exam 1 psy 340

Wundt

Founded the first psychology laboratory

james

Founded the school of Functionalism

sparse coding

a type of population coding

view point invariance:

ability to regconnize an object regardless of viewpoint

dorsal pathway

action relevant info where how

Controlled processing

active and intentional ex listen to two things

relative clarity

distant objects appear fuzzy

wrenches area

fleut aphsia speech

distributed/population coding

groups of neurons firing

How do statistical regularities contribute to how we interpret a scene?

-Because of the oblique effect and light from above assumption -We unconsciously use previous knowledge to make inferences about ambiguous stimuli

once an action potential is triggered what happens?

-NA+ in and K+ out -Propagates down axon -NT in released from synaptic vesicle

computational theory of mind

-Our mind is like a computer and functions to process info -Cant observe mind so to understand what's going on you need to know what program its running (mind-> brian -> behavior)

Gestalt approach to perceptual organization

-Perception is not made up of sensations but instead results from perceptual organization -Whole differs from sum of its parts

Watson

Advocated for the objective observation of behavior

Chomksy

Argued that operant conditioning alone cannot account for human language acquisition

What is a module?

Brain structure or system that performs specific function

How is an action potential triggered?

Change in membrane voltage Threshold -40 RMP -70

Ebbinghaus

Demonstrated that precise and well controlled experimentation could be applied to complex mental processes observe relationship between retention interval and savings in learn

What is functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and how does it work?

Detects blood flow, neural activity is interrupted by changes in magnetic response of hemoglobin, weather hemoglobiln has o2 or not

Skinner

Discovered the principles of operant conditioning

What is an action potential?

Electric Signal sent down cell caused by change in voltage causing a release of NT

examples of modules

FFA: faces PPA: spatial layout

intentional blindness

Fail to perceive unattended stimuli ex. Don't notice changes in scenery of movies

Donders

First to study mental chronometry(reaction time)

Titchener

Founded the school of Structuralism

What are the two sources of information that contribute to perception?

Higher cognition: expections knowledge Sensation: raw stimulation of sensory receptors

What is attention?

Is what lets us select and act on a stimuli, capacity limited and differs from location and selectivity of filter. focusing of mental effort on sensors and or mental events leading to a greater consciousness

In a visual search, how does the number of distractors present affect reaction time?

It takes up some of your processing capacity and make you respond later

why does double dissociation matter?

Means the two functions are separate from each other

example of double dissociation

Object discrimination vs landmark discrimination

Automatic

Passive and unintentional ex watch on thing listen to another

load theory of attention?

Perception is capacity limited and is selective of its perceptual load read the word yellow but its blue

Describe the Structuralist approach to perceptual organization

Perceptions are formed by sensations, the mind can be broken down into mental elements which can then be studied and classified

Turing

Responsible for the invention of the general purpose computer

What is functional diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and how does it work?

Visualizing white matter by allowing us to see which parts are connected

What effect do NT have on the postsynaptic cell?

What effect do they have on the postsynaptic cell?

what is double dissociation?

When damage effects one function and not the other and vis versa

Why is the task of interpreting visual input so difficult?

World is 3d but we see it 2d Receptors recive ambiguous incomplete info

Describe what happens when you scan a scene. What directs your attention?

You pick up certain stimuli and filter out the rest

cocktail party effect

abilito to follow a message that jus between ears in dichotic listening task hear your name in unattended channel

Marr's levels of analysis

answers to how mind work? -computational theory -representation and algorithm - physical implementation *complete understanding needs explanation on all three levels

early selection

based on physical propeties of stimulus not meaning filtered before meaning

Heuristics

based on probability and likihood we asssume overlapping images are to rectangles not one with part cut out

what is the goal of artificial intelligence (AI)?

behave like a human, fail where humans do and succeed where humans do

familiar size

can use your knowledge of an objects size to gauge distance

Excitatory

closer to threshold (depolarization)

Semantic regularities

context creates expectations, scene schemas

Computational theory

defining the problem what is being solved i. What is a pizza? How is it made? What are the components?

bottom up

depends on info coming in from the environment

top down

depends on info the perceiver already possesses

how do we know that modules exists?

diffrent neurons in brain respond to different stimuli

Apparent movement

does not account fro the constructive nature of perecption

sensations

elementary processes that occur due to stimulation of the senses

texture gradient

equally spaced elements are more closely packed as distance increases

Saccadic eye movements

from fixation to fixation

scene schmes

give you expections of what you see

Proximity

group things that are close in proximity ex. Group dots by proximity

Closure

grouping thing together to create completeness. Our mind fills in edgdes that are there

what is the binding problem?

how info is broken apart for processing is reintegrated into coherent perception color form motion are initially processed in diff parts of brain but have to come together for perception

Physical implementation

how is this problem solving happen in the system? How do you build the robot? structural model

Change blindness

inability to find changes in a scene even if we try ex. we watch video trying to see and didn't notice most changes

late selection

incoming info is analyzed for menaing before selection of stimuli

specificity coding

individual neurons firing

Physical regularities

influences our perception of a scene (sand looks rounded and dented with different light) oblique effect light form above assumption

Soma

integrates signals, contains nucleus

cognitive science

interdisciplinary effort to understand the mind

Pragnanz

interpret complex shapes in simplest way possible: two overlapping rectangles instead of complex X

Inhibitory

less likely to have AP (hyperpolarization)

Visual scanning

looking place to place

covert attention

mind controlling what you pay attention to

perceptions

more complex conscious experiences

brocas area

non fleut aphsia processing languge

experience dependent plasticity

number of nerouns to a specific stimulus depends 1. prevelence in environment 2. relative importance

object based attention

object in visual field ex. Dog pays attention to ball

attentional capture

object motion attracts attention to it

Inverse projection problem

objects can be obscured

height in plane

objects closer to horizon are more distant

Viewpoint dependence

objexts look different from different angles

What is the principle of neural representation?

ones subjective experience is a product of representation in the nervous system

liner perpective

parallel lines appear to converge in the distance

Good continuation

perceive things as a pattern not spate parts ex. One rectangle behind cilender

visual search

perceptual task that involves active scaning of visual environment for targets among distractors

dendrites

receive signals

location based attention

region of space ex. Watching the driveway for someone to come home

structural models

represent a system at the level of physical implementation

process models

represents a system at level of repression and algorithm

parahippocampal place area PPA

responds best to spatial layout

fusiform face area

responds to faces damage resluts in prosopagnosia

extra striate body area EBA

responds to pictures of bodies and body parts

theories of attention

selection is dependent upon meaning and therefore must occur after pattern recognition

overt attention

shifting your gaze moving eyes to pay attention both top down and bottom up

How are NT released from neurons?

synaptic vesicles

feature search

target has unique visual feature distinguishing it form the distractors find purple dot in red dots

conjunction search

target that is defined by a combination of 2+ features red squares and circles

Similarity

tendency to group things that are similar ex. Group dots by color

What was the Behaviorists' primary criticism of the Structuralists and Functionalists?

that they relied on introspection - focused on behavior cause you can't observe the mind

how does it relate to trainman's feature integration theory?

the different shapes are distracting to remember all the shapes and numbers

greebles

trained FFA to recognize greebles suports expertise hypothesis and evidence for causal relationship

structurelist

wanted to understand structure of the mind

information processing approach

way to study mind, process info in stages

Representation and algorithm

what info does this system havei. How is he making the pizza? Step by step/ *list of instructions *process models

What factors determine how a NT affects thoughts, feelings, and behavior?

what kind of NT, which type of receptor

ventral pathway

what pathway

relative size

when objects are equal size the closer one will take up more of your visual field

interposition

when one object partially occludes another