Exam 1

St. Augustine

*** Queen Anne's War was an Anglo-American war against the French and Spanish. In the south the governor of Carolina sent a force of colonial militia and Yamasee allies in 1702 to take Fort San Marcos at St. Augustine in Florida. This fort held and the attacking force was forced to return north following the arrival of Spanish warships. ORRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR In 1740, General James Oglethorpe of Georgia failed in an attempt to capture St. Augustine. This attempt was during the The War of Jenkins' Era which was the first British war fought exclusively over colonial issues. (I THINK FIRST)

How did European conflicts influence privateering in the New World? How did events in the New World affect events in the Old World

, Piet Heyn, Anglo-Spanish War, 80 years war, Spanish Armada, new world gold as funding, sugar, tobacco, columbian exchange, knighting.

How did advances in sailing technology and experience in the Atlantic Islands in Africa pave the way for Columbus' discovery of America? In what ways was his journey a product of many peoples efforts? What navigational problems remained that would affect all sailors in the Atlantic world?

-Most important navigational equipment on vessels were magnetic compasses&astrolabes. Compass was Chinese invention, by mid 12th century, European mariners used compasses to determine their heading in Mediterranean and Atlantic waters. Astrolabe determined latitude by measuring angle of the sun or the pole star above the horizon. European mariners' ability to measure latitude and heading enabled them to make a vast body of data about the earth's geography&to find their way around the world's oceans with accuracy. -With advanced hardware, European mariners ventured into the oceans and compiled a lot of knowledge about the winds&currents that determined navigational possibilities in the age of sail. In both Atlantic&Pacific, strong winds blow regularly to make "wind wheels". Winds&currents in the Indian ocean follow a different but reliable pattern. During monsoon months, winds blow from the southeast through Indian ocean basin, while during the winter they blow from the northwest. Once mariners understood patterns, they were able to take advantage of prevailing winds and currents to sail to almost any part of the earth. - Sailors could not figure out longitude which screwed them up

Taino Islands

15th and 16th century. Columbus discovered this place on an island in the Bahamas on October 12, 1492/ Most of Cuba, Trinidad, Jamaica, Hispaniola (Haiti and the Dominican Republic), and Puerto Rico. Taino people became nearly extinct because of Spanish colonization and their diseases spread. Used the people as slaves and also a good spot for trading.

John Hawkins

16th century Privateer who led or sponsored several voyages to buy African slaves in Sierra Leone and sell them in Terra Firme and the Caribbean. As treasurer (1577) and comptroller (1589) of the Royal Navy, Hawkins rebuilt older ships and helped design the faster ships that withstood the Spanish Armada in 1588. One of the foremost seamen of 16th-century England, Hawkins was the chief architect of the Elizabethan navy. In the battle in which the Spanish Armada was defeated in 1588, Hawkins served as a vice admiral. He was knighted for gallantry. He later devised the naval blockade to intercept Spanish treasure ships leaving Mexico and South America.

Elizabeth I of England

16th century. She knighted Francis Drake after his circumnavigation of the globe from 1577 to 1580, and he won fame for his raids on Spanish ports and fleets. An element of piracy and self-enrichment drove Elizabethan seafarers, over which the queen had little control

Francois le Clere (Jambe de Bois)

16th-century French privateer, originally from Normandy. He is credited as the first pirate in the modern era to have a "peg leg". Le Clerc led major raids against the Spanish, who nicknamed him "Pata de Palo" ("Peg Leg"). In 1553, he assumed overall command of seven pirate craft and three royal vessels, the latter commanded by himself, Jacques de Sores and Robert Blundel. This same year he attacked the port of Santa Cruz de La Palma, in the Canary Islands, which he looted and set on fire, destroying a large number of buildings.

Buccaneer

A buccaneer was any pirate or privateer operating in the Caribbean in the 17-18th centuries. Specifically it was any pirate, privateer, or freebooter, preying on Spanish fleets or ports in the Caribbean at that time. It was derived by a french word, boucane, and hence the name boucanier for French hunters who used such frames to smoke meat from feral cattle and pigs on Hispaniola. The english then changed boucanier to buccaneer.

Privateer

A privateer is a pirate that is carrying the letters of marque and reprisal for a particular nation making it legal for them to continue piracy for that nation. It was its peak in the 16- 18 centuries and even made it into the 19th. It was important because it encouraged the acts of piracy to help in wars against other european nations and the stealing and plundering of other nations booty on the high sea. It also allowed the the crown for whatever nation the privateer resides, to get a percentage of the booty they steal.

Guiana

Also called the "Wild Coast"- English struggled over colonizing Guiana. There was an unhealthy climate, hostile Native Americans, and Spanish attacks. It was a South American coastline between the Orinoco River in the northwest and the Amazon in the southeast was 800 miles long. After many unsuccessful attempts at American colonization, the Dutch maintained many trading posts there. After the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648, the Spanish recognized the Dutch colonies in Guiana and it became permanent.

Francisco Pizarro

An explorer, soldier and conquistador, Francisco Pizarro was Born around 1474 in Trujillo, Spain. As a soldier, he served on the 1513 expedition of Vasco Núñez de Balboa, during which he discovered the Pacific Ocean. Led an expedition that conquered the Inca Empire. He captured and killed Incan emperor Atahualpa, and claimed the lands for Spain.

Encomienda

As legally defined in 1503, an encomienda (from encomendar, "to entrust") consisted of a grant by the crown to a conquistador, soldier, official, or others of a specified number of Indians living in a particular area. The receiver of the grant, the encomendero, could exact tribute from the Indians in gold, in kind, or in labour and was required to protect them and instruct them in the Christian faith. The encomienda did not include a grant of land, but in practice the encomenderos gained control of the Indians' lands and failed to fulfil their obligations to the Indian population. Although the original intent of the encomienda was to reduce the abuses of forced labour (repartimiento) employed shortly after the discovery of the New World, in practice it became a form of enslavement.

Casa de Contraction

Casa de Contratación, ( Spanish: "House of Commerce") byname Casa de las Indias ("House of the Indies"), central trading house and procurement agency for Spain's New World empire from the 16th to the 18th century. Organized in 1503 by Queen Isabella in Sevilla (Seville) it became an instrument of the Spanish crown's policy of centralization and imperial control. Besides serving as general overseer of commerce between Spain and its American possessions, as the 16th century progressed, the Casa began controlling the African slave trade, scheduling ships and shipping routes, collecting duties, and maintaining royal revenues.

Seville

Ferdinand left from Seville, Spain, on August 10, 1519, on his journey to circumnavigate the world. He was the first to do this. The Victoria arrives at Seville on September 8, technically completing the circumnavigation.

Francis I of France

Francis' reign saw important cultural changes with the rise of absolute monarchy in France, the spread of humanism and Protestantism, and the beginning of French exploration of the New World. Jacques Cartier and others claimed lands in the Americas for France and paved the way for the expansion of the first French colonial empire.

Freebooter

French, English and the Dutch raiders became widely known as boucaniers or buccaneers, after a Tupi Indian word for a smoking frame (boucan) or grill used to roast the wild cattle on the island. These raiders were also called "freebooters" in the sense they that soldiered without pay for booty.

Hernan Cortes

He was the spanish conquistador who conquered the Aztecs and Tenochitilán. He first tried to conquer them with about 500 men and 11 ships in 1519, but failed and returned and defeated them in 1521. This is important because with the amount of gold in mexico and owned by the aztecs he had helped acquire a lot of wealth for the spanish crown.

Hispaniola

Hispaniola is the island in the Caribbean that is currently made up of the two nations, Haiti and the dominican republic. Christopher Columbus landed here in 1492 and it being the second largest island in the Caribbean it was an important island to have control of for the Spanish. By the early seventeenth century, the island and its smaller neighbors (notably Tortuga) became regular stopping points for Caribbean pirates. In 1606, the king of Spain ordered all inhabitants of Hispaniola to move close to Santo Domingo for their protection. Rather than secure the island, however, this resulted in French, English and Dutch pirates establishing bases on the now-abandoned north and west coasts. Large sugar cane plantations were established and worked by hundreds of thousands of African slaves who were imported to the island.

Huguenots

Huguenots were French Protestants mainly from northern France, who were inspired by the writings of John Calvin and endorsed the Reformed tradition of Protestantism NEED TO FINISH

Imagine you're a 16th century privateer. what considerations influence how you go about your privateering enterprise? You should pick nation to sail for, methods for financing your voyage, targets, and think about what potential problems you might face that you need to plan for.

If i were a 16th century privateer i would want to sail for england. talk about what a privateer is and explain the letters of marque and reprisal. talk about going from a mariner/merchant, to a slave trader/smuggler, to a privateer. Finance a ship and voyage from either the funds of being a merchant or smuggler. as a privateer for england the targets would be spanish ships and ports. talking about worries of ideas, spanish, other privateers, the spanish armada, other law enforcement or navy, indigenous people. i would talk about how i would attack other ships, making it planned, going by the plan so not to lose the ship, the crew, the booty, and my life

Charles V of Spain

In 1516, the grandson of Isabel and Fernando, Charles of Ghent, inherited the thrones of the Spanish realms and in 1520, he was elected Holy Roman emperor. As a Habsburg and as the Emperor, Charles united the central European lands of the Habsburgs, Austria and Hungary, the Burgundianlands that centered on the Low Countries, Franche-Comté and the Spanish monarchy, which brought him the kingdoms of Castile and Aragón, Naples and the Americas. When he was elected Holy Roman Emperor, he assumed his better-known title, Charles V, Carlos Quinto. The Spanish-centered Habsburg Empire dominated Western Europe but overwhelmed the capacity of any one ruler to govern wisely and well. For this reason in 1556, Carlos V abdicated and divided his empire.

Antarctic France

In 1555, the crown established Antarctic France- the first permanent French settlement in Brazil, located on an island at the mouth of Guanabara Bay just of Sao Vicente in the south. in the 1560's the Portuguese governor-general of Brazil used the Termimino and Tupinamba (native people) from Bahia to destroy the French colony, found Rio de Janeiro and establish a new captaincy.

Dutch Brazil

In 1630, the Dutch Established a new offensive in Brazil called the Dutch Brazil. This offensive led an invasion fleet and military forces comprising sixty-seven ships and seven thousand soldiers captured Recife and Olinda. This led to the occupation of the province of Pernambuco. This Offensive brought six of the fourteen Portuguese captaincies under Dutch rule from 1637-1644.

Columbian Exchange

In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, the Iberian empires connected the peoples of Europe, Africa, and the Americas. This connection was commercial, social, and cultural as well as political and administrative. Back and forth across the Atlantic in various patterns and networks flowed people, animals, plants, diseases, commodities, manufactures, customs, ideas and much else. This is the Columbian Exchange.

According to Ann Peronin-Duman, questions of power have a lot to do with both defining who is a pirate and determining where the piracy occurs. Discuss specific ways in which you see this premise at work in the Caribbean in the age of privateering.

John Hawkins (He was knighted, thought of as a privateer in the eyes of the English. In the eyes of the Spanish, he was a cruel pirate for the defeat of Spanish Armada in 1588, when Hawkins served as a vice admiral. He was knighted for gallantry. He later devised the naval blockade to intercept Spanish treasure ships leaving Mexico and South America) A privateer is a pirate that is carrying the letters of marque and reprisal for a particular nation making it legal for them to the continue piracy for that nation. It was its peak in the 16- 18 centuries and even made it into the 19th. (Jambe de Bois) Was a 16th century French privateer. This man was the first "peg-leg" pirate but was thought of as a pirate by others because he attacked the port of Santa Cruz de La Palma, in the Canary Islands, which he looted and set on fire, destroying a large number of buildings.

Debt peonage

Labeled "debt slavery" by those critical of it, debt peonage is a general term for several categories of coerced or controlled labor resulting from the advancement of money or goods to individuals or groups who find themselves unable or unwilling to repay their debt quickly. As a consequence they are obliged to continue working for the creditor or his assignees until the debt is repaid, and are often further coerced to borrow more or to agree to other obligations or entanglements. According to the traditional view, these individuals, once indebted, whether because of inadequate wages or employer fraud, were reduced to servitude and, in theory, to an inability to leave the workplace to which they have contracted

Letters of Marque and Reprisal

Letters of marque and reprisal are the government document that allowed the privateers to continue their piracy, legally. It made it legal for them to sink other ships and steal the loot and bring it back to their countries to sell it all while having no issues with the navy. It was the same time as the privateers since the privateers needed this document to be a privateer, 17-18 centuries. It was important because it allowed pirates, to commit their crimes legally, under the name privateer.

Longitude

Longitude was a navigational calculation that eluded mariners until the mid 18th century. Even after an invention by the clock maker had calculated longitude it still was not widely excepted. It was important because many pirates, sailors, and mariners met there fate by not knowing exactly where they were longitudinally.

Francis Drake

One of Hawkins' associates. Led several famous expeditions to attack the Spanish. He is famous for stealing the Spanish's annual shipment of treasure from Peru. He then entered the Pacific through the Straight of Magellan and raided settlements from Chile, and then became the 2nd person to circumnavigate the world. One of the greatest pirates of all time.

Walter Raleigh

One of the "west country men", promoter for English trade and colonization, Walter Raleigh resumed an earlier English effort at conquest and colonization of ireland that had begun in the 12th century. They discovered that the Irish behaved "little better than Cannibals". This led to grants of land to English landlords in the southeast Ireland lands and also in the northeast.

Portobello

Portobelo was founded in 1597 by Spanish explorer Francisco Velarde y Mercado[2] and quickly replaced Nombre de Dios as a Caribbean port for Peruvian silver. Legend has it that Christopher Columbus originally named the port "Puerto Bello", meaning "Beautiful Port", in 1502.[3] After Francis Drake died of dysentery in 1596 at sea, he was said to be buried in a lead coffin near Portobelo Bay. From the 16th to the 18th centuries, it was an important silver-exporting port in New Granada on the Spanish Main and one of the ports on the route of the Spanish treasure fleets. The Spanish built defensive fortifications.

In many ways, privateering was a multinational and multiracial enterprise. How did privateers cooperate with outsiders in order to realize their goals? What does this tell us about the attitudes of 16th century privateers?

Privateering and colonization went hand in hand in the age of privateering. For successful trade and privateering, the explorers would go to foreign lands and take the lands from the native people that live there. Because of this, and the fact that the slave trade was starting, privateers did not have the greatest relationship with their neighbors. The dutch came into Brazil and established themselves as a force to recon with as they stole all of their indigenous people to process their sugar and enslave them. The Spanish created the "Repartimiento" which was supposed to show fair treatment to the native slaves, but just allows the Spanish to have forced labor of native people without a way for them to get out. These native people around the world were afraid to be enslaved. Some chose death over slavery, and others tried to attack the colonizers but it never turned out well. The attitudes of the 16th century privateers was that they did not care who had what, they were willing to take any land in the idea that it would benefit them.

Manila galleons

Spanish sailing vessel that made an annual round trip (one vessel per year) across the Pacific between Manila, in the Philippines, and Acapulco, in present Mexico, during the period 1565-1815. They were the sole means of communication between Spain and its Philippine colony and served as an economic lifeline for the Spaniards in Manila. The Spaniards in Manila came to depend on the annual vessel so much that when a ship went down at sea or was captured by English pirates, the colony was plunged into economic depression. The galleon trade had a negative effect on economic development in the Philippines, since virtually all Spanish capital was devoted to speculation in Chinese goods.

Angelo-Spanish War

The Anglo-Spanish War (1585-1604) was an intermittent conflict between the kingdoms of Spain and England that was never formally declared.[citation needed] The war was punctuated by widely separated battles, and began with England's military expedition in 1585 to the Netherlands. The war became deadlocked around the turn of the 17th century during campaigns in the Netherlands, France and Ireland. It was brought to an end with the Treaty of London, negotiated in 1604 between representatives of the new King of Spain, Philip III, and the new King of England, James I. England and Spain agreed to cease their military interventions in the Spanish Netherlands and Ireland, respectively, and the English ended high seas privateering.

Canary Islands

The Canary Islands are a group of islands off the western coast of Africa. It was an island chain that was difficult for the early mariners to return home to Europe from after getting there. Once they figured out how to return with relative ease, it was the key on how they could travel further across the sea and return. It was a major step in them learning how the air and sea currents of the atlantic worked

Guillaume le Tetsu

The Huguenot corsair that led Drake, a contingent of cimarrons, and some French pirates into the interior of Panama to successfully surprise the mule convoy of Spanish treasure, taking the king's treasure across the isthmus to Nobre de Dios. This brought riches to Drake and all of his men to be rich for life.

Quinto

The Spanish tax that the Crown put on all gold and silver leaving the New World. It was a 20% tax and was applied off and on from the 16-19th centuries. It helped the crown pay for defenses and just provided extra money to the crown.

Flota de Indias

The Spanish treasure fleet, or West Indies Fleet from Spanish Flota de Indias, also called silver fleet or plate fleet (from the Spanish plata meaning "silver"), was a convoy system adopted by the Spanish Empire from 1566 to 1790, linking Spain with its territories in America across the Atlantic. The convoys were general purpose cargo fleets used for transporting a wide variety of items, including agricultural goods, lumber, various metal resources, luxuries, silver, gold, gems, pearls, spices, sugar, tobacco, silk, and other exotic goods from the Spanish Empire to the Spanish mainland. Passengers and goods such as textiles, books and tools were transported in the opposite direction. The West Indies fleet was the first permanent transatlantic trade route in history. Similarly, the Manila galleons were the first permanent trade route across the Pacific.

Treaty of Tordesillas

The Treaty of Tordesillas was drawn up in 1494 and was agreement between Spain and Portugal aimed at settling conflicts over lands newly discovered or explored by Christopher Columbus and other late 15th-century voyagers.the Spanish-born pope Alexander VI issued bulls setting up a line of demarcation from pole to pole 100 leagues (about 320 miles) west of the Cape Verde Islands. Spain was given exclusive rights to all newly discovered and undiscovered lands in the region west of the line. Portuguese expeditions were to keep to the east of the line.

Astrolabe

The astrolabe was a latitude-measuring device. It is a disc with degrees and a movable arm with sights, first known to be at sea about 1481. It is important because it helped many pirates, privateers, and sailors navigate the sea by knowing where they were latitudinally.

Barbary Coasts

The barbary coast is part of the coast of Northern Africa, located along the Mediterranean sea. It was called this by the Europeans from the 17-early 20th century. The barbary coasts were home to the barbary pirates who were a separate entity to the pirates of the Caribbean. The barbary pirates primarily raided and pillaged the Mediterranean coast and occasionally would make it out of the sea and into the Northern Atlantic to attack the European Powers

brazilwood (brasil-wood)

The early Portuguese (16th century) voyages found a valuable red dyestuff, Brasilwood, which provided a name to the new land and led to the establishment of feitorias, trading factories, on the coast.

Lateen sail

The lateen sail was a triangular sail used by the privateers to make it easier to travel in deep water and its use was maximized when combined with a large sail. It was used throughout the entirety of the wind powered sailing era. It was very important to cross sea traveling and all deep water sailing because of how it was placed on the ship. It was placed in parallel to the ship and so even wind hitting the ship perpendicularly would have power and propel the ship forward

Union of Utrecht

This was established in 1581, which united the seven northern provinces to create the United Provinces of the netherlands. This kept the control of the Netherlands away from Spain.

Spanish Armada

This was the enormous fleet of warships that Felipe II dispatched in 1588 to invade England. Felipe sent this force of 130 ships carrying 18,000 soldiers in attempts to get rid of Drake who kept invading Spanish fleets. The english deflected the Armada in the channel and storms scattered this fleet. The 80 years war continued after this failed attempt to crush the English.

Piet Heyn

a Dutch admiral in the 17th century and privateer for the Dutch Republic during the Eighty Years' War between the United Provinces and Spain. Hein was the first and the last to capture such a large part of a Spanish "silver fleet" from America. This destroyed the Spanish's military fleet and depleted their economy substantially.

Eighty Years War

a revolt of the Seventeen Provinces of what are today the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg, as well as the French region of Hauts-de-France against the political and religious hegemony of Philip II of Spain, the sovereign of the Habsburg Netherlands. After the initial stages, Philip II deployed his armies and regained control over most of the rebelling provinces. After a 12-year truce, hostilities broke out again around 1619, which can be said to coincide with the Thirty Years' War. An end was reached in 1648 with the Peace of Münster (a treaty part of the Peace of Westphalia), when the Dutch Republic was recognised as an independent country.

Fort Caroline

an attempted French colonial settlement in Florida, located on the banks of the St. Johns River in present-day Duval County. It was established under the leadership of René Goulaine de Laudonnière on June 22, 1564, as a new territorial claim in French Florida and a safe haven for Huguenots. The French colony came into conflict with the Spanish, who established St. Augustine in September 1565, and Fort Caroline was sacked by Spanish troops under Pedro Menéndez de Avilés on September 20. The Spanish continued to occupy the site as San Mateo until 1569

Repartimiento

in colonial Spanish America, a system by which the crown allowed certain colonists to recruit indigenous peoples for forced labour. The repartimiento system, frequently called the mita in Peru and the cuatequil (a Spanish-language corruption of Nahuatl coatequitl or cohuatequitl) in New Spain (Mexico), was in operation as early as 1499 and was given definite form about 1575. About 5 percent of the indigenous peoples in a given district might be subject to labour in mines and about 10 percent more for seasonal agricultural work. The system was permitted to continue in the mines until the owners could purchase enough enslaved African people to replace the indigenous workers.

Volta do mar

is a navigational technique perfected by Portuguese navigators during the Age of Discovery in the late fifteenth century, using the dependable phenomenon of the great permanent wind wheel, the North Atlantic Gyre. This was a major step in the history of navigation, when an understanding of winds in the age of sail was crucial to success: the European sea empires would never have been established had the Europeans not figured out how the trade winds worked.

Council of the Indies

stablished in 1524 by Charles V of Spain to administer "the Indies," Spain's name for its territories. The Council of the Indies made all appointments of bureaucratic and clerical positions in America, made all of the laws for the American empire, served as the final court of appeal and was the central executive and administrative arm of the king in American affairs. All communication with American officials originated from, and returned to, the Council of the Indies. It was the head of a vast bureaucratic body.

sugar

the introduction of sugar in the late fifteenth century transformed the island into a booming plantation colony. Portuguese, Genoese and Sicilian merchants transplanted cane and persons skilled in sugar cultivation and milling from Madeira. Settlers and the crown itself created plantations and increased production from 5,000 arrobas in 1530 to 150,000 arrobas by 1550. By 1555, some two-dozen ships filled with sugar supplied Lisbon each year. Goes till present

Thomas Cavendish

was an English explorer and a privateer known as "The Navigator" because he was the first who deliberately tried to emulate Sir Francis Drake and raid the Spanish towns and ships in the Pacific and return by circumnavigating the globe.His first trip and successful circumnavigation made him rich from captured Spanish gold, silk and treasure from the Pacific and the Philippines. His richest prize was the captured 600 ton sailing ship the Manila Galleon Santa Ana. He was knighted by Queen Elizabeth I of England after his return. He later set out for a second raiding and circumnavigation trip but was not as fortunate and died at sea at the age of 31.