Exam 1 Workaround Questions (ch. 1, 2, 4, 15, 3)

general characteristics of living organisms:

-life is based on membrane-bound cells -life requires an input of energy to stay alive and reproduce -organisms are able to replicate or reproduce

a solution with a pH of 2 has how many more protons in it than a solution with a pH of 4?

100 times more

A DNA sequence reads as follows: 5' - ACCTAGCA-3'. Which of the following is the correct complementary sequence?

3'-TGGATCGT-5'

What is the maximum number of single covalent bonds a carbon atom can form with other elements? This is one reason that organic molecules exhibit a large variety in shapes. Hint: Consider the number of valence electrons.

4

Which of the following is true regarding this chemical reaction: 3H2 + N2 <-- --> 2NH3 (Hint: <---> is meant to be a double arrow)

Ammonia (NH3) is being formed and decomposed (broken down) simultaneously

information in chromosomes is encoded in the nucleotide sequence of ____________.

DNA

How do the secondary structures of DNA and RNA differ?

DNA consists of two nucleotide strands, and RNA consists of one that often folds on itself.

You observe that RNA primers are still present in the DNA of bacteria that you are growing in the lab. Which of the following replication proteins must be nonfunctional?

DNA polymerase 1

which of the following molecules have polar covalent bonds?

H2O

Why do researchers think the first self-replicating molecule was RNA?

RNA can carry information and catalyze chemical reactions

Which of the following is the correct sequence of steps in DNA replication in prokaryotes?

SSBs bind, RNA primers made, DNA polymerase synthesizes DNA, RNA primers removed and replaced with DNA, ligase joins Okazaki fragments

Which of the following is NOT a premise of the prebiotic (primordial) soup theory?

There was a large amount of oxygen gas in earth's early atmosphere

Water freezes at cold temperatures. Which of the following correctly describes this chemical reaction?

Water freezing is spontaneous because there is less potential energy in the solid-state.

which of the following is a characteristic of a good hypothesis?

a good hypothesis allows predictions to be made a good hypothesis considers existing knowledge a good hypothesis provides an answer to a question

which of the following is an example of a population?

a group of frogs of the same species living in the same pond

which of the following can be attributed to water's high specific heat?

a lake heats up more slowly than the air around it

During replication, a DNA polymerase mistakenly incorporates a C nucleotide in the new strand opposite a T nucleotide in the template strand. This is called

a mismatch

The proof-reading function of DNA polymerase III involves

an exonuclease that backs up during replication to remove a misincorporated nucleotide

the lagging strand is synthesized

away from the replication fork

Organic compounds are by molecules that always contain a ________ atom bonded to other elements. This particular atom forms the backbone of organic molecules.

carbon

Calcium chloride is a compound made of calcium (Ca) and chlorine (Cl) atoms. The Cl atom receives a valence electron from Ca. This makes Ca a(n)...

cation

what do the nodes of a phylogenetic tree represent?

common ancestors of species at the tips of branches above the nodes

An oxygen (O) atom has six valence electrons, but it would be more stable if it had eight valence electrons. Two oxygen atoms (O2) interact and share valence electrons. Is this a single, double, or triple bond?

double

where are the electrons located?

electron shells/orbitals

Atoms are made up of three types of subatomic particles. One of these subatomic particles is negatively charged. It is shared or transferred between atoms during chemical bonding. Its transfer produces ions. What is it?

electrons

which of the following is a condition required for evolution by natural selection?

heritable variation in the population must affect reproductive success

the partial negative charge at one end of a water molecule. What is this attraction called?

hydrogen bond

Oxygen (O) is usually bound to another O atom forming O2. Which of the following best describes O2?

it is an element and a molecule

the chromosome theory of inheritance has the same authority in biology as ____ in the field of physics.

law

what is the first step in doing biology?

looking for patterns in nature

If you were studying an isolated population of green-eyed frogs and a red-eyed frog appeared in the population's offspring, you would expect that the ultimate source of this variation was...

mutation

Which of the following descriptions best fits the class of molecules known as nucleotides?

nitrogenous base, a phosphate group, and a sugar

hydrophobic substances such as vegetable oil are_______

non polar substances that repel water molecules

Nucleic acids have definite polarity, or directionality. Stated another way, one end of the molecule is different from the other end. How are these ends described?

one end has an unlinked 3' hydroxyl; the other end has an unlinked 5' phosphate

in a single molecule of water, two hydrogen atoms are bonded to a single oxygen atom by a ____.

polar covalent bond

what are the main functional molecules that determine the physical and biochemical traits of an organism?

proteins

When a mismatched base pair escapes proof-reading during DNA replication, bacteria's mismatch repair system will...

remove a large segment of DNA, including the mismatched nucleotide, from the new strand

the term fitness in biological evolution refers to....

reproductive success of an individual

What is the difference between a ribonucleotide and a deoxyribonucleotide?

ribonucleotides have a hydroxyl group on the 2 carbons of their sugar subunit

what do the tips of the branches in a phylogenetic tree represent?

species or groups of species that exist in current time

if an individual has variation that decreases his chances of reproduction in a specific environment (negative selection), you would expect....?

the incidence of that variation to decrease in next generation

Consider the DNA nucleotide sequence ATCGGATCGA. What does this sequence best represent?

the primary structure of DNA

which of the following is most likely explanation of why giraffes evolved long necks?

to allow males to father more offspring

what process converts DNA to RNA?

transcription

what process converts RNA into protein?

translation

The node at the base of the tree represents the common ancestor of all species or groups of species depicted in the phylogenetic tree.

true

which of the following statements would need to be included in the cell theory?

two statements must be included: all life is based on membrane-bound cells all cells are produced by replication from existing cells