Exam 1 Study Guide - Biology for Science Majors I BIOL 1406

Explain how atomic number relates to protons and how mass number relates to neutrons

1. Atomic number equals number of protons 2. The sum of protons and neutrons is the atomic mass

Can you define atomic number, protons, mass number, neutrons, atomic mass, isotopes?

1. Atomic number: Number of protons equals number of electrons 2. Protons: Positively charged particles 3. Mass: refers to amount of substance 4. Neutrons: Neutral particles 5. Atomic mass: Sum of protons and neutrons 6. Isotopes: Atoms of a single element that possess different numbers of neutrons

Identify the five fundamental properties of life

1. Cellular organization 2. Energy utilization 3. Homeostasis 4. Growth, development, & reproduction 5. Heredity

If you are given different elements (or atomic models) can you determine which type of bond will form?

1. Ionic Bond: Na+ and Cl- 2. Covalent Bond: H2, O2, N2 3. Hydrogen Bond: H2O

Compare and contrast covalent bonds and ionic bonds.

1. Ionic bonds: Formed by the attraction of oppositely charged ions. Ions form when the atom has a gain or loss of electrons. 2. Covalent bonds: Form when atoms share 2 or more valence electrons. Results in no net charge (because it still two protons and two electrons), satisfies octet rule

Define matter and elements

1. Matter - has mass and occupies space 2. Element - Any substance that cannot be broken down to any other substance by ordinary chemical means

Can you define molecule, compound, covalent bonds, ionic bonds, cation, anion?

1. Molecules: are groups of atoms held together in a stable association 2. Compounds: are molecules containing more than one type of element 3. Covalent bonds: Form when atoms share 2 or more valence electrons. 4. Ionic bonds: Formed by the attraction of oppositely charged ions. 5. Cation: more protons than electrons = net positive charge 6. Anion: fewer protons than electrons = net negative charge

Can you explain why each component of natural selection is necessary?

1. The Fossil Record Transitional forms have been found at predicted positions in time 2. Comparitive Anatomy Vertebrate forelimbs all share the same basic array of bones 3. Molecular Evidence - Phylogenetic Tree based on tracing origin of particular nucleotide changes to reconstruct an evolutionary history

Can you list the components of natural selection?

1. The Fossil Record 2. Comparitive Anatomy 3. Molecular Evidence - Phylogenetic Tree

If you are given an example, can you identify why the example is not considered alive?

1. Viruses - they do not have a cellular structure, nor can they reproduce without a host. Similarly, it's not clear that they maintain homeostasis, and they don't carry out their own metabolism. 2. Computer 3. Clouds 4. Soap

Define a hypothesis

A hypothesis is a possible explanation for an observation

Describe the properties of life: Cellular organization

All living things are composed of one or more cells Cells carry out the basic activities of living

Describe the properties of life: Homeostasis

All living things maintain relatively constant internal conditions

Describe the properties of life: Energy utilization

All living things use energy. Moving, growing, and thinking require energy.

Can you correctly describe what evolution is?

All organisms today descended from a simple creature 3.5 BYA.

Explain why evolution is a unifying concept in biology

All organisms today descended from a simple creature 3.5 BYA. Some characteristics preserved reflect that they have a fundamental role.

Describe the properties of life: Growth, development, & reproduction (Bacteria vs Multicellular organisms)

Bacteria increase in size and simply split in two Complex multicellular organisms grow by increasing the number of cells and develop by producing different kinds of cells

Describe the levels of organization among living things.

Cellular level 1. Atoms 2. Molecules 3. Macromolecules 4. Organelles 5. Cells Organismal level 6. Tissues 7. Organs 8. Organ systems 9. Organism Populational level 10. Population 11. community 12. ecosystem 13. biosphere

Describe the properties of life: Heredity

DNA transmits the characteristics of an organism from parent to offspring

Can you state the scientist who developed the theory of natural selection?

Darwin's contribution

What property of life is this an example of: Captured from sunlight by plants and algae through photosynthesis.

Energy utilization

How can you recognize a hypothesis?

Hypotheses should make predictions

How do you determine if a hypothesis is valid?

Hypothesis must be rejected if the experiment produces results inconsistent with the predictions. The more experimentally supported predictions a hypothesis makes, the more valid the hypothesis

Can you draw the atomic models of H, O, N, C and label the parts?

Lab manual page 17

Recognize symbols/names of the most common elements in organisms

O - oxygen C - carbon H - hydrogen N -nitrogen Na - Sodium Cl - Chlorine Ca - Calcium K - Potassium S - Sulfur Fe - Iron Mg - Magnesium

Describe the arrangement of subatomic particles in atoms.

Protons (+ Charge) and Neutrons (Neutral Charge) are located in the nucleus. Electrons (- Charge) are located in the orbitals.

Can you give the definition of a phylogenetic tree?

The pattern of decent obtained is called a phylogenetic tree

Recognize and label a phylogenetic tree

The present day species are on the right and its ancestors are to the left.

If you are given an example, can you identify if the example considered alive?

To be called a living thing, an item must have once eaten, breathed and reproduced. 1. plants (e.g. trees, ferns, mosses) 2. animals (e.g. mammals, birds, insects, reptiles, amphibians) 3. fungi 4. bacteria

If given a structural formula (complete or simplified), can you determine the molecular formula?

molecular formula for glucose is C6H12O6, Water H₂O, Ammonia NH₃, Methane CH₄, and hydrogen peroxide H₂O₂

If given a molecular or structural formula, can you identify all the elements in the molecule?

structural formula for acetic acid is CH3COOH and it's elements are: Carbon, Oxygen, and Hydrogen.

Define Biology

the study of living things