Geology: Chapters 1/3
Life in the Jurassic . . . how many years ago?
150 Million
The extent of glaciers and ice sheets has changed since ______ years ago. What is a possible factor that could have caused this change?
28,000 / climate change
Any rock type can become any of the _ rock types.
3
There are _ major types of earthquake waves.
3
There are _ types of convergent boundaries based on the type of crust meeting.
3
There are _ major types of plate boundaries: >_________ Boundary: plates move away from each other (vertical movement) >_________ Boundary: plates slide horizontally passed each other (horizontal movement) >__________ Boundary: plates move toward one another (vertical movement)
3 / Divergent / Transform / Convergent
_______________ energy from the sun is responsible for ____, which is created by uneven heating of Earth's surface because hot always flows to cold whether it is air, water, magma, etc.
Electromagnetic / wind
This is generally defined as the study of the earth.
Geology
This is the study of the planet Earth and other solid planetary objects, including their materials, processes, products, and history.
Geology
These travel through material differently (some travel through certain types of material and bounce off of other types of material).
Earthquake waves
There are 3 features, or surface expressions, that distinguish a divergent boundary from any other boundary. What are they, in alphabetical order?
Earthquakes / Mid-Ocean Ridge / Rift
This is the only current continental divergent boundary.
East African Rift
List the 2 best examples of divergent boundaries in alphabetical order (both are mid-ocean ridges).
East Pacific Rise / Mid-Atlantic Ridge
List the 3 agents of erosion in alphabetical order.
Ice / Water / Wind
These rocks are made from magma (molten rock).
Igneous
There are three major types of rocks. List them in alphabetical order.
Igneous / Metamorphic / Sedimentary
Rock Cycle
N/A
______ do not continuously slide/slip. This only happens when enough ________ has built up.
Plates / pressure
This is differences in high and low spots on the surface of the earth.
Relief
Earthquakes are measured on the _______ _____, a ___________ scale that is a measure of the amount of ______ ______.
Richter scale / logarithmic / ground motion
This is a divergent boundary in continental crust.
Rift
The _____ _________ (and other mountain ranges on the west coast) seem to 'stand up' higher - this is the ______.
Rocky Mountains / relief
A good example of a transform boundary is this one in California.
San Andreas Fault
_____________ monitor earthquake activity around the world and can tell how ____ within the earth the movement originated as well as how far the ______ traveled.
Seismologists / deep / energy
These are relatively rare on divergent boundaries.
Volcanoes
It is weaker and more fluid than the upper mantle.
asthenosphere
The _____________ is the rest of the mantle that is not part of the lithosphere.
asthenosphere
The Earth can be looked at from 2 points of view: ___________ vs. ________.
composition / function
The earth consists of ___________ and _______ crust. BOTH MOVE!!!!!
continental / oceanic
There are two types of crust: ___________ _____ and _______ _____.
continental crust / oceanic crust
The theory of plate tectonics is different from this hypothesis.
continental drift
At one of these, plates move toward one another. As the two pieces of crust collide, there is tremendous pressure, which has to be released. The way the pressure is released is largely dependent upon density.
convergent boundaries
This is like the egg yolk.
core
This is the inner most portion of the earth.
core
Material is neither _______ nor _________; it is simply recycled or transformed into another form. The only exception is the occasional _________ from space, but the amount of material is negligible.
created / destroyed / meteorite
Even though we have mountains on the surface of the Earth, the _____ is still the thinnest layer.
crust
This is like the shell of the egg.
crust
This is the outermost layer of the Earth and is made of solid rock
crust
This the thinnest (or smallest) of the three compositional layers, and like the egg shell, it is brittle. It is also rigid.
crust
List the three compositional layers of the Earth (starting at the surface).
crust / mantle / core
Continental crust is the crust of the continents, is less _____, is lighter in _____, is _______, and is primarily _______. It's made of the elements _________ and _______.
dense / color / thicker / granite / potassium / silicon
Continental crust is less _____ than oceanic crust, so it is _______ by nature.
dense / thicker
Oceanic crust is the crust beneath the oceans, is ______, is darker in _____, is _______, and is primarily ______. It is made of the elements _________ and ____.
denser / color / thinner / basalt / magnesium / iron
All earthquakes at these primarily originate from the surface (or relatively close to the surface).
divergent boundaries
At _________ __________, magma from below is being forced up to the surface, which heats the ____. And, it gets _______ due to the plates pulling apart.
divergent boundaries / rock / thinner
An __________ is the sudden movement of the earth caused by abrupt release of energy. What happens is that ________ builds up overtime and ultimately has to be released. This release of ________ is when the plates slide (or slip) relative to one another releasing energy that is felt as an __________.
earthquake / pressure / pressure / earthquake
We cannot get to the core, but we have evidence of their consistency based on __________ _____.
earthquake waves
The patterns of the locations of these three things were what geologists used to determine the geologic plates. List them in alphabetical order.
earthquakes / mountain belts / volcanoes
The amount of ______ released is more than __ times for each increase in _________ in the _______ _____.
energy / 10 / magnitude / Richter scale
Earthquakes are measured via ______ _____ (there are different types) on a ___________.
energy waves / seismograph
There really are no features of a transform boundary except one of these (where movement occurs in the rocks).
faults
In order to analyze a ______ or __________, determine what your eye is drawn to _____. Then, look around it and determine what else you can see.
figure / photograph / first
All material on Earth is ______.
finite
Other areas seem to be relatively ____ (middle US, Florida, etc).
flat
The __________ ______ of the earth are based on how the layers work in relation to one another and include the ___________ and the _____________.
functional (mechanical) layers / lithosphere / asthenosphere
The two __________ ______ move relative to one another.
functional layers
If we look at the surface of the earth, we can see that there is a specific distribution of areas of ____ _________ (e.g. mountains and plateaus) and areas of ___ _________, even on the ocean floor.
high elevation / low elevation
Thick blocks are ______ than thin blocks.
higher
Precipitation from hot water: ____________ (a special type of ___________)
hydrothermal / metamorphic
An _______ ____ can be subjected to heat and pressure and be metamorphosed directly into a ___________ ____ without first becoming a ___________ ____.
igneous rock / metamorphic rock / sedimentary rock
The core is really two different portions: the _____ ____ and the _____ ____.
inner core / outer core
The mantle is primarily composed of these two elements (list them in alphabetical order).
iron / magnesium
The core is primarily composed of these two elements. List them in alphabetical order.
iron / nickel
Relationship between crustal thickness and elevation: ________.
isostasy
This means that there is a greater difference in high and low (e.g. a steeper area).
large relief
Magma on the surface is called this, but it is still the same thing as magma.
lava
Geologic plates are pieces of this.
lithosphere
The ___________ is the outermost layer that consists of the crust and the uppermost portion of the mantle. It is the solid, brittle portion. It is stronger.
lithosphere
This rests on top of the asthenosphere.
lithosphere
The ___ _____ means that for every _ increase in the _______ _____, it is increasing by a factor of __.
log scale / 1 / Richter scale / 10
This means it is relatively flat.
low relief
Dense materials are _____.
lower
The mantle is where this, otherwise known as molten rock, comes from.
magma
This is like the egg white.
mantle
This is the middle portion of Earth that is the largest by volume.
mantle
A ___________ ____ can subsequently continue to be buried such that the pressure and heat increase enough to cause melting (a solid turning into a liquid) into _____.
metamorphic rock / magma
Each geologic plate has a ____.
name
When we talk about this, we are referring to how the geologic plates move relative to one another.
plate tectonics
Processes that influence the earth from below include ___________ _____ (breakdown of unstable isotopes (or forms of elements) that results in a release of energy (____)), heat from _____ from below and as it rises through the _____, and ________ forces.
radioactive decay / heat / magma / crust / tectonic
You can see the ridges along the ocean floor if you look at these.
relief maps
"Litho-" is latin for ____.
rock
This is a conglomeration of one or more minerals.
rock
A ____ does NOT have to go through every portion of the ____ _____: they can skip steps.
rock / rock cycle
This is a conceptual framework presenting possible paths and process to which a rock can be subjected as it moves from one place to another and between different depths within the earth.
rock cycle
If you look at the east coast, the ___________ ________ also show more ______ (e.g. a high spot) although it is not as high as the west coast.
Appalachian Mountains / relief
This functional layer is hot and weak. It is mostly solid.
Asthenosphere
List the four spheres of Earth in alphabetical order.
Atmosphere / Biosphere / Hydrosphere / Lithosphere (Geosphere)
These layers of the Earth are separated based on what their make-up is.
Compositional Layers
This stated that the continents were moving relative to one another. We now know that this is not possible.
Continental Drift
______ mines much younger: related to mountain building in West.
Copper
This is the densest compositional layer of the Earth. It has the most mass.
Core
____ mines in very old rocks: record change in Earth's early atmosphere.
Iron
These occur at a divergent boundary in oceanic crust.
Mid-Ocean Ridges
The gravitational pull between the Earth and ____ is responsible for our _____.
Moon / tides
Continental crust that begins to break apart does so in a pattern as well. This truly becomes a low spot in the landscape.
True
As ________ gets layered or piled on top of other ________, it undergoes the process of _____________ (compaction and cementation of ________ due to the weight of material on top of it) to become a ___________ rock.
sediment / sediment / lithification / sediment / sedimentary
These are rocks formed in normal surface environments.
sedimentary
A ___________ rock that continues to be buried under more layers may undergo ____________ (transformation due to increases in heat and/or pressure) to become a ___________ rock.
sedimentary / metamorphism / metamorphic
Denser pieces of crust ____ while less dense crust _____.
sink / rises
We have discovered that we can learn about the geology of other bodies in our _____ ______, so it is no longer limited to the study of the _____.
solar system / earth
The inner core is _____, while the outer core is ______ (or more of a liquid).
solid / molten
Magma undergoes the process of ______________ (magma turning into a solid) to become an _______ rock.
solidification / igneous
The lithosphere is ________ than the asthenosphere.
stronger
Geology also encompasses anything that shapes the _______ of the earth.
surface
This states that the lithosphere is divided into a number of mostly rigid plates that move relative to one another, causing tectonic activity along these boundaries.
theory of plate tectonics
As a result of the _______ crust (and being less _____), when continental crust is being pulled apart, it gets _______, creating a ____, or place of lower elevation than the surrounding area.
thicker / dense / thinner / rift
As plates move away from one another, the lithosphere gets _______. This is a what?
thinner / Divergent Boundary
At these, plates slide past one another horizontally.
transform boundaries
A _______ is a vent in the surface of Earth through which _____ and associated _____ and ___ erupt, which generally results in a _______ structure around that ____.
volcano / magma / gases / ash / conical / vent
Igneous rocks then undergo the process of __________ (rock breaking into smaller pieces) and _______ (the simultaneous weathering and transportation of pieces of rock) to become ________ (loose pieces of rock).
weathering / erosion / sediment
Essential questions in science attempt to answer ____, ___, and ___ about the world around them.
what / why / how
Each part of the earth and each type of terrain influences _____ people (and other organisms) live.
where