Exam 2 (4, 5, 6)

Andy is asked to pick up a 100 pound box. He believes he can do it, though it is a little heavier than he is used to. This is an example of:

perceived self-efficacy.

Eustress is:

positive responses to stress or "good" stress

The three aspects of stress include all except:

reflection.

Viewing a negative situation in a new way that makes it more positive is:

reframing

Mindfulness practices contribute to adjustment through each of the following except:

reinforcement of new habits.

A ________ increases the likelihood of a behavior to occur again

reinforcer

From origins in India to adaptation to other Asian cultures, Buddhism found its way to the West through:

youth interest in Eastern philosophy as path to altered states of consciousness.

Meditation helps to reduce stress by:

both a and b.

Your best friend listens to you talk about your disappointment in not getting into a graduate program you applied to. This type of social support should help you as explained by the:

buffering theory.

Through social learning processes _________ are learned

behaviors and outcomes

An example of an acute stressor is:

being fired from a job

Classical and operant conditioning are one and the same.

False

Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky both agreed on the concept of scaffolding.

False

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the relationship between mindfulness and meditation?

**Mindfulness can be measured by the amount of time spent in meditation practice.

Culturally relevant coping refers to:

**all of the above

For modeling to occur we must first ________.

**have the cognitive framework to understand what is observed

Scientific research on mindfulness practices over the past forty years provides evidence of benefits in the following areas except:

**physical health.

Findings on active learning fit with earlier research findings on:

**substantial memory.

Cognitive behaviorism is when:

**the use of cognition is viewed as a developmental process.

A store clerk asks a teenage African American boy to leave his store and then has security escort him out. This example of a microaggression represents a:

A form of oppression.

Which of the following statements relates most directly to the relationship between acceptance and action?

Acceptance creates a basis upon which skillful choices can be made

The loss of a job can result in a range of emotions and thoughts. Which of the following strategies, using a mindfulness perspective, will best support a healthy, adaptive response to this event?

Acceptance of the range of thoughts and emotions; choice of healthy self-care strategies; clarification of values related to work, and specific plan for securing a new job

Which statement best describes the role of acceptance or nonjudgmental awareness of experience in promoting positive mental states like compassion?

Acceptance provides a different perspective or vantage point which can be useful in understanding and making choices

What concerns exist with respect to substance use?

All of the above

Which of the following is an example of a microaggression?

All of the above.

Creating a positive change requires the development of a specific plan. Which of the following is not beneficial in a specific plan?

Avoidance of obstacles

Mindfulness practices can contribute to an increased ability to self-regulate. Self-regulation can best be described as:

Awareness of and ability to manage range of emotions and thoughts.

Rudolph became violently ill at the campus pizza restaurant one day. Ever since, he cannot even think of the pizza restaurant without getting a little sickly feeling. The restaurant is now a:

CS

Which of the following choices is the best behavioral example of self-regulation:

Doing a walking meditation after a disagreement with a friend.

The term « monkey mind » describes a state of mind characterized by wandering thoughts and lack of concentration. While different type of meditation can be beneficial in training monkey mind, which of the following may be especially useful?

Focused Attention

Faced with feelings of disappointment after failing a test, which of the following statements provide the best example of self-compassion?

It is OK that I am disappointed in my performance; I can figure out how to improve for the next test

Meditation practice has been linked to the development of positive mental states, such as compassion. Which specific practice may contribute to the development of compassion?

Loving kindness

The application of mindfulness to adjustment can be comprehensively summarized in which of the following statements?

Nonjudgmental awareness and acceptance of all aspects of experience expands the possibilities for responding to life challenges.

The text gives the example of jasmine perfume being paired with the sight of girlfriend Marnie. In time, the perfume alone gets Michael excited. This is an example of:

Pavlovian conditioning

Which of the following approaches does not describe the primary traditions which have influenced Western psychological models?

Philosophical

The Dietary Guidelines emphasize all but which of the following?

Restricting calories to less than 1500 per day

How does self-compassion promote adjustment?

Through acceptance of negative, self-critical thoughts

Humans appear to be predisposed to learning the rules in language.

True

More vicarious learning to occur, the model must first be attended to.

True

The operant conditioning sequence is discriminative stimulus-response-consequence.

True

The fact that tasty food in one's mouth automatically leads to salivation and drooling makes food a:

UCS

In Skinner's operant conditioning, a discriminative stimulus signals that:

a given behavior will be reinforced.

If experience can be considered the best teacher, which of the following actions would be the least effective in developing and reinforcing a mindfulness practice?

Watching a video series about the effects of mindfulness practices in prisons

Which famous American psychologist held theories that were most aligned with a philosophical approach to psychology?

William James

Appraisal refers to:

a two-part assessment of a stressful situation.

Coping is what kind of regulatory process?

all of the above

The keys to healthy living include:

all of the above

Understanding a person's use of substances like alcohol and drugs is related to

all of the above

When an individual filed information into the cognitive framework they already held, Piaget called it:

assimilation.

Piaget believed that new material would:

be adapted in time, given enough exposure and the organic development of appropriate structures.

Development of mindfulness relates most directly to:

changes in relationship to experiences.

When we believe in the possibility of our group having an impact on the issues and concerns of the day. We are displaying:

collective efficacy

Language and thought are seen to build on each other in Vygotsky's theory. This building on each other is called:

dialectic

In the primary appraisal process, anymore subjective measurement of stress uses:

discrete events' where the severity is determined on a ten point scale by the participant.

Improvements in methods to study the effects of meditation have led to research examining all of the following physical data associated with meditation except:

examination of brain tissue

In the ___________, student's memory is superior for those materials they create.

generation effect

With respect to technology, multitasking:

has been found to make us more anxious.

Substance use in general:

has not been found to be healthy at any level.

In a report examining several studies of active learning, Freeman et al. (2014) found that active learning conditions led Science Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) class students to

have higher grades and fail less

Research in the relationship between mindfulness practices and cognitive/emotional states have been shown to be associated with:

improvements in cognitive flexibility and academic performance.

Self-distraction

is sometimes an effective coping strategy.

Right Action can be defined as behavior or actions based upon each of the following except:

knowledge of expectations.

What percentage of adolescents meets the federal guidelines of 5 or more servings of fruit and vegetables per day?

less than 10%

A male friend tells his female friend to stop being so sensitive to sexist remarks. This is an example of a:

microinvalidation.

Vicarious learning occurs when learning

occurs through seeing others

Vygotsky believed that the student was best able to learn when structural guides were present to help them in the acquisition of new ideas. These guides were called:

scaffolding.

Jean Piaget believed that _________ were the ways in which experiences were organized and understood.

schema

The pioneering work of Jon Kabat-Zinn on the application of mindfulness practices to stress reduction measured the effects of mindfulness-based practices using which of the following methods:

self-report.

The literature suggests that the secondary appraisal process:

takes into account the person's resources in dealing with the stressor.

Change requires a commitment to a specific plan in working towards a goal. In developing a plan, which of the following components is least important to assure success?

the context in which the plan is developed

The emphasis in Vygotsky's theory on development of social cognition is on:

the importance of social interaction to advance the individual's cognitive development.

In operant conditioning there are _______ elements in play________________

three; the discriminative stimulus, the behavior, and the consequence

When compared to anti-depressants, research has found exercise:

to be superior to drugs.

The physiological benefits of what stress management strategy are supported by research?

touch

If you wanted to ensure steady performance without many breaks, the schedule of reinforcement that you should use is:

variable

One of the important elements of determining effective coping styles is:

whether or not the stressor is controllable.

Based on the research, it is safest to assume that most overweight kids

will become overweight adults.

Active learning would include:

writing about a field trip experience.