; flukes
peritrichous
this pattern consists of flagella randomly distributed around the cell
. amphitrichous
this pattern has flagella at both poles of the cell
lophotrichous
this pattern has groups of flagella all originating from the same point on the cell
monotrichous
this pattern has one flagellum attached at one end of the cell
polar
this type of flagella can be found at either or both ends of a cell
Serves as handle for carrying the microscope
Arm
Which of the following statements does NOT describe the associations among microorganisms and their basic qualities?
Associations do not include multicellular organisms.
Reactions in the nucleus of an atom
Atomic energy
Consider the biochemical pathway: A - E1 -> B - E2 -> CIf Enzyme 2 is inactive, which of the following compounds will accumulate?
B only
If a cell is in a concentrated glucose solution and the glucose is moving into the cell through a carrier protein, this would be an example of ________.
Facilitated Diffusion
T/F In the current taxonomic system as proposed by Woese and Fox, the level that includes the largest number of organisms would be a kingdom.
False
newer technology that manipulates the genetics of microbes, plants, and animals to create new products and genetically modified organisms (GMOs)
Genetic Engineering
The field which manipulates DNA of an organism to create a new organism with a desired trait
Genetic engineering
Which part of the Eukaryotic cell is responsible for contacting the outside environment and signaling between cells?
Glycocalyx
The Eukaryotic organelle that is responsible for transporting vesicles inside the cells is the?
Golgi
match the microbe type with the kingdom in the Whittaker system of classification.
1. Kingdom Monera; Bacteria 2. Kingdom Myceteae; Fungi 3. Kingdom Protista; Algae and Protozoa
What total magnification will be achieved if the 10x eyepiece and the 10x objective lens are used?
100x
What is the typical magnification of the eyepiece?
10x
Assuming a ratio of three ATPs per NADH and two ATPs per FADH2, the theoretical net ATP production during prokaryotic aerobic respiration is __________.
38
What is the total magnification if a 40x objective is used?
400x
chemoautotroph
4H2 + CO2 -> CH4 + 2H2O
Please select all of the structural components of ATP.
5-carbon ribose sugar chain of three phosphate groups adenine
The eukaryotic ribosome is a(n) __________ ribosome, composed of 40S and 60S subunits.
80S
Which of the following is not typically found inside a chloroplast?
80S ribosomes
Which structure or molecule could be used to definitively classify a newly discovered life form as a eukaryotic cell.
80S ribosomes
Substrate-level phosphorylation
A process where ATP is formed by transfer of a phosphate group from a high-energy compound directly to ADP
Photophosphorylation
ATP is formed by means of a light-driven electron transport mechanism
amensalism
Actinomycetes produce an antibiotic that inhibits growth of fungi
The field which studies the relationships between microbes and domestic plants and animals
Agricultural microbiology
Addition of an ammonium molecule produces an amino acid through the conversion of a carbohydrate
Amination
Aerobic organisms are known to utilize oxygen and can detoxify it. What would be the definition of a facultative anaerobe?
An organism that utilizes oxygen but can also grow in its absence
Larger molecules are built from smaller molecules
Anabolism
select all of the statements that are true about endospores.
Bacterial endospores are highly resistant to heat, drying, and radiation. Endospores can exist in the environment for indefinite periods of time. Endospores resist boiling and therefore steam must be used to destroy endospores present in food.
__________ is a study of the mechanisms of cellular energy release, including catabolic and anabolic pathways.
Bioenergetics
process that involves the introduction of microbes into the environment to restore stability or to clean up toxic pollutants.
Bioremediation
technology that applies the power of microbes toward the manufacture of industrial products, foods, and drugs
Biotechnology
chemoheterotroph
C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
photoautotroph
CO2 + H2O -> (CH2O)n + O2
yellow, orange, red
Carotenoid
Larger molecules are broken down into smaller molecules
Catabolism
characteristics exhibited by prokaryotes
DNA Ribosomes Cell Wall
Present in the bonds of molecules
Chemical energy
If an organism is degrading large organic molecules to get both carbon and energy, it would be best described as a ______.
Chemoorganotroph
green
Chlorophyll
. The process of grouping organisms into groups which reflect the history and evolutionary relatedness of those organisms.
Classification
commensalism
Colonies of Haemophilus clustered around growth of Staphylococcus
__________ inhibition occurs when the inhibitor molecule is contending with the substrate for the binding site.
Competitive
ribosome
Composed of RNA and protein, this structure synthesizes new proteins
Concentrates light onto specimen
Condenser
Moves the stage quickly up and down to locate sample
Course adjustment
order the following choices to test your understanding of the stages involved in the synthesis, packaging, and export of proteins.
DNA is copied into RNA. Protein is synthesized by the ribosome using an RNA code. Proteins are deposited in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. Proteins are transported from the ER to the Golgi apparatus. Proteins are chemically modified. Proteins are packaged into secretory vesicles.
Through the removal of an amino group, an amino acid can be converted to a useful intermediate of carbohydrate catabolism
Deamination
A scientist observes that all people who contract a painful skin rash known as shingles have previously in their lifetime been infected with chicken pox. He theorizes that the virus that causes chicken pox is the same virus that cause shingles. What type of reasoning is being displayed in this case?
Deductive reasoning Inductive reasoning uses specific examples to develop a generalized theory, while deductive reasoning uses general examples to develop a specific hypothesis
level of taxonomy from most general to most specific
Domain kingdom phylum class order family genus species
Which of the following correctly represents the mechanism of enzyme function?
E + S -> E-S -> E-P -> E + P
Parasitic helminths reproduce by:
Eggs and sperm
Flow of electrons
Electrical energy
Please choose the correct way to type the scientific name of an organism to demonstrate your understanding of how to correctly write a scientific name.
Escherichia coli
Organisms in the Domain Archaea have more DNA sequence similarity to:
Escherichia coli which is in the Domain Bacteria
Circular area seen through the eyepiece
Field of view
Thin hairlike bristles emerging from the cell surface that function in adhesion to other cells and surfaces.
Fimbriae
Moves the stage slowly up and down to focus image
Fine adjustment
The field which is concerned with food borne diseases as well as food and beverage production
Food and dairy microbiology
Order the stages of biofilm formation.
Free-swimming cells lose their motility and settle down onto a surface. Cells synthesize an adhesive matrix that holds them tightly to the surface. When cells in the biofilm grow to a certain density (quorum), the cells release inducer molecules that can coordinate a response. Inducer molecule stimulate expression of a particular gene or genes. Cells perform coordinated activity as dictated by a new pattern of gene expression.
Please choose the statement that is incorrect about fungi to test your understanding of their importance in ecology, agriculture, commerce, and medicine.
Fungi are only detrimental to the food industry.
select all of the following that are true regarding fungi.
Fungi can be found in two cell forms: hyphae and yeasts. Most fungi obtain nutrients from decaying matter but some fungi can be parasites of living hosts. Fungi are heterotrophic.
Please choose the statement that are true regarding the importance of fungi to ecology, agriculture, commerce, and medicine.
Fungi synthesize antibiotics which inhibit bacterial growth. Fungi can be pathogenic to field crops and can rot food during transport. Fungi form associations with plant roots to help them take up water and nutrients.
If a molecule has been reduced during a reaction, it has ________.
Gained electrons and hydrogens
In most living systems, which of the following mechanisms is usually NOT a possibility for increasing the rate of a chemical reaction?
Increasing thermal energy Increasing the concentration of reactants
order the following choices to reflect the stages in cell division, beginning with the resting, non-dividing state.
Interphase: Active metabolic period before mitosis occurs. Prophase: Chromosomes begin to condense and take on a threadlike appearance. Metaphase: Duplicated chromosomes are attached at the centromere. Anaphase: Chromosomes are separated and pulled to the poles by the spindle fibers. Telophase: Chromosomes are located in each pole of the cell and division into two daughter cells occurs.
contrast
Iris diaphragm
Which of the following is incorrect about sporulation.
Is a form of reproduction
Which of the following does NOT describe a fungus?
Is photosynthetic
Change substrates to another form with same molecular formula
Isomerases
choose the answer that describes the function of the Golgi complex.
It adds lipids and sugars to proteins and then packages these proteins for transport to their final destination.
choose the answer that describes the function of the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum.
It synthesizes, stores, and transports lipids.
What part of aerobic respiration releases CO2?
Krebs Cycle
Catalyze the formation of bonds with the input of ATP and the removal of water
Ligases
Photophosphorylation in which light is trapped, energy is extracted to make ATP, and oxygen is evolved
Light-dependent reaction
Calvin cycle, in which ATP is used to fix carbon dioxide into organic compounds such as glucose
Light-independent reaction
Bacteria with small bunches of flagella emerging from same site are called __[A]__ while bacteria with flagella dispersed over surface of cell are called __[B]__
Lophotrichous; Peritrichous
WHO disproved spontaneous generation and proved the Theory of Biogenesis?
Louis Pasteur
Who was instrumental in disproving the idea of abiogenesis?
Louis Pasteur
Physical change in position
Mechanical energy
All of the chemical reactions that occur in a cell
Metabolism
examples of ways microbes are involved in the earth's ecosystem.
Microbes produce "greenhouse gases," such as carbon dioxide and methane which help trap heat in the earth's atmosphere. Microbes break down/decompose molecules in order to release needed chemicals. Microbes live within higher organisms and assist these organisms in obtaining nutrients.
The majority of microorganisms grow at a pH between 6 and 8 and are considered?
Neutrophiles
mutualism
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria growing on plant roots
The process of assigning names to all levels of an organism's taxonomic ranking
Nomenclature
Attachment site for all of the objectives
Nosepiece
In aerobic respiration __________ is the final electron acceptor, whereas in anaerobic respiration another oxidized ion such as __________ is the final electron acceptor. Multiple Choice
O2; NO3-
After light passes through the specimen it enters this lens
Objective lens
An organism that is unable to survive in the presence of oxygen since it lacks the necessary enzymes to detoxify oxygen.
Obligate anaerobe
Lens at the top of the body tube
Ocular
Microbes that do harm are called?
Parasites
What cell structure is primarily responsible for gram staining results?
Peptidoglycan
Activated when electrons are transferred from the other photosystem
Photosystem I
Activated by light, setting up a chain reaction of electron release from chlorophyll
Photosystem II
select characteristics exhibited by protozoa to test your understanding of protozoan form, nutrition, and locomotion.
Protozoa can move using flagella, pseudopodia, or cilia. Protozoa have an ectoplasm involved in locomotion, feeding, and protection. Protozoa can be free-living or parasitic.
Which of the following is incorrect about protozoan pathogens?
Protozoa cannot be spread through body fluids.
Chlamydomonas nivalis grows on Alaskan glaciers and it's photosynthetic pigments give the snow a red crust. This organism would be best described as a _____.
Psychrophile
The field dedicated to monitoring and controlling the spread of disease within a population
Public health microbiology and epidemiology
Visible light or other rays
Radiant energy
Diseases caused by obligate intracellular bacteria include
Rocky Mountain spotted fever. endemic typhus.
__________ metabolize organic matter from dead organisms while __________ require a live host.
Saprobes; symbiotic microbes
Oxidative phosphorylation
Series of reactions involving electron transport and ATP Synthase
Platform that supports the microscope slide
Stage
Which of the following are correct descriptions of biological oxidation-reduction reactions?
The compound that loses electrons is oxidized. The compound that gains electrons is reduced.
order the following choices, beginning with the infection of a new host, to reflect the life cycle of helminths to test your understanding of helminth biology, life cycles, and reproduction.
The egg enters an intermediate host. The egg releases larvae. Larvae develop into an adult in the definitive host. Mating of the adult occurs in the definitive host. Fertilized eggs are released into the environment where they can infect another host.
hypotonic
The environment inside the cell has a higher solute concentration than the environment outside the cell.
hypertonic
The environment inside the cell has a lower solute concentration than the environment outside the cell.
isotonic
The environment inside the cell has the same solute concentration as the environment outside of the cell.
chromosome
The structure which contains the essential DNA of the cell.
plasmid
The structure which contains the nonessential DNA of the cell.
Molecular motion
Thermal energy
Which of the following explains why archaeons are extremophiles?
They are ancient, primitive organisms that adapt well to extreme conditions because they have retained characteristics of the cells that first evolved when Earth's conditions were far more extreme.
select all of the following that represent the functions of fungal spores.
They are responsible for multiplication and dissemination of the fungi. They are responsible for producing genetic variability.
Which of the following descriptions is true of both Algae and Protozoa?
They both contain mitochondria
Which of the following statements about enzymes is correct?
They may be active extracellularly
diplococci
This arrangement is formed when a coccus divides on a single plane and the two daughter cells remain attached
tetrad
This arrangement is formed when a coccus divides on perpendicular planes and results in four cocci being attached as a cluster of cell
palisades arrangement
This arrangement is formed when bacilli that are attached end to end fold back on each other to form rows of side-by-side cells
streptobacilli
This arrangement is formed when rod-shaped bacteria divide multiple times on their transverse planes and do not separate therefore the cells continue to be attached to each other.
diplobacilli
This arrangement is formed when two rod-shaped bacteria divide on the transverse plane and do not separate
You increased the total magnification, you are in focus but your specimen is no longer visible. Describe what happened.
When magnification increases the specimen may no longer be in the field of view. Larger the magnification of an objective lens, the smaller the area is viewed.
addition of an amino group to carbon skeletons like oxaloacetate for the production of amino acids
amination
The integration of catabolic and anabolic pathways to improve cell efficiency is termed
amphibolism
Which characteristic has most recently been used to classify eukaryotic organisms and assign them to various taxonomic groups.
analysis of ribosomal RNA
a polypeptide of protein component of an enzyme that needs a cofactor in order to function
apoenzyme
choose all of the functions that can be performed by pili or fimbriae. -
attachment to eukaryotic cells biofilm formation mating twitching motility
When you move the stage such that the slide is moved to you which way does the image move when looking through the eyepiece?
away from you
Amoeba have no cell walls and when water enters the cell via osmosis, the amoeba must expend energy to expel the water. Bacteria do not do this because
bacteria have cell walls.
L form
bacteria that normally have a cell wall but can lose it during part of their life cycle
Examination of a newly discovered fungus reveals a number of haploid sexual spores formed on the outside of a club-shaped cell. These spores would be classified as
basidiospores.
breakdown of fats into acetyl CoA for use in the Krebs cycle
beta oxidation
What most correctly describes the process of bacterial cell division?
binary fission
stabilizes cell walls, and adds resistance to bacterial endospores
calcium
stabilizes cell walls; adds resistance to endospores
calcium
What is the main job of chloroplast pigments during photosynthesis?
capture photons of light
product of respiration and used in photosynthesis
carbon
chemoautotroph
carbon dioxide and simple inorganic chemicals
photoautotroph
carbon dioxide and sunlight
The cell envelope is the external covering that lies outside of the cell cytoplasm and is composed of the __________ and __________.
cell membrane cell wall
select all of the following which are found in all cells regardless of cell type.
cell membrane cytoplasm DNA
lag phase
cells require a period of adjustment after being newly inoculated
acid-fast cells
cells which contain a thick layer of mycolic acid or cord factor
pseudohyphae
chain of yeast cells formed when buds remain attached in a row
The concept of __________ describes the active transport of protons across a membrane to set up a concentration gradient called the proton motive force to set the stage for ATP synthesis.
chemiosmosis
Methanogens are a type of archaea found in various habitats on the planet, including deep-sea vents in the deepest parts of the ocean. They produce methane gas by reducing carbon dioxide, using hydrogen gas under anaerobic conditions. Given these characteristics, methanogens are a type of __________.
chemoautotroph
The two groups of obligate intracellular bacteria are the __________, usually spread by contact, and the __________, usually transmitted by the bites of arthropods.
chlamydias; rickettsias
functions in membrane transport; required by obligate halophiles
chloride
Which of the following is NOT a photosynthetic pigment?
chloroplast
Please select all of the following which are contents of the cell cytoplasm.
chromosome ribosome water
found in certain protozoa and animal cells; can serve as feeding/filtering structure
cilia
Grouping organisms based on their evolutionary relationships is the process of ____, which is part of taxonomy.
classification
organic cofactors work with an apoenzyme to catalyze a chemical reaction
coenzyme
Differences in the bacteria found in the GI tract of humans compared to those found in the GI tract of primates is most likely an example of __________.
coevolution
flagella
composed of a filament, hook and basal body, these cell appendages provide movement to the cell
eukaryotic cells
contains a nucleus and undergoes mitosis
select all of the following which are characteristics of the nucleus to test your understanding of the structure of the nucleus.
contains nuclear pores for transporting materials out of the nucleus contains a granular mass known as a nucleolus contains DNA in the form of chromosomes
prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells and viruses
contains nucleic acid
both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
contains ribosomes and enzymes
methanogen
convert carbon dioxide and hydrogen into methane gas
Choose all the true statements about the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase.
couples oxidation of pyruvate with reduction of NAD+ contains four vitamin cofactors catalyzes release of CO2 from pyruvate
ascospore
created in a special sac when two different fungal strains fuse
Please choose the answer that best fills in the blanks of this statement in the correct order. Photosynthesis proceeds in two phases: the light-__________ reactions which proceed only in the presence of sunlight, and the light-__________ reactions which proceed regardless of the lighting conditions.
dependent; independent
Which of the following are examples of membrane transport that do NOT require energy from the cell?
diffusion osmosis facilitated diffusion
zygospore
diploid spore formed when hyphae of two opposite strains fuse
viruses
does not contain organelles and cannot replicate independently
prokaryotic cells
does not contain organelles but can replicate independently via binary fission
Which of the following answers correctly completes this statement in order of the blanks? "A(n) ____ disease is a new disease being reported in increasing numbers within the population while a(n) ____ disease is a disease which has existed in the past but is currently seeing increasing numbers of cases."
emerging; re-emerging
When a trophozoite is exposed to dry conditions or a lack of nutrients, it will enter the __________ phase. Cells in this phase round up and lose motility and are called __________. When the environment becomes moist and nutrients are restored, the protozoan will enter __________, thus reactivating the trophozoite.
encystment; cysts; excystment
ADP + Pi + Energy ⇆ ATP is an example of a(n) __________ reaction.
endergonic
enzymes that are retained and function intracellularly
endoenzyme
Bacteria found in the stomach of cud-chewing mammals, such as cows, are essential in the breakdown of cellulose. This relationship is an example of
endosymbiosis
Escherichia coli produces approximately 5,000 different compounds. However, in order to do so, it must absorb substances like glucose and sodium chloride from its environment. Substances such as these are referred to as
essential nutrients
Choose the answer that fills in the blanks of this sentence in the correct order. The algae are photosynthetic, eukaryotic protists that are grouped into __________ (no cell wall and motile by flagella), __________ (single-celled with golden chloroplasts and intricate cell walls), __________ (cause "red tide"), kelp, red seaweeds and green algae.
euglenids; diatoms; dinoflagellates
enzymes that are exported extracellularly where they perform their function
exoenzyme
Phylum Nanoarchaeota
extremely small archaea found in salt mines
How do you calculate the total magnification when using a microscope?
eyepiece magnification x objective magnification
A Scientific Theory has little or no evidence to support it and could be best described as a "best guess" t/f
false
A true aerobe lacks the metabolic enzyme systems for using oxygen gas in respiration. t/f
false
Aerobic respiration includes the utilization of oxygen containing compounds like NO2, CO2,or SO4 if free oxygen (O2) is not available. t/f
false
An enzyme can only bind one reactant at a time. t/f
false
An enzyme speeds up a chemical reaction in the cell, but can only be used once t/f
false
Classification systems are used to organize bacterial pathogens by the type of disease or infection each causes. true or false
false
Cyanobacteria are of interest (and are named for) their ability to degrade areas contaminated with cyanide. true or false
false
If the end product of a biochemical pathway becomes available in the environment, the cell must continue making the product. t/f
false
Organic nutrients are those molecules that a cell manufactures for itself, rather than being supplied by the environment. t/f
false
Choose the answer that best completes the blanks of this sentence in order. The two major groups of parasitic helminths include the __________ with a thin, segmented body and the __________ with a cylindrical, unsegmented body.
flatworms; roundworms
You put the slide on the stage and all you see is pink. What should you do?
focus microscope
Which of the following attributes is true about bacterial ribosomes?
found in the cytoplasm found in the cell membrane contains protein subunits contains RNA subunits made of 50S and 30S subunits
select the primary characteristics which are used to classify fungi.
genetic profile structure of the hyphae type of sexual reproduction
In the event of an inadequate glucose supply, pyruvate serves as the starting point in glucose synthesis from various metabolic intermediates in a process called __________.
gluconeogenesis
formation of glucose staring from pyruvate
gluconeogenesis
Please choose the term that describes the outermost boundary of the eukaryotic cell, which is composed of polysaccharides and is responsible for adherence of the cell to other surfaces.
glycocalyx
You are studying a new variant of a eukaryotic cell. The variant cell has mutated so that it no longer attaches well to surfaces or initiates the formation of a biofilm. The mutation in this cell has most likely affected the
glycocalyx
Which of the following are the three main catabolic pathways of aerobic respiration?
glycolysis Krebs cycle electron transport chain
Aerobic respiration and fermentation are similar in that they both begin with the process of __________ and they both produce ATP and __________.
glycolysis; CO2
Which of the following correctly describe the color of different cells after using the Gram staining technique?
gram-negative—pink/red gram-positive—purple
Which of the following has historically been the first division in a system of bacterial taxonomy?
gram-positive versus gram-negative cells
Organisms that require a high concentration of salt are called __________.
halophiles
basidiospore
haploid spores formed on the outside of a club-shaped cell
Unlike cyanobacteria, purple sulfur bacteria utilize an anoxygenic type of photosynthesis.Which of the following are best associated with photosynthesis as performed by purple sulfur bacteria?
have only a cyclic photosystem I use hydrogen, hydrogen sulfide, or sulfur as a source of electrons and reducing power generates a small amount of ATP
diplomonad
have reduced mitochondria, can form cysts
parabasalids
have reduced mitochondria, do not form cysts
halophile
have very high salt tolerance
Phylum Deinococcus
highly resistant to radiation and desiccation
Please choose the term that refers to a conjugated enzyme.
holoenzyme
a conjugated enzymes composed of both protein and nonprotein molecules
holoenzyme
During the life cycle of a parasitic helminth, development of larvae occurs in the __________ host, while mating between adults occurs in the __________ host.
intermediate, definitive
essential element for the structure of new respiratory proteins
iron
important for cytochrome structure
iron
When you move the stage such that the slide is moved to the right which way does the image move when looking through the eyepiece?
left
Rank the following components from least to most abundant.
lipids nucleic acids proteins water
Other than maintaining the shape of the cell, what is the primary function of the cell wall, and which component contributes most to this function?
maintaining strength; peptidoglycan
Bacterial species are defined in a fundamentally different way than mammalian species are. This is because
mammals reproduce sexually while bacteria reproduce asexually.
Which characteristics are typically used to initially classify protozoans?
means of motility number of nuclei
Most human pathogens are:
mesophiles
thermophiles
microbes that are significant for biotechnology
mesophiles
microbes that will grow at human body temperature
psychrophiles
microbes that will grow in refrigeration temperatures
Microbes that normally live on the skin, in the gastrointestinal tract, and in other sites are called the normal resident __________.
microbiota
Please select the cellular structures that are present in ALL eukaryotic cells.
mitochondria nucleus cytoskeleton
Choose the answer that fills in the blanks of this sentence in the correct order. Of the microscopic fungi, __________ are filamentous fungi made of long thread-like cells called hyphae while __________ are round or oval-shaped.
molds; yeast
Simple diffusion is defined as the movement of
molecules from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration.
Oxidation of a 6-carbon fatty acid with glycerol potentially yields __________ energy when compared with the energy output for a 6-carbon sugar.
more
Choose all of the techniques commonly used to classify bacteria.
morphology bacterial physiology serological analysis genetic analysis
Phylum Firmicutes
mostly Gram-positive bacteria with a low G+C content
Lactobacilli are part of the natural microbiota found in the vaginas of females. The bacteria feed off of glucose molecules produced by the female and ferment them to lactic acid. This reduces the pH of the vagina to a level that cannot be tolerated by other more harmful bacteria. This relationship can best be described as
mutualism
The study of molds and yeast is called
mycology
Phylum Chlamydiae
obligate intracellular parasites that are extremely small in size
Organisms referred to as __________ halophiles require at least a 9% salt concentration in order to grow, whereas __________ halophiles can adapt to a wide range of solute concentrations.
obligate; facultative
commensalism
one organism benefits while the other organism is neither harmed nor benefited
parasitism
one organism is harmed when it provides the other organism with nutrients and a habitat
barophile
optimal growth at high pressure
acidophile
optimal growth at low pH
psychrophile
optimal growth below 15°C
thermophile
optimal growth from 45°C—80°C
capnophile
optimal growth in 3—10% CO2
halophile
optimal growth in high salt concentrations
osmophile
optimal growth in high solute concentrations
Amylose is a polysaccharide composed of D-glucose subunits that is used for plant energy storage. Amylose is, therefore, considered to be a(n) __________ molecule.
organic
Nutrient molecules that contain the basic framework of carbon and hydrogen are called __________ nutrients.
organic
chemoheterotroph
organic carbon and metabolic conversion of the nutrients from other organisms
photoheterotroph
organic carbon and sunlight
chemotroph
organism that gains energy from chemical compounds
phototroph
organism that gains energy through photosynthesis
heterotroph
organism that must obtain its carbon in an organic form
autotroph
organism that uses inorganic carbon dioxide as its carbon source
What characteristics are primarily used to classify algae?
organismal organization type of cell wall or covering pigmentation
mutualism
organisms living in obligatory but mutually beneficial relationships
During aerobic respiration, glucose and oxygen are converted to carbon dioxide and water.In this reaction glucose undergoes __________, while oxygen undergoes __________
oxidation, reduction
uses electron transport and an enzyme to generate ATP
oxidative phosphorylation
Of the photosynthetic bacteria, cyanobacteria produce __________ as a product of photosynthesis, but the green and purple sulfur bacteria do not produce this substance.
oxygen
necessary for the metabolism of nutrients by aerobes; significant element in organic compounds and inorganic compounds
oxygen
apicomplexan
parasite with a complex life cycle, contains an apical complex
While the vast majority of microorganisms are not harmful to humans, those that are are referred to as
pathogens.
A taxonomical outline of bacterial species based on shared evolutionary histories would be described as a
phylogenetic system.
chitin
polysaccharide found in fungal cell walls
death phase
population declines as death of cells exceeds rate of multiplication
exponential growth phase
population reaches maximum growth rate
involved in protein synthesis and membrane transport
potassium
plays a role in protein synthesis and membrane transport
potassium
Which of the following elements are NOT one of the six elements found in lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins?
potassium calcium iron
The cell wall of a bacterial cell
prevents lysis of the cell in hypotonic conditions.
Phylum Euryarchaeota
produce methane and can withstand high salt environments
select all of the following that are characteristics of archaea.
prokaryotic circular chromosome contain long-chain, branched hydrocarbons in the cell membrane
Eukaryotic ribosomes are the site of
protein synthesis
The cell membrane is composed of
proteins dispersed throughout a phospholipid bilayer
Enzymes are
proteins.
Eukaryotes that are not plants, animals or fungi make up a diverse category of organisms classified as __________, including algae and protozoans.
protists
Eukaryotic organisms studied in microbiology include
protozoa. fungi. parasitic worms.
While examining a sample of pond water you note a cell covered with thousands of minute hair-like extensions which it uses to propel itself through the water. This cell can immediately be classified as a/an
protozoan.
stationary growth phase
rate of cell inhibition and cell death balances the rate of multiplication, and population size remains constant
Near the end of the 20th century, in many parts of the world malaria had been brought under control through the judicious use of anti-malarial drugs along with pesticides that kill mosquitos (which can spread the disease). Recently, as the malarial parasite has gained resistance to certain classes of drugs, and mosquitoes have become immune to some insecticides, rates of malaria have increased, leading to the diseases _____.
reemergence
Choose the answer that best completes this statement's blanks in the correct order. When all the flagella on a cell rotate in a counterclockwise fashion, the cell is propelled forward in a movement known as a __________, but when the flagella reverse direction, the cell stops and changes course in an action known as a __________.
run; tumble
A red blood cell placed in a hypertonic medium will
shrink.
select all of the following which are useful for identifying and classifying protozoa using microscopic morphology.
size and shape of cell type and number of locomotor appendages number of nuclei
Phylum Spirochetes
slender, twisted cells that move by means of periplasmic flagella
Phylum Aquificae
small thermophilic rods found in underwater volcanoes
maintains osmotic pressure in cells
sodium
The capacity of photosynthesis to convert __________ energy into __________ energy provides both a nutritional and an energy basis for all heterotrophic living things.
solar; chemical
In electron micrographs, portions of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) appear rough on the edges. This is because
some regions of the ER are covered with ribosomes.
Please select the factor that ALL microbes require, to test your understanding of microbial requirements for survival.
source of bioelements
The __________ level of bacterial organisms refers to a group of organisms that all share the same traits while the subspecies level refers to the variation or differences of individual cells within that group.
species
ergosterol
sterol found in fungal cell membranes
choose the term that describes the system of arranging and naming organisms.
taxonomy Explanation: Taxonomy is the formal system used to organize, classify, and name living things. Nomenclature refers to the naming process, whereas classification refers to the grouping of organisms to indicate evolutionary relationships. Identification is the process of determining the traits of organisms for placement in the taxonomic scheme. Please refer to the section in chapter 1 concerning taxonomy for additional information.
select all of the characteristics that define life and living things.
the ability to synthesize new cell components or release energy through chemical reactions ability to respond to their environment ability to control the flow of some materials across cell boundaries heredity growth and developement use of energy
Please choose the development that led to the new three domain system of classification.
the discovery of rRNA leading to an understanding of archaeons Molecular biology led to the discovery that ribosomal RNA (rRNA) serves as a "living record" of evolutionary relatedness because it doesn't change or mutate as much as other nucleic acids over time. Based on this rRNA, it was discovered that the archaeons (formerly known as archaebacteria) are so different from other prokaryotes that they should be their own category of organism. This lead to the three-domain system. Please refer to the section in chapter 1 concerning the origin and evolution of microorganisms for additional information.
select all of the following which are forms of evidence that support the occurrence of evolution.
the finding of ancient fossils the study of the function of organisms and their components the study of genetics
Following binomial nomenclature, which of the following makes up the scientific name of an organism?
the genus name and then the species name
maximum temperature
the highest temperature at which growth and metabolism can proceed
minimum temperature
the lowest temperature that permits a microbe's continued growth and metabolism
Fungi may obtain nutrition from
the remains of dead plants or animals. a living host.
Phylum Thermotogae
thermophilic halophiles found in deep sea vents
axial filaments
these long, coiled threads provide movement to spirochetes
pili
these long, tubular appendages allow cells to conjugate to other cells
fimbriae
these short, bristle-like projections are used to attach the cell to other cells or surfaces
The primary function of the cell membrane i
to regulate the transport of molecules in and out of the cell.
Assess your knowledge of photosynthesis by checking all items that are associated with the light-dependent reactions.
trapping of light with a photosensitive pigment production of ATP and NADPH splitting water to release oxygen gas
Choose the answer that fills in the blanks of this sentence in the correct order. Most protozoa have a motile, feeding stage known as a(n) __________ which, in some protozoa, alternates with a resting state known as a(n) __________.
trophozoite; cyst
All of the anaerobic pathways produce less ATP than aerobic respiration. t/f
true
An organism's survival depends on its ability to move needed materials into the cell across the cell membrane and to transport wastes outside the cell across the cell membrane. t/f
true
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and 3-phosphoglycerate are three-carbon molecules produced during the Calvin cycle. t/f
true
One aspect of microbial growth includes the synthesis of new cell components and size increase of an individual cell. t/f
true
Organisms in the same Family must also be in the same Class t/f
true
Syntrophy occurs when microbes share a habitat and feed off of substances made by each other, but this relationship is not necessary for their survival t/f
true
T/F Diseases, including some cancers, which were once considered noninfectious are now known to involve microbial infection.
true
The Krebs cycle allows the acetyl groups from the breakdown of certain fats to enter the pathway and be used as an energy source. t/f
true
The direct cell count involves counting the number of cells in a sample microscopically. T/F
true
The majority of heterotrophic microorganisms are chemoheterotrophs that derive both energy and carbon from organic compounds. t/f
true
Vitamin deficiencies can prevent the complete holoenzyme from forming, because the most important components of coenzymes are vitamins. t/f
true
euglenids
typically a mixotroph, possess crystalline structure within flagella
select the properties that can be associated with the Chlorophyta (green algae).
unicellular multicellular cell wall made of cellulose contain chlorophyll contain xanthophyll
When looking at an image on a slide, what has the lens system of the microscope done to the image?
upside down
ciliate
use cilia for motility and possess two types of nuclei: micronuclei and macronuclei
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of active transport?
use of proteins to move molecules with the concentration gradient
Choose the answer that fills in the blanks of this sentence in correct order. The cell __________ is found in fungi and algae to provide structure and support while the cell __________ is found in all eukaryotic cells, is composed of phospholipids, proteins and sterols, and separates the internal cell components from the external environment.
wall; membrane
mycelium
woven intertwining mass of hyphae
