Exam 1 Science Study Guide

the upper mantle is comprised of 3 section including _________ which is a layer of soft, plastic rock.

asthenosphere

which fold characteristic is this describing: limbs are different

asymmetrical

____________ faults move up or down; __________ faults move side to side

dip-slip; strike-slip

what are the 2 types of folds:

-Anticlines -Synclines

What are the 3 types of plate boundaries?

-Divergent -Convergent -Transform

what are the 2 types of body waves?

-P (primary) -S (Secondary)

what re the 2 types of body waves?

-P (primary) waves -S (secondary) waves

What are the 2 main types of seismic waves?

-Surface waves -Body waves

what are the types of unconformities?

-angular conformity -disconformity -nonconformity

Most effective index fossil have? -Geographically: _____________ -Geologically:________________

-broad distribution -short "lifespan"

Metamorphism occurs in what two settings?

-contact -regional

What is the scientific proof of plate tectonics?

-deep sea drilling project that dates fossils in sediment -discovery of global oceanic ridge system -age and thickness of seafloor -Hot spot migration -Paleomagnetism

what are the 2 classification groups of sedimentary rocks?

-detrital -chemical

how does speed/travel time of all 3 wave types help to locate the earthquake epicenter

-difference in arrival time is exaggerated by distance -greater interval between P,S and surface waves = greater distance to epicenter

what are the 2 types of faults?

-dip-slip -strike-slip

what are the 2 metamorphic rock textures?

-foliated -non-foliated

Metamorphism: Regional Metamorphism: -Heat comes from ____________ of rocks -Pressure from ______________ and the ____________ of moving rocks -produces the _______________ ____________ of metamorphic rock

-friction -overlying weight; -squeezing -greatest volume

what are the 2 cartography tools?

-geography information systems/science (GIS) -Remote sensing (aerial photography/Satellites)

how do we measure radioactive decay?

-half-life -ratio of parent vs. daughter products

what are the agents of metamorphism (metamorphic rocks)

-heat: recrystallization of new materials -pressure: (confining; equal in all directions)

what are earth's 4 major spheres?

-hydrosphere -atmosphere -biosphere -geosphere

what are the 3 rock types?

-igneous rocks -sedimentary rocks -metamorphic rocks

What are the 2 segments of the Earth's Core?

-inner core -outer core

what are the 2 ways to measure earthquake strength?

-intensity -magnitude

what are the 2 main types of igneous rocks?

-intrusive or plutonic -extrusive or volcanic

Earth's core is comprised of?

-iron -nickel

What are the two sections of Earth's Mantle: distinguished by density of minerals?

-lower mantle (mesosphere) -upper mantle

igneous rocks: composition: mineral composition based on?

-mineral constituents of parent magma -temperature of mineral crystallization

what are the 2 subtypes of dip-slip faults?

-normal fault -reverse fault

what are the different types of convergent activity?

-oceanic/oceanic -oceanic/continental -continental/continental

what are the 2 types of movement of surface waves?

-rolling waves -sid eto side

What are the 2 major mineral groups?

-silicates -non-silicates

what are the 2 major mineral groups?

-silicates -non-silicates

What are the 3 plate tectonics mechanics?

-slab pull -ridge push -mantle drag

what are the 2 main types of seismic waves?

-surface waves -body waves

what are the different fold characteristics of both anticlines & synclines?

-symmetrical -asymmetrical -overturned

What are the 4 defining components of a mineral?

1- Naturally occurring 2- Inorganic Solid 3- Definite chemical composition 4- Orderly crystalline structure

What was Alfred Wegener's 4 components of theoretical support?

1-Jigsaw-puzzle fit of the continents 2-fossils 3-rock types and geologic structures 4-Evidence of ancient coal swamps & glaciation

what are the 3 geologic dating techniques?

1-relative dating- sequence stratigraphy 2-correlation of rock strata-fossils 3-radiometric dating

what are the 3 forms of rock deformation?

1. elastic 2. brittle 3. ductile

Name the values for the minerals on the Mohs Hardness scale?

10-Diamon 9-Corundum 8-Topaz 7-Quartz 6-Orthoclase 5-Apatite 4-Flourite 3-Calcite 2-Gypsum 1-Talc

sedimentary rocks account for _________ of all continental rock outcrops

75%

silicates make up _______ of the earth's crust

79%

non-silicates make up_________ of the earth's crust

8-10%

Who created the Plate tectonic Theory which states that all continents were once joined together in a single supercontinent known as Pangaea.

Alfred Wegener

which scale is used to measure earthquake's magnitude form the 1970s to the present?

Moment Magnitude Scale

a concept that illustrates the relationship between magma and the minerals crystallizing from it during the formation of igneous rocks

Bowen's reaction series

Study and practice of making maps

Cartography

Study of the Earth's atmospheric system (understand the patterns of Earth's weather and climate and the processes that create them)

Climatology

Think solid (brittle) outer layer; varies in thickness, density, and composition

Crust

Sedimentary Rocks: ______________: lithified fragments of weather rocks; distinguished by?

Detrital [clastic]; particle size

Integrated scientific approach to study Earth's nature sphere as a system.

Earth Science definition

_______________ texture: rapid cooling at the surface or in the upper crust; crystals too small to see with the naked eye.

Fine-grained (aphanitic)

Study of the composition, structure, and development of Earth's terrestrial system

Geology

Study of the structure and evolution of Earth's landforms (understand why landscapes look the way they do and how they arrived at their present state)

Geomorphology

(Relative Dating Technique) Oldest rock strata is on the bottom

Law of Superposition

___________ is the upper portion of the mantle and is ___________.

Lithosphere; cold

Naturally occurring substances with distinctive chemical & atomic configurations usually in crystalline for,

Minerals

_____________ _______________: boundary between crust and mantle

Mohorovicic Discontinuity

_____________: Boundary between crust and mantle -Seismic waves change velocity -chemical change

Mohorovicic Discontinuity

measures total energy released based on amount of slide, area of rupture, and strength of faulted rock.

Moment magnitude scale

(Relative Dating Technique) sediment is deposited horizontally

Principle of Original Horizontality

(Relative Dating Technique) infers that strata was originally continuous across an erosion feature (i.e, canyon)

Principle of lateral continuity

(relative dating technique) one rock contained within another; rock containing the inclusions is younger

Rule of inclusions

what type of unconformity is this describing? tilted strata are overlain by horizontal strata

angular unconformity

what type of fold is UPfolded with arched layers?

anticlines

What section of the mantle is this describing: stiff outer shell, divided into 3 layers: lower lithosphere, asthenosphere, remaining upper mantle.

Upper mantle

______________ remote sensing -beam of energy direct at object, then analyzed -ex-radar, sonar, LIDAR

active

the gaseous portion of a planet; the plant's envelope of air. One of the traditional subdivisions of Earth's physical environment

atmosphere

the totality of life on earth; the parts of the solid earth, hydrosphere, and atmosphere in which living organisms can be found

biosphere

__________ waves: travel through Earth's interior

body waves

which type of seismic wave travel through Earth's interior?

body waves

which form of rock deformation is this describing: -stress breaks the chemical bonds within a rock -results in faults

brittle

faults form by?

brittle deformation

(lithification)__________: concentration of dissolved materials

cementation

(sedimentary rock)___________: form from mineral precipitates

chemical

Sedimentary rocks: ____________: lithification of dissolved minerals precipitated out of solution.

chemical

___________: Smooth Break -tendency of mineral to break along planes of _________ bonding.

cleavage; weak

_____________ texture: slowly crystalize cooling process

coarse-grained

Most obvious property of a mineral, but it is only a diagnostic property for a few minerals

collor

(lithification) _______: process of squeezing particles together so that pore space is reduced

compaction

_________________: (thermal) metamorphism -temperature increases because of intruding magma

contact

which type of metamorphism comes from the intrusion of magma?

contact (thermal) metamorphism

What crust has a density of 2.7?

continental

what crust is composed of many rock types including granite?

continental

What are the 2 types of Earth's crust?

continental, and oceanic

What type of plate boundary is this describing? two plates move together?

convergent

____________ and ____________ of minerals gives them unique properties

crystalline structure; chemical composition

A half-life provides a known rate of _________ since rocks were formed. Rate of decay has been ________________ and ______ can be calculated

decay; precisely measured; age

(sedimentary rock) _____________ [clastic]: form from weathered sediment

detrital

what type of unconformity is this describing? large gap in dating record; big gap in the rock record or large gap where rock was eroded.

disconformity

What type of plate boundary is this describing? -Two plates move apart

divergent

which form of rock deformation is this describing: -strain changes the shape of rock without breaking -produces folds

ductile

Folds form by?

ductile deformation

a ___________ occurs due to the sudden movement of rock sliding along a fault

earthquake

which form of rock deformation is this describing: -weakest -stress is gradually applied -rocks return to original size and shape when stress is removed

elastic

___________: surface location of focal point directly above the hypocenter

epicenter

Sedimentary rocks: chemical occur from ___________ or __________.

evaporative; chemical action

(igneous rock type) _______________: solidification of lava at Earth's surface

extrusive

P waves travel _________ than S waves.

faster

Speed/travel times vary for all 3 wave types: P waves travel __________ than S waves. ___________ waves slower than P and S waves

faster; surface

fractures in the earth's crust along which one side moves with respect to the other?

faults

What is the most common/abundant group of silicates?

feldspar

seismic waves radiate out from the?

focal point of earthquake

-wavelike undulations that form when rocks bend under compression -result in shortening and thickening of the crust (compression)

folds

Metamorphic textures: _______________ -minerals arranged in a parallel alignment -perpendicular to compressional force -development of rock cleavage

foliated

What does the following have to do with: Rearrangement of mineral crystals: banding

foliated metamorphic textures

__________: unclean break -break along chemical bonds that are approximately equal in strength

fracture

______________ is a computer-based tool for gathering, processing, manipulating and analyzing information.

geographic information systems/science (GIS)

the solid earth, the largest of Earth's four major spheres

geosphere

________ texture: rapid cooling

glassy

Defines how minerals grow without interference from other grains or materials

habit: Geometric shape

(Measure Radioactive decay) _____________: the time for one-half of radioactive nuclei to decay.

half-life

___________ is the surface above fault; __________ is the surface below fault.

hanging wall; footwall

Mineral Hardness Test: -Scratch mineral across a glass plate -If the mineral scratches the plate, it is?

harder than 5 on Mohs' Hardness scale

defines the strength of the atomic bonding of the mineral

hardness

what scientific proof of plate tectonics is this describing? -Evidence associated with oceanic movement -volcanoes increase in age with distance from hawaii

hot spot migration

the water portion of our plant; one of the traditional subdivisions of Earth's physical environment

hydrosphere

_____________: internal location of focal point

hypocenter

earthquakes tend to occur along preexisting faults where internal stresses have caused the crustal rocks to rupture or break into two or more units. The location where slippage begins is called the ________ or ________. Earthquake waves radiate from this spot outward into the surrounding rock. The point on Earth's surface directly above the hypocenter is called the ____________.

hypocenter; focus; epicenter

(Rock type) _________________: forms through the cooling and solidification of magma or lava

igneous rocks

Age of seafloor ___________ with distance from ridge (underwater mountain range). Thickness of seafloor __________ with distance from ridge.

increases; increases

______________ [Biostratigraphy] Uses the record (fossil) of an organism that existed over a limited, well-defined period.

index fossils

which segment of the earth's core is this describing: -very bottom, solid iron, very hot -extremely dense and hot

inner core

(igneous rock type) _______________: magma solidifies underground

intrusive

compaction and cementation of sediment, organic materials, and/or minerals

lithification

what is this describing: -solid uppermost part of the mantle plus crust -more dense/rigid than lower asthenosphere

lithosphere

What section of the mantle is this describing: very dense, heavy minerals; rocks are very hot and capable of convective flow?

lower mantle (mesosphere)

distinguishes the way light reflects off the surface of a mineral

luster

____________ thickness is 80% of earth's volume

mantle

solid layer of peridotite (olivine, iron, magnesium, silicates)

mantle

which plate tectonic mechanic is this describing: _________________: movement of asthenosphere drags lithospheric plate

mantle drag

(rock type) ________________: forms when other rocks ('parent') are subjected to different temperature and pressure conditions than those which the original rock formed

metamorphic rocks

produced when pre-existing parent rock (igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic) is transformed through heat & pressure.

metamorphic rocks

Crystalline structure and chemical composition of minerals gives them unique properties

mineral properties

The differences in Richter & Moment are __________? why?

minor; -represent the same energy release conditions

regional metamorphism occurs during?

mountain building

Continental crust is?

much thicker than oceanic but less dense

Metamorphic Textures: _____________ -minimal deformation

non-foliated

which type of metamorphic texture receives pressure from all sides?

non-foliated

when a mineral has a non-metallic luster it is?

non-shiny

what type of unconformity is this describing? -metamorphic or igneous rocks below -younger sedimentary rock above

nonconformity

what type of subtype fault is this describing? -hanging wall moves down relative to footwall -accomodate extension of crust

normal fault

what crust has a density of 3.3?

oceanic

what crust type is composed of basalt?

oceanic

Study of Earth's Oceans (understand the physical, chemical, geological, and biological features of the oceans and ocean basins

oceanography

Body waves- S (Secondary) waves: travel through?

only solids

A rock's texture can be used to make inferences about a rock's __________.

origin

which segment of the earth's core is this describing: -combo: solid, liquid-plastic molten -liquid molten iron-nickel alloy -fluid movement of molten iron generates the Earth's magnetic field

outer core

which fold characteristic is this describing? one or both limbs are tilted beyond the vertical

overturned

what is the most common rock-forming elements and their percentages?

oxygen= 46.6 % silicon- 27.7%

Type of body wave: ______________ travel through solids, liquids, and gasses

p (primary) waves

Apparent polar wandering: A study of ___________ in ancient lava flows throughout Europe led to an interesting discovery. The magnetic alignment of iron-rich minerals in lava flows of different ages indicated that the position of the paleomagnetic poles had changed through time.

paleomagnetism

____________ is a source of plate tectonic proof as it preserves a record of the direction of magnetic poles at the time of formation

paleomagnetism (proof that continents are moving)

Foliated metamorphic texture comes from?

parallel pressure

___________ remote sensing -record energy released from a surface -ex-photography, night vision, hyper/multi-spectral satellite

passive

________________ texture: [2-crystal sizes] large crystals in a matrix of smaller crystals

porphyritic

(relative dating technique) younger feature cuts through an older feature

principle of cross-cutting relationships

Intensity: measures the amount of ground shaking based on?

property damage

(Measuring Earthquake Strength) Magnitude: measures the _____________ of energy released in an earthquake.

quantity

Among the most important properties of radioactivity is that it provides a reliable method of calculating the ages of rocks and minerals that contain particular radioactive isotopes. The procedure is called _____________.

radiometric dating

____________: function of radioactive decay -breaking apart (decay) of atomic nuclei

radiometric dating

(Igneous Rock Texture) Crystal size based on the _____________ of magma cooling

rate

_______________ metamorphism: -pressure and temperatures increases during mountain building

regional

which type of metamorphism comes from pressure compression?

regional metamorphism

obtaining information about a distant object without physical contact

remote sensing

what type of subtype fault is this describing? -hanging wall moves up relative to footwall -results from compressional stress

reverse fault

which scale was used to measure earthquake's magnitude from 1935-1970s?

richter scale

which plate tectonic mechanic is this describing: ___________________: gravity pushed lithospheric plates to down the ridge

ridge push

change in shape, position, orientation of a rock mass

rock deformation

solid aggregate of one or more minerals

rocks

type of body wave: ___________ travel only through solids

s (secondary) waves

rock strata provides information about ?

sediment transport

rock formed from the weathered products of preexisting rocks that have been transported, deposited, and lithified.

sedimentary rock

(rock type) ______________: form at the earth's surface by the accumulation and cementation of fragments of weathered rocks.

sedimentary rocks

Large earthquakes release huge amounts of stored-up energy as ___________: a form of energy that travels through the lithosphere and Earth's interior.

seismic waves

Seismology is the study of?

seismic waves

form of energy that travels through the earth's interior

seismic waves

(Relative Dating technique) Placing rock strata in sequence of deposition/ formation

sequence stratigraphy

what is an earthquake?

sharp release of energy

when a mineral has a metallic luster it is?

shiny

Silicon-oxygen tetrahedron in the building block of all?

silicate materials

non-silicates means they don't have?

silicate oxygen

igneous rock texture is describing primarily on the ____________, _____________, and __________ of the mineral crystals

size; shape; arrangement

which plate tectonic mechanic is this describing: _____________: denser oceanic crust sinks pulling lithospheric plate

slab pull

large crystals signify _______________, which is common in magma chambers deep in the crust

slow cooling

Body Waves- P (Primary) waves: travel through?

solids, liquids, and gasses

____________ aids ability to locate earthquake epicenter

speed/travel time for all 3 wave types

______________ is used to reconstruct Earth's history and gives clues to past environments/climates

start

Cartography: provides tool that help Earth scientist _______, _________, and _______ Earth Systems data.

store; display; analyze

_________ [rock beds]: thickness ranges from microscopic to tens of meters.

strata

__________ helps to mark the end of one episode of sedimentation and the beginning of another

strata

parallel layers of sedimentary rock

strata

Color of a mineral in a powdered form

streak

__________ waves: travel in rock layers just below Earth's surface

surface waves

which seismic waves travel in rock layers just below Earth's surface?

surface waves

which fold characteristic is this describing: limbs are mirror images

symmetrical

what type of fold is Downfolds or troughs

synclines

___________ helped to refine richter

technology

igneous rock is classified by ___________ and __________?

texture; mineral composition

Rock with large crystals form deep within?

the earth

What type of plate boundary is this describing? -two plates slide past one another

transform

Chemical sedimentary rocks from from precipitation? (t/f?)

true

(Relative dating technique) _______________: break in the rock record.

unconformity

____________ texture: voids let by gas bubbles when lava solidified

vesicular