exam 2

casual relationship

This is the "relationship" that a speaker wishes to have with the audience. One where the audience is comfortable and accepting to the knowledge that he or she is about to give out.

oversimplification

This is where something is simplified to the point where it is either confusing or uneducational

clincher

a powerful, memorable closing; ties back to the attention getter used in the introduction.

false dichotomy

a reasoning based on an either/or statement when the two alternatives are not really mutually exclusive or when other alternatives exist.

etymological definition

a words meaning drawn form a root word in an older culture

connective words

and so but; serves as bridges between points; improve message clarity;

competence

apart of aristotle's list fo how an audience will most likely believe the speaker

concern

apart of aristotle's list fo how an audience will most likely believe the speaker

dynamism

apart of aristotle's list fo how an audience will most likely believe the speaker

trustworthy

apart of aristotle's list fo how an audience will most likely believe the speaker

activity

appropriate movement of the speaker and a lively treament of the content that creates a feeling of something happening

circular reasoning

assumes as one of its premises the very conclusion it sets out to establish; often circular reasoning results from granting absolute authority to some source, and thus being blinded to the fact that others might not attibute similar authority to it.

storytelling techniques

avoid common attention pitfalls avoid questionable attention "grabbers"; don't let a stroy or joke take over your speech; don't tell jokes unless you can tell them well

false starts

avoid false starts and apologetic or tentative phrases: "is the mike on?" or "I'm sorry, but before i begin..."

definition by negation

best way to clarify a term is to explain what it is not

personification

bringing objects or ideas to life by giving them human qualitites.

opposition

but, though, however; on the other hand; conversely, on the contrary; yet; in spite of; nonetheless, nevertheless;

definition by example

common and effective way to explain someting by pointing at it, verbally or literally

internal preview

connective that provides a link by forecasting the points that are yet to be developed

setting up a straw figure

creating a flimsy argument, attributing it to the opposing side, and then proceeding to demolish it.

logical definition

dictionary definition, it has two steps: first, places concepts to be difined into a category then it explains that distinguishing concept from all other members of the category

conclusion pitfalls

don't end wtih an apology; don't trail off; don't introduce a whole new point in your conclusion; don't read your conlusion; don't make the conlusion disproportionately long; don't end in a stly or mood that i at odds with the rest of the speech; don't use the phrases "in conclusion" or "in summary" in any part of the speech other than the conclusion

hasty generalization

entails making a premature inductive "leap".

psychological orientaion

establish a good relationship with your listeners and motivate them to think about your topic. To establishing a good relationship use introduction to create a personal relationship with your listeners, to motivate your audience is the pivotal step that gets over looked the most.

written style

exists like a time machine; it allows a reader to return to a place where the eye had been a few seconds or many years before, or to jump tahead at will.

chronological

first, second, third; next, then; after; following

survival (physiological) needs

food, water, air, reproduction

belongingness needs

friendship, love, acceptance

faulty reversal of an if-then situation

known as affirming the consequent or denying the antecedent, occurs when a speaker assumes that, beacuse Y necessarily follows X, the reverse is also true: that E necessarily follows Y. example: if i hear the voices through the wall, then there is someone in the next room. I hear voices through the wall. Therefore, there is someone in the next room. probably arises by lazy thinking.

deductive reasoning

maintaning verbal statements, or premises, according to formal rules; instead of bringing new data into play you just rearrange what you already know.

extending an arguement to the absurd

makes a potentially sound argument appear groundless by extending it to a point at which it can be ridiculed.

parts-to-whole

one such; another; the first (second, third) of these; for instance, for example; illustrative of this; a case in point; let me give you an example;

attacking the person rather than the argument

or the ad hominem fallacy, substitues character assassinations for solid refutation or persuasion;

warrent

part of an argument that creates the connection

self-actualization needs

personal fuillment, knowledge, creativity

humor

playful remarks, silly or exaggerated images, amusing plays on words, ironic twists of fate, entertaining stories, and the like

conflict

pros and cons, opposing viewponts, competing schools of thought

"the vital"

references to things that are important to listeners, ranging from matters of survial to anything that saves them time, earns them money, or makes their lives more pleasant

proximity

refreences to what is colse at hand: people in the room, current events, local landmarks, ans so on

reality

refrences to actual people, events, and places, being specific and concrete rather than abstract

psychological closer

remind the audience how the topic affects their lives and make an appeal to them

security needs

safety, shelter, protection

alliteration

saying the same sound in a sustained sequence. ex: sorry about that silly sentence. whether it is with consonants or vowels.

esteem needs

self-image, approval, recognition

equality

similarly, additionally; another; of equal importance; also, moreover;

simile and metaphor

simile makes a comparison between two things ordinarily dissimlar: when she came in from shoveling off the walk, her hands where like ice. a metaphor creates a figurative equation that implies two unlike things are the same: her hands were ice cubes or we stand in horror as our money disappears down the gluttonous maw of the federal government.

cause-effect

so, since, thus; therefore, hence; consequently, as a result; due to ; becuase;

suspense

stimulation of the curiousity about what will happen next through puzzles or provocative questions

logical closure

summarize the main idesa and reestablish your topic's connection to a larger context

oral style

talk to an audeince rather than delivering a 10 page monologue. it uses fore repetition, signposting, internal summaries, and internal previews to ensure comprehension and make the organization clear.

definition by authority

the arbiter of meaning becomes the person with the most credibility or the most power

causal reasoning

the backbone of all speeches that deal with policy and problem solving

maslow's hierachy of needs

the best known way of classifying human needs; the lower-level needs have to be met or satisfied before an individual can become concered with the needs on the next higher lover.

credibility

the combination of perceived qualities that makes listeners predisposed to believe you.

familiarity

the ise of recognized examples, well-known phrases, and commonplcae situations

novelty

the opposite of the familiar: startling facts, odd turns of phrase, surprising images, and unusual combinations

inductive reasoning

the simplist and most common kind of reasoning; collecting enough instances to establish a pattern; the greatest problem in this kind of reasoning is determining how many cases to consider before drawing a conclusion; the conclusions drawn from induction are alwaus probable rather than absloute.

preview

the speaker gives his or her listeners a reassuring road map to carry through the speech

logical orientaion

to show your listeners how you will approach and develop your topic

operational definition

to tell how the object or concept referred to workd or operates

audience participation techniques

use the peoples names in the audience; refer to the person who introduced you and to other speakers on the program; refer to details in the immediatie setting or from common experiences; actively involve your audience.

accuracy of statistical evidence

use the test of who, when, how, and why before using a statistic, who collected the date, why were the data collected, when were the data collected, and how were the data collected

statistical evidence

when examples are systematically collected and classified they are reported at statistics;

testimony

when we call on statements from other people to get our point across. they can be viewed as an outward extension of the speaker's own fact finding.

reasoning by analogy

when we reason by analogy, we compare tow things that can be placed in the same category; evidence is linked to reasoning, and reasoning is linked to a claim. its like we assume that A and B have a number of characteristics in common, we can conclude that those things we do not know about B are highly likely to resemble their counterparts that we do know about in A.

hyperbole

when you deliberately overstate a point in a way that is clearly fanciful and not be ment to be taken literally to emphasize a point. ex: this paperwork will be the death of me.

repetition

when you repeat keywords or phrases, you make your listeners feel that your points are snowballing to a certain conclusion. Use parallel struture to emphasize relationships

confusing sequence with cause

"after the event, therefore because of the event" like when you think the effect happened because of the cause like Chanticleer the rooster, who firmly believed that it was his presawn crowing that caused the sun to rise each day or like the "kind tut curse" when everyone thinks the guy died cause he found the tomb but really he died from complications with an insect bit.

introduction pitfalls

"before i start, i'd like to say..." don't begin with an apology; don't read your introduction and if you have memorized it, don't sound mechanical; don't be dramatic, just be yourself; don't use attention getter that has no real link to your topic; don't make intro seem too long; don't use stock phrases like " unaccustomed as i am to public speaking"; don't name drop to build your credibility; don't startle your audience by bursting out; don't start with a long quotation that leaves your audience wondering where the quote ends and your words begin.

credibility of authorities

People whom have titles are respected because society gives them the standing that they know more because they have earned the title. Ex. Doctors are credited to give a conference on diabetes, or a reverend is allowed to perform marriage

audience, listeners values

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explicit preview

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quantification

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transition phrase

A phrase that moves a speech from one point to another. Ex. First, let me begin, next, finally, ect.