Exam 1 study

What is the formula for Constructive dilemma?

1. Either A or B 2. If A then C 3. If B then D 4. Either C or D

What is the formula for Disjunctive syllogism?

1. Either A or B 2. Not A 3. Therefore B

What is the formula for Modus ponens?

1. If A, then B 2. A 3. Therefore B

What is the formula for Hypothetical syllogism?

1. If A, then B 2. If B, then C 3. Therefore if A, then C

What is the formula for Modus tollens?

1. If A, then B 2. Not B 3. Therefore not A

"If bacon is wrong, then I don't want to be right." The antecedent is. . .

Bacon is wrong

What type of argument for is this? 1. Bill will either take the stairs or the elevator to his room 2. If he takes the stairs, he will be tired when he gets to his room 3. If he takes the elevator, he will miss the start of the football game on TV 4. Therefore, Bill will either be tired when he gets to his room or he will miss the start of the football game

Constructive dilemma

What type of argument form is this? 1. Either you will see Joe in class today, or he will oversleep 2. You did not see Joe in class today 3. Therefore Joe overslept

Disjunctive syllogism

Words to tell if it is a disjunction?

Either, unless, or

A conjunction is an atomic statement. True or False

False

A true conclusion may be validly deduced from false premises.

False

All arguments have more than one premise. True or False

False

All sentences are statements. True or False

False

All true statements are valid. True or False

False

An argument is any set of statements. True or False

False

Any argument with a true conclusion is sound.

False

Every argument intends to guarantee the truth of its conclusion. True or False

False

If a passage contains a conditional statement, then it does not contain an argument.

False

No valid arguments have false premises.

False

Some arguments are false.

False

The conclusion of an unsound argument must be false.

False

What type of argument form is this? 1. If it rains today, I will wear my rain jacket 2. If I wear my rain jacket, I will keep dry 3. Therefore, if it rains today, I will keep dry

Hypothetical syllogism

What type of argument form is this? 1. If Kelly does not finish his homework, he will not go to class. 2. Kelly did not finish his homework. 3. Therefore, Kelly will not go to class.

Modus ponens

What type of argument form is this? 1. If the Saints win the Super Bowl, there will be a party in New Orleans that night 2. There was no party in New Orleans that night 3. Therefore, the Saints did not win the Super Bowl

Modus tollens

"Eat your vegtables."

Not a statement

"60 percent of Volvos ever made are still running. My father's Volvo still runs."

Strong

If it rains the game is cancelled. It rained. So, the game is cancelled.

This is an argument

A material conditional is false if its antecedent is true and its consequent is false; otherwise, it is true.

True

A statement is either true or false.

True

All sound arguments have true conclusions.

True

An argument's conclusion is affirmed on the basis of its premises. True or False

True

An invalid argument can have false premises and a true conclusion.

True

Conjunctions are only true if both the conjuncts are true. True or False

True

In deductive arguments validity does not come from content, validity is a matter of form. True or False

True

Is "I'm hungry" a statement? True or False

True

Only arguments are valid and sound. True or False

True

"Assuming Betty's flight leaves on time, she will arrive in Seattle at 6 pm. Betty's flight did leave on time, so she will arrive in Seattle at 6 pm."

Valid

All sound arguments are valid.

Valid

"Approximately 43 percent of pet owners in America own a dog. Ron is a pet owner, so he must have a dog."

Weak

If the antecedent switches in a conditional statement does the consequent stay the same? Yes or no

Yes

An argument is?

a set of statements, one of which is supported by the others

As understood by logicians, an argument is?

a set of statements, one of which is supported by the others

"Assuming that Peter gets a B on the test, he'll pass the class."

a statement

"Chocolate ice cream is better than strawberry."

a statement

"Jean will win the election."

a statement

"My brother has a cat named Sully."

a statement

"Pigs can fly."

a statement

"The moon is made of bleu cheese."

a statement

A premise of an argument is?

a statement that provides support for another statement

A term is?

a word or phrase that stands for a class

Select the conjunctions a. Tom and Jerry are famous b. Tom is a fan and Tim is a fan c. I will be there, but she will not. d. I will either stay or go. e. Although it's hard, it's worth it.

a, b, & c

A sound argument is one that is valid and has. . .

all true premises

How many premises in a disjunction must be true?

at least one

Which of the following are disjunctions? a. Even if things don't change we won't give up. b. Either love me or let me go. c. Everyone should be there just in case the weather is good. d. Unless we all pitch in, nothing will get done.

b & d

What word is an indicator for a conjunction?

but, although, however

Identify all conditional statements a. I'll provide the coffee and you provide the tea b. the best gift was given so that we may have eternal life c. I'll go with you provided that you pay d. I'll be there if the Lord wills and the creek don't use e. If you love me you'll smile f. The Chiefs will win the Superbowl and silence the critics g. Driving 50 in 25 is sufficient to send you to jail h. When it rains it pours

c, d, e, g, and h

In a conjunction, each side of the conjunction is call a what

conjunct

In English, which words commonly express a conjunction? a. not b. unless c. or d. yet e. and f. assuming g. if h. but

d, e, & h

What are declarative sentences?

either true or false, never both, and never neither

What is logic?

evaluating arguments and sorting good ones from bad ones

Ways to tell if it is biconditional.

if, and only if

"All men are mortal. Socrates is mortal. Socrates is a man."

invalid

"If Pete passes the class, then so will Sharon. But, Pete didn't pass the class. Sharon did not pass the class."

invalid

Words to tell if it is negation?

not

"Go to your room."

not a statement

What are the premise indicators?

since, because, given that

What is atomic statement?

something that can stand on its own and

"No one has ever run a three minute mile. One one ever will."

strong

"I'll be there if I can come up with the cash."

the consequent

What are the conclusion indicators?

therefore, hence, this, then, so

The primary purpose of an argument is?

to persuade others to share our views

Identify the following as valid, invalid, strong, or weak: "If whales are fish, they are cold-blooded. Whales aren't cold-blooded...Whales are not fish."

valid

What does a conditional statement concur?

A conditional asserts that if its antecedent is true, its consequent is also true; any conditional with a true antecedent and a false consequent must be false.

What argument form is this? 1. All dogs are animals 2. Coco is an animal 3. Therefore, Coco is a dog

Affirming the consequent

What are two well known invalid argument forms?

Affirming the consequent and Denying the antecedent