Exam 1 Workaround Questions (ch. 1, 2, 4, 15, 3)
general characteristics of living organisms:
-life is based on membrane-bound cells -life requires an input of energy to stay alive and reproduce -organisms are able to replicate or reproduce
a solution with a pH of 2 has how many more protons in it than a solution with a pH of 4?
100 times more
A DNA sequence reads as follows: 5' - ACCTAGCA-3'. Which of the following is the correct complementary sequence?
3'-TGGATCGT-5'
What is the maximum number of single covalent bonds a carbon atom can form with other elements? This is one reason that organic molecules exhibit a large variety in shapes. Hint: Consider the number of valence electrons.
4
Which of the following is true regarding this chemical reaction: 3H2 + N2 <-- --> 2NH3 (Hint: <---> is meant to be a double arrow)
Ammonia (NH3) is being formed and decomposed (broken down) simultaneously
information in chromosomes is encoded in the nucleotide sequence of ____________.
DNA
How do the secondary structures of DNA and RNA differ?
DNA consists of two nucleotide strands, and RNA consists of one that often folds on itself.
You observe that RNA primers are still present in the DNA of bacteria that you are growing in the lab. Which of the following replication proteins must be nonfunctional?
DNA polymerase 1
which of the following molecules have polar covalent bonds?
H2O
Why do researchers think the first self-replicating molecule was RNA?
RNA can carry information and catalyze chemical reactions
Which of the following is the correct sequence of steps in DNA replication in prokaryotes?
SSBs bind, RNA primers made, DNA polymerase synthesizes DNA, RNA primers removed and replaced with DNA, ligase joins Okazaki fragments
Which of the following is NOT a premise of the prebiotic (primordial) soup theory?
There was a large amount of oxygen gas in earth's early atmosphere
Water freezes at cold temperatures. Which of the following correctly describes this chemical reaction?
Water freezing is spontaneous because there is less potential energy in the solid-state.
which of the following is a characteristic of a good hypothesis?
a good hypothesis allows predictions to be made a good hypothesis considers existing knowledge a good hypothesis provides an answer to a question
which of the following is an example of a population?
a group of frogs of the same species living in the same pond
which of the following can be attributed to water's high specific heat?
a lake heats up more slowly than the air around it
During replication, a DNA polymerase mistakenly incorporates a C nucleotide in the new strand opposite a T nucleotide in the template strand. This is called
a mismatch
The proof-reading function of DNA polymerase III involves
an exonuclease that backs up during replication to remove a misincorporated nucleotide
the lagging strand is synthesized
away from the replication fork
Organic compounds are by molecules that always contain a ________ atom bonded to other elements. This particular atom forms the backbone of organic molecules.
carbon
Calcium chloride is a compound made of calcium (Ca) and chlorine (Cl) atoms. The Cl atom receives a valence electron from Ca. This makes Ca a(n)...
cation
what do the nodes of a phylogenetic tree represent?
common ancestors of species at the tips of branches above the nodes
An oxygen (O) atom has six valence electrons, but it would be more stable if it had eight valence electrons. Two oxygen atoms (O2) interact and share valence electrons. Is this a single, double, or triple bond?
double
where are the electrons located?
electron shells/orbitals
Atoms are made up of three types of subatomic particles. One of these subatomic particles is negatively charged. It is shared or transferred between atoms during chemical bonding. Its transfer produces ions. What is it?
electrons
which of the following is a condition required for evolution by natural selection?
heritable variation in the population must affect reproductive success
the partial negative charge at one end of a water molecule. What is this attraction called?
hydrogen bond
Oxygen (O) is usually bound to another O atom forming O2. Which of the following best describes O2?
it is an element and a molecule
the chromosome theory of inheritance has the same authority in biology as ____ in the field of physics.
law
what is the first step in doing biology?
looking for patterns in nature
If you were studying an isolated population of green-eyed frogs and a red-eyed frog appeared in the population's offspring, you would expect that the ultimate source of this variation was...
mutation
Which of the following descriptions best fits the class of molecules known as nucleotides?
nitrogenous base, a phosphate group, and a sugar
hydrophobic substances such as vegetable oil are_______
non polar substances that repel water molecules
Nucleic acids have definite polarity, or directionality. Stated another way, one end of the molecule is different from the other end. How are these ends described?
one end has an unlinked 3' hydroxyl; the other end has an unlinked 5' phosphate
in a single molecule of water, two hydrogen atoms are bonded to a single oxygen atom by a ____.
polar covalent bond
what are the main functional molecules that determine the physical and biochemical traits of an organism?
proteins
When a mismatched base pair escapes proof-reading during DNA replication, bacteria's mismatch repair system will...
remove a large segment of DNA, including the mismatched nucleotide, from the new strand
the term fitness in biological evolution refers to....
reproductive success of an individual
What is the difference between a ribonucleotide and a deoxyribonucleotide?
ribonucleotides have a hydroxyl group on the 2 carbons of their sugar subunit
what do the tips of the branches in a phylogenetic tree represent?
species or groups of species that exist in current time
if an individual has variation that decreases his chances of reproduction in a specific environment (negative selection), you would expect....?
the incidence of that variation to decrease in next generation
Consider the DNA nucleotide sequence ATCGGATCGA. What does this sequence best represent?
the primary structure of DNA
which of the following is most likely explanation of why giraffes evolved long necks?
to allow males to father more offspring
what process converts DNA to RNA?
transcription
what process converts RNA into protein?
translation
The node at the base of the tree represents the common ancestor of all species or groups of species depicted in the phylogenetic tree.
true
which of the following statements would need to be included in the cell theory?
two statements must be included: all life is based on membrane-bound cells all cells are produced by replication from existing cells