exam 1
name the scientist who shares credit with Charles Darwin for discovering the process of natural selection `
A.R Wallace
Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder.
A1=0.9700 A2=0.0300
A population is at hardy Weinberg equilibrium for two alleles. The frequency of the allele A2 is... what is the frequency of individuals that are homozygous A2
0.09
radiometric dating indicates that the earliest fossilized bacterial mats lived in approximately
3.5 billion years ago
the non-avian dinosaurs were among the casualties of the Cretaceous mass extinction, approximately
65 million years ago
in the figure above, which of the following form a monophyletic group clade?
EFG
Which of the following represents an idea that Darwin learned from the writing of Thomas Malthus
Populations tend to increase as a faster rate than their food supply normally allows
a population of organisms will NOT evolve if
all individual variation is due only to environmental factors
How are two different species most likely to evolve from one ancestral species?
allopatrically, after the ancestral species has split into 2 population
An earthquake decimates a ground-squirrel population, killing 98% of the squirrels. The surviving population happens to have broader stripes, on average, than the initial population. If broadness of stripes is genetically determined, what effect has the ground-squirrel population experienced during the earthquake?
a genetic bottleneck
the most imposrtant feature that permits a gene to act as a molecular clock is
a reliable average rate of mutation
Upon being formed, oceanic islands, such as the Hawaiian Islands, should feature what characteristic, leading to which phenomenon?
a variety of empty ecological niches, leading to adaptive radiation
rod shaped pathogenie bacterium with an insult-resistant endospore life stage
bacillus anthraces
two species of frogs belonging to the same genus look alike, but females are able to identify correctly and mate with male of their own species by frequency of their call. These two frog species separate by
behavioral isolation
sexual reproduction in eukaryotes increases genetic variation. which of the following is Not a mechanism for increasing genetic variation in prokaryotes
binary fission
there is some controversy among biologists about whether neanderthals should be placed within the same species as modern humans or into a separate species of their own. Currently the debate hinges on the amount of DNA exchanged between the 2 species . whose species is most applicable to the outcome of genetic studies that adress the question
biological
which of the following anatomical structures, which is homologous to the bones in the wing of a bird
bones in the flipper of a whale
During a study session about evolution, one of your fellow students remarks, "The giraffe stretched its neck while reaching for higher leaves; its offspring inherited longer necks as a result." Which statement is most likely to be helpful in correcting this student's misconception?
characteristics acquired during an organisms life are generally not passed on through genes
which of the following was derived from an ancestral cyanobacterium
chloroplast
Some beetles and flies have antler-like structures on their heads, much like male deer do. The existence of antlers in beetle, fly, and deer species with strong male-male competition is an example of _____.
convergent evolution
anolis lizards are placed on small island with no large trees, in just a few generations lizards in the population exhibit shorter hind legs legs than their ancestor. this is an example of
directional selection
which statement is true
evolution only happens to a population over generations1
one upon a time, most of the male guppies in a predator free pool were brightly colored. then predator invaded the pool and several generations later the males are similar in coloration to mostly gray females.which term best describes the inconspicous coloration of male guppies in pools contains visual predators
evolutionary adaptation
According to the figure above, which group are most closely related to the butterflies and moths
flies
Over time, the movement of people on Earth has steadily increased. This has altered the course of human evolution by increasing
gene flow
which of the following must exist in a population before natural selection can act upon the population?
genetic variation among the individuals
the first life that forms on earth was almost certainly not
heterotrophic
which term bestdescribes the phenimon leading to the long brightly tail feather of the male peacock
intersexual selection
which statement about genetic variation is NOT true
it is created by the direct action of natural selection
pathogenic spirochete with an invertebrate vector of transmission to mammals
lyme disease
Archaen, lives in the gut of ruminant animals, helping digest their food
methanogen
which statement below is not true
natural selection is a random process
if you are studying a small fish population in the lab, which hardy Weinberg condition is easiest to meet
no gene flow
which eukaryotic clade includes members that are the result of endosymbiosis that included an ancient aerobic bacterium and ancient cyanobacterium
plants
Most causes of speciation are relatively slow, in that they may take many generations to see changes, with the exception of _____.
polyploidy
in prokaryotes new nutation accumulate quickly in population, while in eukayotes new mutations accumulate much more slowly. The primary reason for this are?
prokaryotes have short generation times and large population sizes
Two species of frogs belonging to the same genus occasionally mate, but the offspring fail to develop and hatch. What is the mechanism for keeping the two frog species separate?
reduced hybrid viability
the most useful biologic classification system is that which most closely
reflects evolutionary history
which term best corresponds with the fitness of individual organism, relative to that of its competitors
reproductive success
which of the following phenomena would Not violate the assumptions of the Hardy Weinberg equilibrium
reshuffling of chromosomes each generation via diploidy and sexual reproduction
only the following insect groups exhibit complete metamorphosis. Coleoptera Hymenoplera, Lepidoptera and Diptera. According to the phylogeny above, couple metamorphosis appears to be ____ of these groups
shared derived character
According to the concept of punctuated equilibrium, the sudden apppearance of anew species in the fossil record means that
speciation occurred rapidly in geologic time
Most Swiss starlings produce four to five eggs in each clutch. Starlings producing fewer, or more, than this have reduced fitness. Which of the following terms best describes this situation?
stabilizing selection
gram positive spherical pathogenic bacterium, resistant form spread in hospital
staphylococcus -
which is not true about the Cambrian explosion
the Cambrian explosion is an example of a mass extinction event
for a diploid population that meets the assumptions of the Hardy Weinberg equilibrium at a particular locus
the alleles frequency should not change from one generation to the next
Catastrophism was Cuvier's attempt to explain the existence of _____.
the fossil record
a farmer uses triazine herbicide to control pigweed in his field. For the first few years, the triazine works well and almost all the pigweed dies, but after several years the farmer sees more and more pigweed, which of the explanations best explains what happened?
triazine-resistant weeds were more likely to survive and reproduce
one reason that evolution cannot produce perfect organisms is that selective pressures often act in opposition of each other. which of the following is an example of such a fitness trade off
turtle shells provide protection but are very heavy and burdensome when moving
which of the following evidence most strongly supports the common origin of all life on Earth? All organisms
use essentially the same genetic code
