Exam 1 Review
The taste sensation that is triggered by the amino acids and small peptides is known as
umami
Which part of the diencephalon is connected to the pituitary gland?
Hypothalamus
Describe how rabies is contracted. (Module 13.22B)
Rabies is contracted by the bite of a rabid animal.
Why do things look blurry underwater without dive goggles or a mask?
Rather than air, light is moving from water into the cornea and is thus refracted too little for a sharp focus.
Which region acts as a relay center for sensory messages ascending to the cerebrum?
Thalamus
Describe the ENS. (Module 14.2C)
The ENS is a division of the nervous system consisting of a network of neurons and nerve networks in the walls of the digestive tract that primarily operates locally, without instructions from the CNS.
Which statement is true regarding the ANS?
The integrative centers for autonomic activity are located in the hypothalamus. Submit
Gustatory receptors are found in the taste buds of all the following papillae except
filiform.
The shallow folds of the surface of the cerebellum are called
folia
The ________ is important in storage and recall of new long-term memories.
hippocampus
A person suffering from ________ can see distant objects more clearly than those that are close.
hyperopia
The ________ provides the principal link between the nervous and endocrine systems.
hypothalamus
Parkinson's disease is the result of
inadequate production of dopamine by substantia nigra neurons.
The corpus callosum is composed of
commissural fibers
Which of the following is not a function of cerebrospinal fluid?
provides ATP for impulse transmission
The opening in the iris through which light passes is the
pupil
Which of the following visceral reflexes is not coordinated by the medulla oblongata?
pupillary reflex
The sympathetic division of the ANS is also known as which of the following?
thoracolumbar division
What is the function of the auditory tube? (Module 15.16B)
to allow pressure equalization on both sides of the tympanic membrane
Sensory neurons that are always active are called ________ receptors.
tonic
Which of the following is not one of the special senses?
touch
The Roman numeral V indicates the ________ nerve.
trigeminal
Sound waves are converted into mechanical movements by the
tympanic membrane.
The ________ convey(s) information about head position with respect to gravity.
utricle and saccule
________ are chambers within the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid.
ventricles
The cerebellar hemispheres are separated by a worm-shaped band of cortex called the
vermis
An abnormal illusion of movement is called
vertigo
The Roman numeral VIII indicates the ________ nerve.
vestibulocochlear
The gelatinous material found in the posterior cavity is the
vitreous humor.
When analyzing sound waves in the ear, the number of hair cells stimulated is interpreted as which characteristic?
volume
The frequency of a perceived sound depends on
which part of the cochlear duct is stimulated
When all three cone populations are stimulated equally, we perceive
white
All of the following are properly paired except
ascending tracts - carry motor information to the thalamus.
Which senses are affected by damage to the temporal lobes? (Module 13.12B)
auditory and olfactory
The vibrations received by the tympanic membrane are transferred to the oval window by the
auditory ossicles.
Cell bodies of preganglionic neurons of the autonomic nervous system are located
both in the brain stem and in the lateral gray horns of the spinal cord.
A sudden rise of room brightness would cause
contraction of the pupillary constrictor muscles
Which type of lens would correct hyperopia? (Module 15.14B)
converging lens (with at least one convex surface) Submit
Which eye structure does not contain blood vessels? (Module 15.8A)
cornea
Examples of sensory modalities include all of the following except
creativity.
Drugs known as beta-blockers may be useful for treating
excessive heart rate.
Identify the accessory structures of the eye. (Module 15.6A)
eyelids, eyelashes, the superficial epithelium of the eye, and the structures associated with the production, secretion, and removal of tears
Mary accidentally ate poisonous mushrooms that contain muscarine. What would not occur?
feeling of euphoria and increased energy
Preganglionic fibers leave the CNS and then synapse on
ganglionic neurons.
Which of the following is not a component of the limbic system?
globus pallidus
The sense of taste is also known as
gustation
Which of the following monitors body position and motion?
hair cells of the vestibule and semicircular ducts
Alzheimer's disease is characterized by all of the following except that it
has a clear genetic basis.
Stimulation of the beta receptors on heart muscle cells does not result in
inactivation of G proteins.
Activation of the parasympathetic division of the ANS results in __________.
increased motility and blood flow in the digestive tract
Sympathetic activation leads to all of the following except
increased release of insulin.
The ________, a narrow stalk, connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland.
infundibulum
Central adaptation refers to
inhibition of nuclei located along a sensory pathway
Injury to the cervical sympathetic ganglia would not affect the function of the
lacrimal glands.
After suffering a stroke, Mary finds that she cannot move her right arm. This would suggest that the stroke damage is in the area of the ________ lobe.
left frontal
Divisions of the cerebral hemispheres that are named after the overlying skull bones are
lobes
The two cerebral hemispheres are separated by the
longitudinal fissure
All of the following is a function of tears except
maintains acidic environment.
The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS:
may work together, each controlling a stage of a complex process.
Autonomic centers that control blood pressure, heart rate, and digestion are located in the
medulla oblongata.
The cardiovascular reflexes are based in the
medulla oblongata.
Mechanoreceptors might detect all of the following sensations except
muscle pain
A person suffering from ________ can see objects that are close, but distant objects appear blurred.
myopia
Pain is to ________ as cold is to ________.
nociceptors; thermoreceptors
The visual cortex is located in the
occipital lobe
Damage to the ________ nerve would result in near paralysis of the eye.
oculomotor
Gustatory receptors are not located
on the inferior surface of the tongue
Nicotinic receptors
open chemically-gated sodium ion channels
What is the eye's blind spot? (Module 15.10A)
optic disc
The ________ ear collects sounds waves and transmits them to the ________ ear, which contains auditory ossicles.
outer; middle
Which of the following is not one of the six taste sensations?
peppery
________ is a conscious awareness of a sensation.
perception
Sensory neurons that are normally inactive but can become active for a short time are called ________.
phasic receptors
The visual receptors of the retina are called
photorecpetors
The layer of the meninges that closely follows every gyrus and sulcus is the
pia mater
The primary motor cortex is the surface of the
precentral gyrus
The palpebrae do not
produce tears.
Receptors that monitor the position of joints belong to the category called
proprioceptors.
Only about ________ percent of sensory information reaches the cerebral cortex and our awareness.
1
Male brains are typically ________ compared to female brains.
larger
There are ________ pairs of cranial nerves.
12
How many major regions are contained within the diencephalon?
3
An adult has approximately ________ taste buds, each of which contains ________ different receptor cells.
5,000; 40-100
The adult human brain contains almost ________ of the body's neural tissue.
97 percent
What is a generator potential? (Module 15.1B)
A generator potential is the depolarization of sensory neurons capable of generating an action potential.
Define visceral reflex. (Module 14.9A)
A visceral reflex is an autonomic reflex initiated in the viscera. It can be modified, facilitated, or inhibited by higher centers, especially those in the hypothalamus.
Which brain region has been affected in a stroke victim who is unable to speak? (Module 13.12C)
Broca's area
Which cranial nerve provides roughly 75 percent of all parasympathetic outflow?
CN X
________, or pinkeye, results from damage to or irritation of the conjunctival surface.
Conjunctivitis
Which cranial nerves provide taste sensations from the tongue? (Module 15.22A)
Cranial nerves VII, IX, and X.
Define decibel. (Module 15.20A)
Decibels are units of the intensity of sound.
How could a diet deficient in vitamin A affect vision? (Module 15.11B)
Deficiency in vitamin A reduces the amount of retinal that the body could produce, thereby interfering with absorption of light by the rods and cones.
Define dual innervation. (Module 14.8A)
Dual innervation means that a given body system receives instructions from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS.
Why does the near point of vision typically increase with age? (Module 15.9C)
Elasticity of the lens decreases with age.
Which region of the diencephalon contains the pineal body?
Epithalamus
If the corpus callosum is surgically cut, which of the following is not true?
Faces seen by the left eye cannot be identified. Submit
The pineal body secretes melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH).
False
Compare the anatomy of the sympathetic division with that of the parasympathetic division. (Module 14.2B)
In the SNS, axons emerge from the thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord and innervate ganglia relatively close to the spinal cord. In the PNS, axons emerge from the brainstem and sacral segments of the spinal cord and innervate ganglia very close to or within the target organs.
Which of the following is true for the craniosacral division?
It is also called the parasympathetic division of the ANS.
Define emmetropia. (Module 15.14A)
It is the term for normal vision.
Describe olfaction. (Module 15.2A)
Olfaction is the sense of smell.
Define referred pain. (Module 13.22A)
Referred pain is a sensation felt in a part of the body other than its actual source.
Where do the special senses originate? (Module 15.1A)
Special senses originate at the sensory receptor.
The diencephalon is found in between the brain stem and the cerebrum.
True
Which of the following is not a property of thermoreceptors?
Warm receptors outnumber cold receptors.
A person with a damaged visual association area may be
able to see letters but unable to associate them into words.
What neurotransmitter is released by all parasympathetic neurons? (Module 14.5B)
acetylcholine
The ciliary muscle contracts to
adjust the shape of the lens for close vision.
Neurons that use norepinephrine as a transmitter are called
adrenergic
The white matter of the cerebellum forms the
arbor vitae
Muscarinic receptors
are normally activated by acetylcholine
Mechanoreceptors that respond to changes in blood pressure are called
baroreceptors.
Before an olfactory receptor can detect an odorant, it has to
bind to receptors in olfactory dendrites. Submit
Dual innervation refers to an organ receiving
both sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation.
The highest levels of information processing occur in the
cerebrum
The sensory neurons within the olfactory organ are stimulated by ________ in the air.
chemicals
A receptor that responds to chemicals dissolved in solution is a
chemoreceptor.
Autonomic motor neurons
conduct impulses to smooth and cardiac muscles and glands.
Identify two common classes of hearing-related disorders. (Module 15.22C)
conductive hearing loss and sensorineural hearing loss
The ________ covers most of the exposed surface of the eye.
conjunctiva
Damage to the ventral roots of the first five thoracic spinal nerves on the right side of the body would interfere with the ability to
dilate the right pupil.
Parasympathetic functions include all of the following except
dilation of the airways.
Your uncle was just diagnosed with a heart attack. One of his major symptoms is left arm pain. You are not surprised because you are familiar with the phenomenon of ________ pain.
refered
Which of the following hypothalamic functions is incorrect?
regulate lactation — preoptic region
Stimulation of α1 adrenergic receptors by norepinephrine results in
release of calcium ions from intracellular stores.
When you spin quickly, you may feel dizzy. Which component of the inner ear generates the sensations that can lead to this feeling?
semicircular canal
All of the following are visceral effectors except
skeletal muscles.
You suspect your friend has damage to cranial nerve I when he is unable to
smell his food.
Identify two major divisions of the ANS. (Module 14.2A)
sympathetic division and parasympathetic division
Which types of tactile receptors are located only in the dermis? (Module 13.18A)
tactile corpuscles, lamellar corpuscles, and bulbous corpuscles
The term general senses refers to sensitivity to all of the following except
taste
The auditory cortex is located in the
temporal lobe.
All of the following descriptions applies/apply to the term myopia except
the eyeball is too shallow.
Perception of gravity and linear acceleration depends on
the force exerted by otoliths on hair cells of the maculae in the utricle or saccule.
In sensorineural deafness, __________.
the problem lies within the cochlea or somewhere along the auditory pathway