exam 1

name the scientist who shares credit with Charles Darwin for discovering the process of natural selection `

A.R Wallace

Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder.

A1=0.9700 A2=0.0300

A population is at hardy Weinberg equilibrium for two alleles. The frequency of the allele A2 is... what is the frequency of individuals that are homozygous A2

0.09

radiometric dating indicates that the earliest fossilized bacterial mats lived in approximately

3.5 billion years ago

the non-avian dinosaurs were among the casualties of the Cretaceous mass extinction, approximately

65 million years ago

in the figure above, which of the following form a monophyletic group clade?

EFG

Which of the following represents an idea that Darwin learned from the writing of Thomas Malthus

Populations tend to increase as a faster rate than their food supply normally allows

a population of organisms will NOT evolve if

all individual variation is due only to environmental factors

How are two different species most likely to evolve from one ancestral species?

allopatrically, after the ancestral species has split into 2 population

An earthquake decimates a ground-squirrel population, killing 98% of the squirrels. The surviving population happens to have broader stripes, on average, than the initial population. If broadness of stripes is genetically determined, what effect has the ground-squirrel population experienced during the earthquake?

a genetic bottleneck

the most imposrtant feature that permits a gene to act as a molecular clock is

a reliable average rate of mutation

Upon being formed, oceanic islands, such as the Hawaiian Islands, should feature what characteristic, leading to which phenomenon?

a variety of empty ecological niches, leading to adaptive radiation

rod shaped pathogenie bacterium with an insult-resistant endospore life stage

bacillus anthraces

two species of frogs belonging to the same genus look alike, but females are able to identify correctly and mate with male of their own species by frequency of their call. These two frog species separate by

behavioral isolation

sexual reproduction in eukaryotes increases genetic variation. which of the following is Not a mechanism for increasing genetic variation in prokaryotes

binary fission

there is some controversy among biologists about whether neanderthals should be placed within the same species as modern humans or into a separate species of their own. Currently the debate hinges on the amount of DNA exchanged between the 2 species . whose species is most applicable to the outcome of genetic studies that adress the question

biological

which of the following anatomical structures, which is homologous to the bones in the wing of a bird

bones in the flipper of a whale

During a study session about evolution, one of your fellow students remarks, "The giraffe stretched its neck while reaching for higher leaves; its offspring inherited longer necks as a result." Which statement is most likely to be helpful in correcting this student's misconception?

characteristics acquired during an organisms life are generally not passed on through genes

which of the following was derived from an ancestral cyanobacterium

chloroplast

Some beetles and flies have antler-like structures on their heads, much like male deer do. The existence of antlers in beetle, fly, and deer species with strong male-male competition is an example of _____.

convergent evolution

anolis lizards are placed on small island with no large trees, in just a few generations lizards in the population exhibit shorter hind legs legs than their ancestor. this is an example of

directional selection

which statement is true

evolution only happens to a population over generations1

one upon a time, most of the male guppies in a predator free pool were brightly colored. then predator invaded the pool and several generations later the males are similar in coloration to mostly gray females.which term best describes the inconspicous coloration of male guppies in pools contains visual predators

evolutionary adaptation

According to the figure above, which group are most closely related to the butterflies and moths

flies

Over time, the movement of people on Earth has steadily increased. This has altered the course of human evolution by increasing

gene flow

which of the following must exist in a population before natural selection can act upon the population?

genetic variation among the individuals

the first life that forms on earth was almost certainly not

heterotrophic

which term bestdescribes the phenimon leading to the long brightly tail feather of the male peacock

intersexual selection

which statement about genetic variation is NOT true

it is created by the direct action of natural selection

pathogenic spirochete with an invertebrate vector of transmission to mammals

lyme disease

Archaen, lives in the gut of ruminant animals, helping digest their food

methanogen

which statement below is not true

natural selection is a random process

if you are studying a small fish population in the lab, which hardy Weinberg condition is easiest to meet

no gene flow

which eukaryotic clade includes members that are the result of endosymbiosis that included an ancient aerobic bacterium and ancient cyanobacterium

plants

Most causes of speciation are relatively slow, in that they may take many generations to see changes, with the exception of _____.

polyploidy

in prokaryotes new nutation accumulate quickly in population, while in eukayotes new mutations accumulate much more slowly. The primary reason for this are?

prokaryotes have short generation times and large population sizes

Two species of frogs belonging to the same genus occasionally mate, but the offspring fail to develop and hatch. What is the mechanism for keeping the two frog species separate?

reduced hybrid viability

the most useful biologic classification system is that which most closely

reflects evolutionary history

which term best corresponds with the fitness of individual organism, relative to that of its competitors

reproductive success

which of the following phenomena would Not violate the assumptions of the Hardy Weinberg equilibrium

reshuffling of chromosomes each generation via diploidy and sexual reproduction

only the following insect groups exhibit complete metamorphosis. Coleoptera Hymenoplera, Lepidoptera and Diptera. According to the phylogeny above, couple metamorphosis appears to be ____ of these groups

shared derived character

According to the concept of punctuated equilibrium, the sudden apppearance of anew species in the fossil record means that

speciation occurred rapidly in geologic time

Most Swiss starlings produce four to five eggs in each clutch. Starlings producing fewer, or more, than this have reduced fitness. Which of the following terms best describes this situation?

stabilizing selection

gram positive spherical pathogenic bacterium, resistant form spread in hospital

staphylococcus -

which is not true about the Cambrian explosion

the Cambrian explosion is an example of a mass extinction event

for a diploid population that meets the assumptions of the Hardy Weinberg equilibrium at a particular locus

the alleles frequency should not change from one generation to the next

Catastrophism was Cuvier's attempt to explain the existence of _____.

the fossil record

a farmer uses triazine herbicide to control pigweed in his field. For the first few years, the triazine works well and almost all the pigweed dies, but after several years the farmer sees more and more pigweed, which of the explanations best explains what happened?

triazine-resistant weeds were more likely to survive and reproduce

one reason that evolution cannot produce perfect organisms is that selective pressures often act in opposition of each other. which of the following is an example of such a fitness trade off

turtle shells provide protection but are very heavy and burdensome when moving

which of the following evidence most strongly supports the common origin of all life on Earth? All organisms

use essentially the same genetic code