Geology: Chapters 1/3

Life in the Jurassic . . . how many years ago?

150 Million

The extent of glaciers and ice sheets has changed since ______ years ago. What is a possible factor that could have caused this change?

28,000 / climate change

Any rock type can become any of the _ rock types.

3

There are _ major types of earthquake waves.

3

There are _ types of convergent boundaries based on the type of crust meeting.

3

There are _ major types of plate boundaries: >_________ Boundary: plates move away from each other (vertical movement) >_________ Boundary: plates slide horizontally passed each other (horizontal movement) >__________ Boundary: plates move toward one another (vertical movement)

3 / Divergent / Transform / Convergent

_______________ energy from the sun is responsible for ____, which is created by uneven heating of Earth's surface because hot always flows to cold whether it is air, water, magma, etc.

Electromagnetic / wind

This is generally defined as the study of the earth.

Geology

This is the study of the planet Earth and other solid planetary objects, including their materials, processes, products, and history.

Geology

These travel through material differently (some travel through certain types of material and bounce off of other types of material).

Earthquake waves

There are 3 features, or surface expressions, that distinguish a divergent boundary from any other boundary. What are they, in alphabetical order?

Earthquakes / Mid-Ocean Ridge / Rift

This is the only current continental divergent boundary.

East African Rift

List the 2 best examples of divergent boundaries in alphabetical order (both are mid-ocean ridges).

East Pacific Rise / Mid-Atlantic Ridge

List the 3 agents of erosion in alphabetical order.

Ice / Water / Wind

These rocks are made from magma (molten rock).

Igneous

There are three major types of rocks. List them in alphabetical order.

Igneous / Metamorphic / Sedimentary

Rock Cycle

N/A

______ do not continuously slide/slip. This only happens when enough ________ has built up.

Plates / pressure

This is differences in high and low spots on the surface of the earth.

Relief

Earthquakes are measured on the _______ _____, a ___________ scale that is a measure of the amount of ______ ______.

Richter scale / logarithmic / ground motion

This is a divergent boundary in continental crust.

Rift

The _____ _________ (and other mountain ranges on the west coast) seem to 'stand up' higher - this is the ______.

Rocky Mountains / relief

A good example of a transform boundary is this one in California.

San Andreas Fault

_____________ monitor earthquake activity around the world and can tell how ____ within the earth the movement originated as well as how far the ______ traveled.

Seismologists / deep / energy

These are relatively rare on divergent boundaries.

Volcanoes

It is weaker and more fluid than the upper mantle.

asthenosphere

The _____________ is the rest of the mantle that is not part of the lithosphere.

asthenosphere

The Earth can be looked at from 2 points of view: ___________ vs. ________.

composition / function

The earth consists of ___________ and _______ crust. BOTH MOVE!!!!!

continental / oceanic

There are two types of crust: ___________ _____ and _______ _____.

continental crust / oceanic crust

The theory of plate tectonics is different from this hypothesis.

continental drift

At one of these, plates move toward one another. As the two pieces of crust collide, there is tremendous pressure, which has to be released. The way the pressure is released is largely dependent upon density.

convergent boundaries

This is like the egg yolk.

core

This is the inner most portion of the earth.

core

Material is neither _______ nor _________; it is simply recycled or transformed into another form. The only exception is the occasional _________ from space, but the amount of material is negligible.

created / destroyed / meteorite

Even though we have mountains on the surface of the Earth, the _____ is still the thinnest layer.

crust

This is like the shell of the egg.

crust

This is the outermost layer of the Earth and is made of solid rock

crust

This the thinnest (or smallest) of the three compositional layers, and like the egg shell, it is brittle. It is also rigid.

crust

List the three compositional layers of the Earth (starting at the surface).

crust / mantle / core

Continental crust is the crust of the continents, is less _____, is lighter in _____, is _______, and is primarily _______. It's made of the elements _________ and _______.

dense / color / thicker / granite / potassium / silicon

Continental crust is less _____ than oceanic crust, so it is _______ by nature.

dense / thicker

Oceanic crust is the crust beneath the oceans, is ______, is darker in _____, is _______, and is primarily ______. It is made of the elements _________ and ____.

denser / color / thinner / basalt / magnesium / iron

All earthquakes at these primarily originate from the surface (or relatively close to the surface).

divergent boundaries

At _________ __________, magma from below is being forced up to the surface, which heats the ____. And, it gets _______ due to the plates pulling apart.

divergent boundaries / rock / thinner

An __________ is the sudden movement of the earth caused by abrupt release of energy. What happens is that ________ builds up overtime and ultimately has to be released. This release of ________ is when the plates slide (or slip) relative to one another releasing energy that is felt as an __________.

earthquake / pressure / pressure / earthquake

We cannot get to the core, but we have evidence of their consistency based on __________ _____.

earthquake waves

The patterns of the locations of these three things were what geologists used to determine the geologic plates. List them in alphabetical order.

earthquakes / mountain belts / volcanoes

The amount of ______ released is more than __ times for each increase in _________ in the _______ _____.

energy / 10 / magnitude / Richter scale

Earthquakes are measured via ______ _____ (there are different types) on a ___________.

energy waves / seismograph

There really are no features of a transform boundary except one of these (where movement occurs in the rocks).

faults

In order to analyze a ______ or __________, determine what your eye is drawn to _____. Then, look around it and determine what else you can see.

figure / photograph / first

All material on Earth is ______.

finite

Other areas seem to be relatively ____ (middle US, Florida, etc).

flat

The __________ ______ of the earth are based on how the layers work in relation to one another and include the ___________ and the _____________.

functional (mechanical) layers / lithosphere / asthenosphere

The two __________ ______ move relative to one another.

functional layers

If we look at the surface of the earth, we can see that there is a specific distribution of areas of ____ _________ (e.g. mountains and plateaus) and areas of ___ _________, even on the ocean floor.

high elevation / low elevation

Thick blocks are ______ than thin blocks.

higher

Precipitation from hot water: ____________ (a special type of ___________)

hydrothermal / metamorphic

An _______ ____ can be subjected to heat and pressure and be metamorphosed directly into a ___________ ____ without first becoming a ___________ ____.

igneous rock / metamorphic rock / sedimentary rock

The core is really two different portions: the _____ ____ and the _____ ____.

inner core / outer core

The mantle is primarily composed of these two elements (list them in alphabetical order).

iron / magnesium

The core is primarily composed of these two elements. List them in alphabetical order.

iron / nickel

Relationship between crustal thickness and elevation: ________.

isostasy

This means that there is a greater difference in high and low (e.g. a steeper area).

large relief

Magma on the surface is called this, but it is still the same thing as magma.

lava

Geologic plates are pieces of this.

lithosphere

The ___________ is the outermost layer that consists of the crust and the uppermost portion of the mantle. It is the solid, brittle portion. It is stronger.

lithosphere

This rests on top of the asthenosphere.

lithosphere

The ___ _____ means that for every _ increase in the _______ _____, it is increasing by a factor of __.

log scale / 1 / Richter scale / 10

This means it is relatively flat.

low relief

Dense materials are _____.

lower

The mantle is where this, otherwise known as molten rock, comes from.

magma

This is like the egg white.

mantle

This is the middle portion of Earth that is the largest by volume.

mantle

A ___________ ____ can subsequently continue to be buried such that the pressure and heat increase enough to cause melting (a solid turning into a liquid) into _____.

metamorphic rock / magma

Each geologic plate has a ____.

name

When we talk about this, we are referring to how the geologic plates move relative to one another.

plate tectonics

Processes that influence the earth from below include ___________ _____ (breakdown of unstable isotopes (or forms of elements) that results in a release of energy (____)), heat from _____ from below and as it rises through the _____, and ________ forces.

radioactive decay / heat / magma / crust / tectonic

You can see the ridges along the ocean floor if you look at these.

relief maps

"Litho-" is latin for ____.

rock

This is a conglomeration of one or more minerals.

rock

A ____ does NOT have to go through every portion of the ____ _____: they can skip steps.

rock / rock cycle

This is a conceptual framework presenting possible paths and process to which a rock can be subjected as it moves from one place to another and between different depths within the earth.

rock cycle

If you look at the east coast, the ___________ ________ also show more ______ (e.g. a high spot) although it is not as high as the west coast.

Appalachian Mountains / relief

This functional layer is hot and weak. It is mostly solid.

Asthenosphere

List the four spheres of Earth in alphabetical order.

Atmosphere / Biosphere / Hydrosphere / Lithosphere (Geosphere)

These layers of the Earth are separated based on what their make-up is.

Compositional Layers

This stated that the continents were moving relative to one another. We now know that this is not possible.

Continental Drift

______ mines much younger: related to mountain building in West.

Copper

This is the densest compositional layer of the Earth. It has the most mass.

Core

____ mines in very old rocks: record change in Earth's early atmosphere.

Iron

These occur at a divergent boundary in oceanic crust.

Mid-Ocean Ridges

The gravitational pull between the Earth and ____ is responsible for our _____.

Moon / tides

Continental crust that begins to break apart does so in a pattern as well. This truly becomes a low spot in the landscape.

True

As ________ gets layered or piled on top of other ________, it undergoes the process of _____________ (compaction and cementation of ________ due to the weight of material on top of it) to become a ___________ rock.

sediment / sediment / lithification / sediment / sedimentary

These are rocks formed in normal surface environments.

sedimentary

A ___________ rock that continues to be buried under more layers may undergo ____________ (transformation due to increases in heat and/or pressure) to become a ___________ rock.

sedimentary / metamorphism / metamorphic

Denser pieces of crust ____ while less dense crust _____.

sink / rises

We have discovered that we can learn about the geology of other bodies in our _____ ______, so it is no longer limited to the study of the _____.

solar system / earth

The inner core is _____, while the outer core is ______ (or more of a liquid).

solid / molten

Magma undergoes the process of ______________ (magma turning into a solid) to become an _______ rock.

solidification / igneous

The lithosphere is ________ than the asthenosphere.

stronger

Geology also encompasses anything that shapes the _______ of the earth.

surface

This states that the lithosphere is divided into a number of mostly rigid plates that move relative to one another, causing tectonic activity along these boundaries.

theory of plate tectonics

As a result of the _______ crust (and being less _____), when continental crust is being pulled apart, it gets _______, creating a ____, or place of lower elevation than the surrounding area.

thicker / dense / thinner / rift

As plates move away from one another, the lithosphere gets _______. This is a what?

thinner / Divergent Boundary

At these, plates slide past one another horizontally.

transform boundaries

A _______ is a vent in the surface of Earth through which _____ and associated _____ and ___ erupt, which generally results in a _______ structure around that ____.

volcano / magma / gases / ash / conical / vent

Igneous rocks then undergo the process of __________ (rock breaking into smaller pieces) and _______ (the simultaneous weathering and transportation of pieces of rock) to become ________ (loose pieces of rock).

weathering / erosion / sediment

Essential questions in science attempt to answer ____, ___, and ___ about the world around them.

what / why / how

Each part of the earth and each type of terrain influences _____ people (and other organisms) live.

where