EXAM 1 Module 3 Humanistic-Existentil and Solution-Focused Approaches

1. •Commitment to the phenomenological perspective

1. Characteristics of Humanistic-Existential Psychotherapy

2. •Centrality of the therapeutic relationship

2. Characteristics of Humanistic-Existential Psychotherapy

3. •Belief in holism

3. Characteristics of Humanistic-Existential Psychotherapy

4. •Focused on the here and now

4. Characteristics of Humanistic-Existential Psychotherapy

5. •Emphasis on humanistic-existential themes

5. Characteristics of Humanistic-Existential Psychotherapy

6. •Prominence of process

6. Characteristics of Humanistic-Existential Psychotherapy

7 •Use of experiential techniques

7. Characteristics of Humanistic-Existential Psychotherapy

•Clients are believed to be the experts of their own experience •Appreciate different perspectives on reality •Clients are resourceful and can utilize their resources •Resilient •Need to feel valued and have a sense of belonging •Can choose how to live and are responsible for the choices they make •Best understood in relationship to others and their environment

Beliefs of Human-Existential

•Short term humanistic-existential psychotherapy approach

Emotion-Focused Therapy

Emphasis is on the present and the future

Emphasis of Existential Therapy

Experiments or homework assignments are suggested by the therapist for the client to try between sessions. For example, suppose the client states that she wants to feel more competent (De Jong & Berg, 2008). An experiment and homework might be: Let yourself envisage that when you leave the office today, you feel more competent. What will you be doing differently? Try that during the week. During the week, record any time you feel competent and then notice what you were thinking and doing.

Ending (solution focused therapy)

•Addresses the large, universal themes of life •Themes are considered to be the givens of existence

Existential Psychotherapy

•Choice •Freedom •Responsibility •Awareness •Aloneness •Meaning •Anxiety •Death •Authenticity •Awe

Existential Themes

_________________ focused on personal choice and commitment

Existentialism

Gestalt Psychotherapy Founded by ______________

Fritz and Laura Perls

•Described as a humanistic-existential psychotherapy grounded in holism, humanism, and gestalt psychology

Gestalt Psychotherapy

•Recognizes the unity of humans as a whole

Gestalt Psychotherapy

•Described as a humanistic-existential psychotherapy grounded in holism, humanism, and gestalt psychology

Gestalt Psychotherapy is described as this

•Goal is to decrease use of secondary and instrumental emotions

Goal of therapy for Emotion-Focused Therapy

•Center on given themes of existence and helping clients face the anxieties of life •Clients should choose their life direction •Take responsibility for choices •Create a meaningful experience •Emphasis is on the present and the future

Goals of Existential Therapy

•Assist client in restoration of their natural state of organismic self regulation •Disowned parts are revived •Inauthentic layers are worked through •Unfinished gestalts are completed •Client returns to a natural state of excitement, feeling alive, and growth

Goals of Gestalt Therapy

•Client should become a fully functioning person •Engagement in the process of self-actualization •Client will be able to cope with current and future problems better •Therapist is responsible for providing the therapeutic climate to assist client in achieving these goals

Goals of Person-Centered Therapy

•Move client toward wholeness and self-actualization •Help client develop emotional awareness and adaptive emotional processing •Clients can use emotions as signals to inform them of their needs and deal with life experiences •Goal is to decrease use of secondary and instrumental emotions

Goals of therapy for Emotion-Focused Therapy

At the start of each new session, the therapist will ask about what learning has occurred since the last session (De Jong & Berg, 2008). The therapist reviews experiments and homework assignments: So what is better, if anything, since our last meeting? What would need to happen so you did not need to come back to therapy anymore?

SUBSEQUENT SESSIONS (SFT)

•Does not believe that problems must be processed to resolve them •Therapy is solution focused rather than problem focused •Focused on the present and future •Seeks to empower client •Therapy is expected to result in change

Solution focused Therapy

•Therapeutic Relationship •Presence •Subjective experience of being here and now in a relationship •Experiential reflection •What is the purpose of your life? •Where is the source of meaning for you? •What can be accomplished in treatment that would allow you to live a more authentic life?

Therapeutic techniques in Existential Therapy

One of the goal of existential therapy centers on given themes of existence and helping clients face the ___________________-

anxieties of life

in Psychotherapeutic Techniques, •Techniques other than facilitative listening are _____________

avoided

Person-Centered Therapy is founded by

carl rogers

Solution focused Therapy is expected to result in ________________ and it is focused on the ___________________________________

change; present and future

in person-centered therapy, the client's experience rather than the presenting problem is the __________

focus

•Themes create a ___________ for existential psychotherapy

focus

in Humanistic-Existential Approach, emphasis is on

holism self-actualization facilitative communication therapeutic relationship

in humanistic existential approach, Dialogue between patient and nurse with _____________ being the center of importance

inquiry

•Key concept of solution talk is that language creates _________________

reality

•Rollo May, Victor Frankl, and Jim Bugental

the leaders in existential psychotherapy

in Psychotherapeutic Techniques, •Each session is considered ______________________

unpredictable

•Help client become aware of their experience •Use a discovery-oriented approach •Reflection, clarification, and exploration are encouraged

•A nondirective-facilitative counseling approach is used

•The motivation and directional process for humans to grow and develop toward self-realization

•Actualizing tendency Concepts of Person-Centered Therapy

•There is a positive center at the core of all individuals •May become destructive if a poor self-concept is developed

•Belief of human nature Concepts of Person-Centered Therapy

what is the centered belief for person-centered therapy

•Central belief is that people are good and have the potential for growth

Questions that reinforce the client's successes through validating the difficulty of the problem and acknowledging what the client is doing well and what is working. It invites the client to self-compliment by virtue of answering the question (De Jong & Berg, 2008). Wow! How did you manage to finish that task so quickly? What do your colleagues appreciate in how you work?

•Compliments (solution focused therapy)

Questions designed to elicit information about the client's resources that may have gone unnoticed. These questions work well when the client is going through a difficult time, for even the most hopeless story has within it examples of coping that can be explicated (De Jong & Berg, 2008). With coping questions, the first part of the intervention is a validating statement and the second part gently challenges the client: I can see that things have been really difficult for you. How have you managed to carry on and prevent things from becoming worse? I am struck by the fact that, even with all of your losses, you manage to get up each morning and do everything necessary to get the kids off to school. What keeps you going under such difficult circumstances? It is admirable how you have been able to keep on going under such difficult circumstances. How did you do that?

•Coping Questions (solution focused therapy)

•Memory consolidation •Memory Reconsolidation •Primary Emotions •Secondary Emotions •Instrumental Emotions •Markers

•Emotion Schemes for Emotion-Focused Therapy

Questions that identify times in the client's life when the identified problems were not as problematic. SFT believes that there were always times when the problem was less severe or absent for the client. The therapist seeks to encourage the client to describe what different circumstances existed or what the client did differently. The goal is for the client to repeat what has worked in the past, and to help him or her gain confidence in making improvements for the future (De Jong & Berg, 2008). When was a time that a problem could have occurred but didn't? Tell me about times when you don't get angry. Was there ever a time when you felt happy in your relationship?

•Exception Questions (solution focused therapy)

•How the self develops and organizes experiences when interacting in the environment

•Figure and Ground Concepts of Gestalt Therapy

•Fully engaged in the process of self-actualization

•Fully functioning person Concepts of Person-Centered Therapy

Questions that focus on guiding the conversation from problems to envisioning a better life in the future. When a problem is stated, the therapist asks questions to explore what could be better if the problem was resolved (De Jong & Berg, 2008). How will this make you happier? What will be better for you after this occurs? What do you see down the road after this is resolved?

•Future-Oriented Questions (solution focused therapy)

•Boundary disturbances developed early in life

•Interruptions Concepts of Gestalt Therapy

A process of connecting and accommodating to the client's world (de Shazer, 1985, 1988). Some examples of joining questions are: How can I be helpful to you? What improvement have you noticed since you made the call to come in? On the way in, what were you most worried I would or would not do? Where would the perfect therapist do? What needs

•Joining (solution focused therapy)

•Authentic layers of the personality include cliché, role, impasse, and implosion

•Layers of the Personality Concepts of Gestalt Therapy

Questions that ask the client to imagine how things would be different if the problem was solved. This helps the client identify goals and envision the future without the problem. The intent is to help the client describe realistic steps toward the solution (de Shazer, 1991). The therapist uses a hypnotic voice quality to ask the miracle question: Suppose that one night there is a miracle and while you were sleeping the problem that brought you to therapy is solved. How would you know? What will you notice different the next morning that will tell you that there has been a miracle? Therapists may become very concrete with the type of question, asking what they would notice first, what would happen next, and so forth (De Jong & Berg, 2008).

•Miracle Questions (solution focused therapy)

•Growth process by which a person move toward wholeness and integration

•Organismic Self-Regulation Concepts of Gestalt Therapy

Questions that ask the client what improvements have been made during the time period of contracting for services and the first session. Scheduling an appointment starts the change process and asking this question encourages the client to engage in solution-building conversations from the beginning (de Shazer, 1985, 1988). Between now and when we meet, I would like you to notice one thing in your life that has improved.

•Pre-Session Change Questions (solution focused therapy)

Questions that help the client assess and track progress on different dimensions (e.g., motivation, hopefulness, and confidence). The poles of a scale range from the worst the problem has ever been (0) to the best things could ever possibly be (10) (De Jong & Berg, 2008). On a scale from 1 to 10 with 0 being the lowest and 10 the highest: How bad is the problem? On a day when you are one point higher on the scale, what would tell you that? Where would you place your depression when you first came in and now? What would it take to move from a 3 to a 4?

•Scaling Questions (solution focused therapy)

•An individual's perception of themselves is influenced by the environment

•Self-concept Concepts of Person-Centered Therapy

In person-centered therapy, _______________ must provide empathy, understanding, unconditional positive regard, and congruence

•Therapeutic relationship

•How the client want their life to be different •What will it take to make that happen

•Two therapeutic goals to be determined for solution focused therapy