Exam 1 study
What is the formula for Constructive dilemma?
1. Either A or B 2. If A then C 3. If B then D 4. Either C or D
What is the formula for Disjunctive syllogism?
1. Either A or B 2. Not A 3. Therefore B
What is the formula for Modus ponens?
1. If A, then B 2. A 3. Therefore B
What is the formula for Hypothetical syllogism?
1. If A, then B 2. If B, then C 3. Therefore if A, then C
What is the formula for Modus tollens?
1. If A, then B 2. Not B 3. Therefore not A
"If bacon is wrong, then I don't want to be right." The antecedent is. . .
Bacon is wrong
What type of argument for is this? 1. Bill will either take the stairs or the elevator to his room 2. If he takes the stairs, he will be tired when he gets to his room 3. If he takes the elevator, he will miss the start of the football game on TV 4. Therefore, Bill will either be tired when he gets to his room or he will miss the start of the football game
Constructive dilemma
What type of argument form is this? 1. Either you will see Joe in class today, or he will oversleep 2. You did not see Joe in class today 3. Therefore Joe overslept
Disjunctive syllogism
Words to tell if it is a disjunction?
Either, unless, or
A conjunction is an atomic statement. True or False
False
A true conclusion may be validly deduced from false premises.
False
All arguments have more than one premise. True or False
False
All sentences are statements. True or False
False
All true statements are valid. True or False
False
An argument is any set of statements. True or False
False
Any argument with a true conclusion is sound.
False
Every argument intends to guarantee the truth of its conclusion. True or False
False
If a passage contains a conditional statement, then it does not contain an argument.
False
No valid arguments have false premises.
False
Some arguments are false.
False
The conclusion of an unsound argument must be false.
False
What type of argument form is this? 1. If it rains today, I will wear my rain jacket 2. If I wear my rain jacket, I will keep dry 3. Therefore, if it rains today, I will keep dry
Hypothetical syllogism
What type of argument form is this? 1. If Kelly does not finish his homework, he will not go to class. 2. Kelly did not finish his homework. 3. Therefore, Kelly will not go to class.
Modus ponens
What type of argument form is this? 1. If the Saints win the Super Bowl, there will be a party in New Orleans that night 2. There was no party in New Orleans that night 3. Therefore, the Saints did not win the Super Bowl
Modus tollens
"Eat your vegtables."
Not a statement
"60 percent of Volvos ever made are still running. My father's Volvo still runs."
Strong
If it rains the game is cancelled. It rained. So, the game is cancelled.
This is an argument
A material conditional is false if its antecedent is true and its consequent is false; otherwise, it is true.
True
A statement is either true or false.
True
All sound arguments have true conclusions.
True
An argument's conclusion is affirmed on the basis of its premises. True or False
True
An invalid argument can have false premises and a true conclusion.
True
Conjunctions are only true if both the conjuncts are true. True or False
True
In deductive arguments validity does not come from content, validity is a matter of form. True or False
True
Is "I'm hungry" a statement? True or False
True
Only arguments are valid and sound. True or False
True
"Assuming Betty's flight leaves on time, she will arrive in Seattle at 6 pm. Betty's flight did leave on time, so she will arrive in Seattle at 6 pm."
Valid
All sound arguments are valid.
Valid
"Approximately 43 percent of pet owners in America own a dog. Ron is a pet owner, so he must have a dog."
Weak
If the antecedent switches in a conditional statement does the consequent stay the same? Yes or no
Yes
An argument is?
a set of statements, one of which is supported by the others
As understood by logicians, an argument is?
a set of statements, one of which is supported by the others
"Assuming that Peter gets a B on the test, he'll pass the class."
a statement
"Chocolate ice cream is better than strawberry."
a statement
"Jean will win the election."
a statement
"My brother has a cat named Sully."
a statement
"Pigs can fly."
a statement
"The moon is made of bleu cheese."
a statement
A premise of an argument is?
a statement that provides support for another statement
A term is?
a word or phrase that stands for a class
Select the conjunctions a. Tom and Jerry are famous b. Tom is a fan and Tim is a fan c. I will be there, but she will not. d. I will either stay or go. e. Although it's hard, it's worth it.
a, b, & c
A sound argument is one that is valid and has. . .
all true premises
How many premises in a disjunction must be true?
at least one
Which of the following are disjunctions? a. Even if things don't change we won't give up. b. Either love me or let me go. c. Everyone should be there just in case the weather is good. d. Unless we all pitch in, nothing will get done.
b & d
What word is an indicator for a conjunction?
but, although, however
Identify all conditional statements a. I'll provide the coffee and you provide the tea b. the best gift was given so that we may have eternal life c. I'll go with you provided that you pay d. I'll be there if the Lord wills and the creek don't use e. If you love me you'll smile f. The Chiefs will win the Superbowl and silence the critics g. Driving 50 in 25 is sufficient to send you to jail h. When it rains it pours
c, d, e, g, and h
In a conjunction, each side of the conjunction is call a what
conjunct
In English, which words commonly express a conjunction? a. not b. unless c. or d. yet e. and f. assuming g. if h. but
d, e, & h
What are declarative sentences?
either true or false, never both, and never neither
What is logic?
evaluating arguments and sorting good ones from bad ones
Ways to tell if it is biconditional.
if, and only if
"All men are mortal. Socrates is mortal. Socrates is a man."
invalid
"If Pete passes the class, then so will Sharon. But, Pete didn't pass the class. Sharon did not pass the class."
invalid
Words to tell if it is negation?
not
"Go to your room."
not a statement
What are the premise indicators?
since, because, given that
What is atomic statement?
something that can stand on its own and
"No one has ever run a three minute mile. One one ever will."
strong
"I'll be there if I can come up with the cash."
the consequent
What are the conclusion indicators?
therefore, hence, this, then, so
The primary purpose of an argument is?
to persuade others to share our views
Identify the following as valid, invalid, strong, or weak: "If whales are fish, they are cold-blooded. Whales aren't cold-blooded...Whales are not fish."
valid
What does a conditional statement concur?
A conditional asserts that if its antecedent is true, its consequent is also true; any conditional with a true antecedent and a false consequent must be false.
What argument form is this? 1. All dogs are animals 2. Coco is an animal 3. Therefore, Coco is a dog
Affirming the consequent
What are two well known invalid argument forms?
Affirming the consequent and Denying the antecedent
