Exam 2

What are some of the differences between racism found in routine life and racism found in hate groups?

-hate groups are intensified and commanding, enemies, filled with evil conspiracies, difference between being prejudiced and believing that groups are an imminent threat to the white race -violence

Do prisons reduce crime? Why or why not?

-inmates who participate in prison education may turn away from crime -lock offenders away for life -deter those who would commit crime with the threat of incarceration

White Right Meeting the Enemy

Documentary on some of the most prominent neo-Nazis and white supremacist leaders to seek to understand the personal and political reasons behind the apparent resurgence of far-right extremism in America

Plessy V Ferguson 1896

Does the 14th amendments equal protection clause prohibit legal segregation -challenge to Jim Crow system -separate but equal doctrine

16. How do Asian Americans in favor of affirmative action argue for it?

It benefits all Americans promoting the short and long term benefits of diversity

5. Why weren't certain minority races not included in the Law School's affirmative action admission policy?

Jews and Asians because they are members of those groups were already being admitted into the school at significant numbers

1. According to the figure below, "Lifetime Likelihood of Imprisonment," which group has a higher chance of imprisonment than white men?

Latino men

After the fall of slavery, what institutions arose to control and confine nonwhites, and African American in particular?

Lynching Mob Prison Labor Camps

Stereotype threat

a situational predicament in which people are or feel themselves to be a risk of confirming negative stereotypes about their social group typically activated when one's performance is being evaluated, often leads to decreased performance

1. What would be an example of what Bruce Western calls "deterrence"?

a. A person who refrains from stealing a designer dress when she realizes she would end up paying more in legal fines than the cost of the dress if she got caught.

1. Why might immigrant women be more prone to become the repeated victims of intimate partner violence than native-born American women?

a. A woman's risk of partner abuse increases the more isolated she is from the wider society, and immigrant women are perhaps the most isolated in America; many abuse programs and shelters are located in nonimmigrant neighborhoods.

What does a "holistic" admission approach look like? Why might it put Asian applicants at a disadvantage?

a. Admitting on only academic merit, experience and nonacademic achievements b. People would rather have them look at racial and ethnic background to promote diversity on campus even if that means admitting some minority who would otherwise not be admitted C. If they were going to do holistic they would need to focus on improving the K-12 education in disadvantaged communities

1. How did the Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA) change during the twentieth century?

a. Black women organized and helped transform the YWCA from a racially segregated organization into one that prioritized racial justice.

1. When Eric Garner, a black man, was killed by the police in 2014, his only official crime was selling loose cigarettes. What might be another reason that the police attacked him?

a. Both whites and nonwhites believe that black men are more prone to violence than white men.

What is one way that the "code of the street" is supported by mainstream corporations?

a. Designers like Louis Vuitton and Versace embrace the hip-hop styles, influences, and even musicians in their advertising and brand marketing.

Why are Asian students advised to not identify their race on college applications?

a. Should decline to state background if their identity is overrepresented on campus b. Affirmative action allows colleges to discriminate against Asians because there is to many of them on campus

1. When an adolescent takes on a nonwhite symbolic identity that is not recognized as authentic by all of his or her peers, the adolescent may:

a. be criticized by whites and nonwhites alike and have a hard time integrating with peers in general

1. Which of the following is an accurate explanation for why homosexuality is viewed by some African Americans as a predominantly "white" phenomenon?

a. because the social construction of black sexuality precludes the possibility of homosexuality

1. White nationalism:

a. borrows much of its rhetoric from black nationalism and from the Civil Rights Movement

1. Marcus Garvey's ethnic chauvinism is best described as:

a. excessive loyalty toward and belief in the superiority of one's racial or ethnic group

The Arabization of Terrorism

arab Americans suffered because of the fear from terrorist attacks many face discrimination, threats, assaults and even murder in the media/film arabs are represented as villains as the #1 enemy

1. Because many American Indians are married to non-American Indians, they often find themselves looking through the cultural lens of their partners and expanding their perspective. This type of emotional work is called:

cultural labor

Violence against women

domestic abuse rape They aren't correlated women don't have equal protection to the law

Conflict Theory: Race and Crime

dominant race more resources and power, able to avoid crime, arrest, conviction Minority race lack power and resources to avoid criminal targeting High arrest is a form of structural inequality which is closely linked to structural inequalities in wealth, education, housing and political power

1. African Americans have grown so used to being pulled over by the police that many speak of being stopped on account of DWB. What does "DWB" stand for?

driving while black

Fear related to crime

even though crime rates were falling most Americans thought they were rising making people want harsher punishments and more police

1. Sheila is a black executive at a company that is almost entirely all-white. She jokes with her mother that when she goes to work she "checks her blackness at the door." Erving Goffman might say that at work she is her _________ self.

front stage

conditions or cues that can intensify stereotype threats

lack of ones critical mass of one's group basic features of a social setting that suggest a lack of inclusiveness

Cycle of incarceration

low income, low education, increase risk for crime, how to get an income, education, deprivation for black communities, high incarceration rates continue to reinforce cycle

1. Contrary to popular belief, social scientific evidence has shown that immigrants:

make America safer

Drug trafficking

many associate drug trafficking with urban street gangs, underground drug economy provides a way of earning money for some

people who get out of jail are

more likely to be homeless, it is harder to get a job, no public housing or food stamps

Biracial

more than one race

"Law and Order" Politician

nixon launched a war on crime Reagan launched a war on drugs clinton 3 strike rule

What does incarceration have to do with citizenship rights?

not allowed to vote

1. Noting that being from the inner-city, the suburbs, or a rural area is acknowledging the importance of ________________ as a part of individual identity.

geography

The Social Construction of Qualifications and Merit (Academic performance only)

grades test scores

Back to moral psychology

harm/fairness vs loyalty/freedom

1. Data from a study of contemporary Internet (online) dating showed that the group of women most likely to exclude men from their own racial category as potential mates was:

heterosexual asian women

crime and punishment are deeply entangled with

other structural inequalities like wealth, housing and education

nonwhites must be consciously aware of their ____

otherness

vagabond laws

outlawed begging and loitering

1. In the 1960s, when politicians mentioned cleaning up "violence in the streets," to what were they primarily referring?

riots and civil disobedience by civil rights protestors

Justified Lynch mob

saying it kept white women safe from African male rapists

The Civil Rights Ruling

segregation illegal but still upheld the separate but equal -1946 illegal segregate bus/train -1950 white only law schools ruled unconstitutional -brown v board: dismantles separate but equal -Loving V Virginia: prohibition of interracial marriage unconstitutional

1. A form of black communication style involves indirect questioning and acknowledgement of information. For example, Sharon offhandedly and jokingly comments about her sister Dee's weight gain rather than asking Dee outright if she is pregnant. This communication style is called:

signifying

Forms of Capital

social capital: who you know Cultural capital: what you know racial capital: who + what you know racially

Symbolic Interaction Theory and Crime Incarceration

some minority groups are perceived to be more aggressive, dangerous or violent Driving while black White privilege plays an important role Labeled and stigmatized as a felon

Using mass incarceration as a continuous process to keep discriminating against African Americans

started after the abolition of slavery Blackness associated with criminality Black man rapist-lynching in the south

1. Alabama did not remove language from its state constitution prohibiting interracial marriage until 2000. Though not legally binding, the language operated as a powerful:

symbol

White collar crime

technology crime crime committed by someone of high social status and respect

white privelage

the luxury of being dominant race -big impact on our experiences and day to day social life

1. What is one reason why sociologists believe immigrants may commit less crime?

their neighborhoods often have codes of informal social control

Each successive generation is more racially/ethnically _____

tolerant than the last

Distribution of wealth

top 1% control enormous amount of nations wealth

Younger people are more likely to identify as biracial T/F

true

Political power used to place fear on people

war on crime

1. Most people arrested in the United States are of what racial-ethnic background?

white

1. In 2008, Bernie Madoff, a former Wall Street broker, committed an elaborate Ponzi scheme and was found guilty of making fraudulent investments totaling over $60 billion. What is this type of crime called?

white-collar crime

what race believes that crime rate is higher

whites and people who live in areas with more blacks , news also makes it seem higher than it is

Eyes on the Prize "The Time Has Come"

• Black militancy and the roots of the black power movement •Tracks the influence of ideas of black separatism and black nationalism on a new generation of blacks and analyzes the long term impact they had on whites who supported the freedom movement

Harvard Affirmative Action Case (Background)

-1920s admission solely based on academic merit -changed to holistic application process as a way to limit the number of Jewish students -claim still doing that today with Asians

) What evidence does the textbook provide to support the claim that race matters when it comes to online dating and romantic relationships?

-Asian women think Asian men are sexist and Asian men think Asian women are controlling and care to much about their jobs -race matters when it comes to responding to requests from users of the dating interface -women tend to respond only to requests from men of a similar or more dominant racial status -people usually only accept from the same race

Ping V US 1889

-Chinese exclusion act banned Chinese immigration and denied reentry to previous immigrants -driven by economic competitions b/w Chinese and white -time of xenophobia against the chinese -Supreme Court ruled that congress had the power to set immigration policy, could legally ban immigration from an entire country if it chose to do so

Why did each of the following people/organizations accuse elite universities for discriminating against Asians? What evidence did each of them use? STUDENTS FOR FAIR ADMISSIONS

-Lawsuit that Harvard uses implicit racial quotas that are illegal -% of Asians has flat lined at elite schools even though their the fastest growing minority group and more are applying -Princeton Asians must score 140 points more than white on SAT

How and why is the "holistic" approach used differently by different universities?

-Looks at interests and personalities but also race, parents education -Found that universities that use holistic admissions are far more liely to admit low income students then those who don't

Who is Malcolm X? How was his message different from Martin Luther King Jr.'s?

-Malcolm x was in prison and used that time to rebuild himself, nation of Islam, promoted racial pride, isolation and self discipline -opposed integration, wanted violence and thought it could bring freedom -killed

What kind of stigmas might the "model minority" stereotype evoke for admission officers? How are Asian students advised to circumvent that?

-Model minority might be stigmatized as boring or unoriginal -Don't want to fall into stereotype so some try and avoid STEM or quantitative routes

Since the 1960s, why did American's prison population multiply so quickly? And why did such an enormous measure?

-Nixon launched a war on crime -Reagan launched a war on drugs -Clinton 3 strike law, Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act -State Level Laws -Prisons started to become business

According to journalist Lorena Chu, the perception that college admission is a "zero-sum" game "drives behavior." What factors contributed to such perception? What kind of behavior does such perception encourage?

-Perception that there are more losers than winners in this world -This perception of scarcity drives behavior to the extreme

What does it mean for race to be both marked and made?

-Race marked: categories that society creates and puts people into these categories -Race made: practices of different racial groups

~Korematsu V US 1944

-US gov't put all Japanese Americans in internment camps during WWII -Supreme Court ruled that national security concerns justified the internment -constitutional test for state imposed race/ethnic classifications: ~the classification must be narrowly tailored to achieve a compelling gov't objective ~racial classifications are presumed illegal unless the state can meet this burden

) Why did some black people oppose integration?

-black nationalism, believed they were better than whites and wanted to remain segregated -didn't want their culture, history, language, identity and pride stripped away from them

What is "cultural labor" and why is it important in interracial relationships?

-broadening your cultural competence, stepping out of your comfort zone, and trying as much as possible to adopt another perspective on the world -need to be able to see what the other person goes through and understand how they feel

What is the financial and social cost of mass incarceration for the government?

-denied social services like food stamps, public housing, Medicaid and fafsa

Does the criminal justice system carry different meanings to whites and nonwhites

-do colored people, police are not guardians -white think that the idea of police planting evidence is ridiculous and that police are there to serve and protect -black person thinks it's not ridiculous and that the FBI followed martin Luther king around and he wasn't even a threat, taught police bring violence, unfair treatment and repression

3.How does incarceration affect mental health?

-drive prisoners to suicide or insanity -delirious and hallucinatory in solitary confinement

SFFA v Harvard 2019

-harvard intentionally discriminates by imposing an implicit quota on asian americans -claims that equally or more qualified asians are admitted at a lower rate than other groups including whites

How does racism manifest itself on the Internet?

-internet is free expression and allows people to speak their mind to audiences are the globe -digital divide, many non whites don't have computers and knowledge is power -virtual racism, hiding behind screens with protected names makes being racist anonymous, pollute the internet with awful sayings

Why is homosexuality viewed by some African Americans as a "white" phenomenon?

-intersectionality and how identities are in tandem between white and gay and black and gay - Colonial history and how black people were constructed as the primitive male and along with that came with ideas of being heterosexual, this image was created and we can still see that today -Homosexuality is seen as not as accepted with black people and more common/normal for white people

What are two important factors that lead to significant racial differences in rates of marriage?

-labor market, men don't have the stability -prison boom, decrease availability of black men -dating pattern, black women almost rejected by other races especially if they are lacking education or stability

While some politicians and media attribute crime problems to immigration policy, studies have shown that immigrants commit to much less crime than native-born Americans, and immigrant neighborhoods are safer. Why?

-many immigrant cities have the lowest crime rate even in poverty -immigrants are less likely than Americans to commit crime -in their neighborhoods they have systems to watch out for each other, informal social control with family ties that leads to less crime -Scared of getting caught and deported

What explanation does sociologist Kenneth Clark provide for racial differences in out-of-wedlock birthrates?

-poor and little education -African Americans have the highest rate for our of wedlock births -birthrate for married African Americans has fallen which doesn't help the ratio -lower class, having a child out of wedlock isn't as big of a disgrace as it may be for middle/upper class -don't want to get married unless they know it will last, but may choose to have a child because it shows she is a women

Biracial Racial Capital

-repertoire of racial resources that are used to negotiate racial boundaries in a highly radicalized society -acquired through intimate access to two racial worlds as an insider -kind of already have an in

How can immigration be a threat to family stability?

-seek other races in fear of repeating their parents marriage -may feel rejected if their parents don't support the different racial dating -children are not affected any different between interracial marriage and biracial marriage -immigration causes some families to be split up, separated from parents, likely to cause divorce,

2.What evidence do the authors provide to prove unjust policing and sentencing?

-stand your ground -self-defense -don't have to do much to convince people that the black person was a threat -public defenders have very poor records and don't win many cases yet they are given to many people being tried of color, end up taking plea deals, -death sentence is the most cruel for non whites and many may not be guilty

How does incarceration hurt family?

-the longer they are behind bars the more their relationships with society and family/friends diminishes

The Negro Family by Moynihan talked about

-wanted fathers to be supported by public policy -blaming black poverty on broken families -critique of article: sexist, neglects structures of disadvantage

How has the Internet facilitated the growth of hate groups?

-websites act as natural information sites rather than hate group sites, but are promoting just that -trying to reach as many people as possible, -filled with lies, reach children and anyone

Rise in ____

-white nationalism -hate crimes

Who joins hate groups?

-whites supremacist groups draw from all regions of society -women, targeted, college degrees, middle class stable homes -political junkies -"the more that the other races obtain, the more white people feel that it's being obtained at their own expense"

loving generation

1967-1987 babies born that are biracial

What did national surveys find about Asian Americans' attitude about affirmative action?

3/4 support affirmative action

Despite starting off with Asian American's lawsuit against Harvard, this article has talked about many things. How, in your opinion, does each of these link to the issue of Asian Americans and affirmative action?

Affirmative action: practice of favoring individuals belonging to groups known to have been discriminated against previously

Dred Scott v Sanford 1857

African Americans (slave or free) were not, nor could ever be citizens of the US

1. One study analyzed more than 900 films and found that, with few exceptions, which group was represented as "Public Enemy Number One"?

Arabs

If Harvard based admission on solely academics

Asians would make up a much larger potion of the population

The Color of America's Incarcerated

Black women incarcerated at a 2.5x rate more than white women Black man 8x more than white man

Racial Disparities

Economic field Residential field Criminal Justice System Educational Field Health Care System

What did the Court of Appeal do to the District Court's ruling? On what ground? What was the major contestation?

Entered a stay of the injunction pending appeal

Chances are T/F is...

False

Today, Americans are told that the events of 9/11 constitute the first time in history that a terrorist attack of that magnitude was visited upon American soil. Is this statement true or false?

False -Terrorist attacks, KKK, lynching, colonization indigenous people, so much terror affecting other races but not necessarily white people

Asians suing Harvard and attacking affirmative action

Harvard is using implicit racial quotas to discriminate against Asian Americans -quotas unconstitutional UC Davis V Bakke -Asians remain same for enrollment while other races have changed due to population

What does Richard Weissbourd attribute the lawsuit against Harvard to? Do you agree what he identifies is the root of the problem?

Harvard process using affirmative action hurts minority applicants

During the 1990s, although crime rates fell and drug use dropped among high school students, Americans still believed they were rising, what explains the causes of American's fear of crime?

Media: murders emphasized even though the rate was decreasing Incarceration rates increase Fear of crime due to political propaganda

Why are slogans such as "Black Power" or "Chicano Pride" empowering and appropriate, but slogans like "White Power" and "White Pride" are considered unacceptable and racist?

Nonwhites are driven by a fundamentally reactionary impulse, they are responding to structural racism

Why did politicians focus on crime as the main problem plaguing American when most Americans did not view it as a problem?

Repress the civil rights movement Arresting rioters and potential rioters

What was the District Court's ruling? On what ground?

The use of race as a factor in admissions decisions was unlawful

1970s prison boom

US wasn't facing higher crime rates but the # of people in prison boomed

Why did each of the following people/organizations accuse elite universities for discriminating against Asians? What evidence did each of them use? JUSTICE SAMUEL ALITO

University of Texas which automatically admits students from the top 10% of each public high school in the extremely segregated state enrolls fewer Asians than Hispanics

According to Barbara Grutter, how did the university discriminate against her? How did she and people on her side argue for it?

White, high GPA and LSAT put on waiting list, said she was discriminated against on the basis of race violation of the 4th amendment, gave minority groups advantage over her

1. Because we often don't know a person's racial identity online, many Internet users have come to regard _______ as the virtual norm.

Whiteness

1. The biggest increase in specific prison populations occurred between 1980 and 2011, a jump from 15,118 to 111,387. This represented a 587 percent increase in the number of _____ imprisoned.

Women

Why did each of the following people/organizations accuse elite universities for discriminating against Asians? What evidence did each of them use? THE ASIAN AMERICAN COALITION FOR EDUCATION

Yale, Brown, Dartmouth use de facto racial quotas and stereotypes, deny admission to highly qualified Asian American applicants

1. Monica is a twenty-two-year-old woman, who, like other women, has a one in five chance of being raped in her lifetime. Who is most likely to perpetrate sexual violence against her?

a boyfriend

Why and how does the college-admissions process incentivizes students to distort their identities?

a. Distort identity to fit the profile they think the people reviewing their applications will find appealing, even over or underemphasizing their racial background to appeal to diversity minded admissions officers b. Privileged people can hire consultants to help them game the system C. Girl in article told to not sound to Asian in her essays

What is a "critical mass" of underrepresented minority students? According to the university leaders who testified, why is such a "critical mass" needed?

a. Educational benefits of a diverse student body b.Critical mass means meaningful representation

What factors led to the surge of college applicants since the 1980s? (At least 5 factors are mentioned in the article.)

a. Establishment of universities geared toward working class Americans, tuition grants for veterans and low-income people b. Growing popularity of the common app, same app for many schools c. Modern economy requires a college education d.Prestige is a top priority for younger generations

What are some results (especially on young adults) of the increasing competition pressure in college admission?

a. Extreme hire people to take tests for them b. Write extreme essays c. Do every extracurricular possible d. Perfect test scores e.Motivated by not doing enough compared to others instead of why their doing the activity

According to the author(Asians Affirmative Action), what does the apparent inconsistency in public opinion reveal about Asian Americans?

a. Generational fissure in America's Asian population -Groups behind lawsuits are largely foreign-born immigrants who believe deeply in the American Dream -Asian Americans that support affirmative action tend to be older and born in the country and have alliances with black and Latino advocacy groups

1. Which of the following is a reason that black marriages are twice as likely to end in divorce as whites?

a. High levels of poverty and high incarceration rates can strain marriages, causing conflicts over time.

1. Some conservative politicians reacted to the Boston Marathon bombings by calling for a freeze on immigration reform. Which belief does their behavior reinforce?

a. Immigrants make the country less safe.

1. When we say that interactions operate at the "mezzanine level of social structure," what does that mean?

a. Interactions between people and the styles of interactions others observe of people in groups are patterned, reflect social structure, and are sometimes generalized into racial assumptions.

1. Although the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) was largely a white Protestant movement, formed with the explicit purpose of promoting racial and ethnic conflict, it wasn't the only one. Another example the textbook gives is ____ associations established to wage battle with _____ ones.

a. Irish; Italian

1. After George Zimmerman shot and killed Trayvon Martin in 2012, the police did not arrest him because of the Stand Your Ground law. What was the supposed purpose of this law?

a. It gave people the right to defend themselves against someone they perceived as a threat.

1. Which of the following was a success of black nationalism?

a. It made many black people feel more proud of their African American identity.

1. When an individual is the victim of a hate crime, how does that crime typically impact the larger racial and ethnic community of which he or she is a part?

a. It puts community members on notice by making them aware that there are people out there who want to hurt them.

1. Jasper, a young black man in Chicago, gets by as a low-level drug dealer. Given studies cited in the textbook, what can we likely conclude about his income and hours worked doing so?

a. Jasper probably makes close-to or less-than minimum wage, with hours that add up to only part-time work.

How did Asians in California argue against affirmative action? Why did they call it "the most racist bill ever"?

a. Lifting the ban on affirmative action at public institutions b. Asians held demonstrations and wrote editorials to warn people of the implications c. They said they came here for fairness and equal education opportunities and that it won't matter how hard they work only the color of their skin

1. The mastermind and primary spokesperson for the United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) was:

a. Marcus Garvey

1. Black women are the least likely group in American society to marry. Some analysts even estimate rates as low as what?

a. One in three black women will marry in her lifetime.

Why might the holistic admissions "privilege the already-privileged"?

a. Privilege can afford test prep services and attend schools that inflate grades b. Privileged already get a boost from people reviewing their applications i. Legacy's ii.Athletes

1. Because of how out-of-wedlock birthrates are calculated, what would the impact be on out-of-wedlock birthrates if the number of children born to unmarried black women stayed the same but the number of children born to married black women increased?

a. Rates of out-of-wedlock births would decrease.

What is the final ruling of this lawsuit? What is the Court's explanation for its ruling?

a. Reversed the district court's judgement and vacated the injunction

What are included in the University of Michigan Law School's considerations for the admission decision? What is the goal of this policy (at different points, different people involved in the trial said different things)?

a. Substantial promise for success in law school, likelihood of succeeding in the practice of law and contributing in diverse ways to the well being of others b. Mix of students with varying backgrounds and experiences c. Ensure student body diversity, use of race in admissions d. Test scores and GPA and LSAT Letter of rec, quality of undergrad university, essays

1. Which of the following is a true statement about hate groups in the United States?

a. The United States has experienced a recent resurgence of hate groups.

1. How do the prejudices that are part of the ideologies of hate groups compare to the prejudices that come up as part of everyday life in modern American society?

a. The prejudiced ideologies of hate groups represent a racist philosophy bent on conspiracies and the demonization of minorities.

1. According to the textbook, what is the relationship between societal attitudes about interracial marriage and raising the question, "What about the children?"

a. The question is often positioned as a rationalization for being opposed to interracial marriages and comes frequently as a way to package that disapproval without being forthright.

1. Which of the following did Edward Morris find in his ethnography of white students in a majority black school in Texas?

a. The white students used the term "white" to insult one another for personality traits such as being nerdy.

According to Dr. Raudenbush's analysis, what would have been the effect of removing race as a consideration from the admission process?

a. Very dramatic negative effect on underrepresented minority admissions b. If race not considered only 10% of the 35% admitted would be admitted

What does the admission policy mean by "diversity"?

a. Weight on groups that have faced discrimination in the past, without this commitment they might not be represented in meaningful umbers b. Enroll a critical mass of minority students to ensure the character of the school

1. Andi, a twenty-three-year old white woman, hesitated to introduce her African American boyfriend to her parents, who are both white. All of her friends from college have already met her boyfriend. According to the textbook, what might this decision say about attitudes toward interracial dating?

a. Younger people tend to be more accepting of interracial dating than older people are.

1. In the early twentieth century, Marcus Garvey advocated a black nationalism movement that can be described as:

a. a movement seeking power for blacks in the form of black-owned businesses and a black-run government and military

1. According to sociologist Kenneth Clark, for some inner-city African American and Latina women, an out-of-wedlock birth is:

a. a symbol of their womanhood

1. The "ghetto pass" in Ice Cube's song "True to the Game" is:

a. an implied right to authentic blackness that can be taken away if one acts outside of race norms

1. When people examine the overlap of their own intersecting identities, they may be likely to overlook the impact of their privileged identities, as described in which of the following examples?

a. an upper-middle-class black woman who minimizes the role of her economic position

1. When sociologist Heather Dalmage, a white woman married to a black man, writes that "I no longer take white privilege for granted" because of her experiences, she is specifically referencing:

a. her experience of being victimized by interpersonal and institutional racism

1. Corey was adamant in his feeling that most people in American society no longer have severely racist attitudes toward people of other races. Joan suggested he look at the comments in online news feeds about a recent drug bust involving people of color. He was surprised by the intensity of the racist comments he found. Joan's suggestion was an example of:

a. how effectively the idea that racism is dead can be challenged by looking at the online and virtual ways that people portray their prejudices

1. During the early-to-mid-twentieth century, labor unions largely remained racially homogenous, white-dominated, and exclusionary. When they did promote integration, as early as the late 1800s through the Civil Rights Movement, an advantage of this integration was that:

a. integrated labor unions helped challenge the dominant stereotype of blacks, Hispanics, and other people of color as "strikebreakers"

1. African American fraternal lodges and federations (such as the Masons):

a. nurtured African American solidarity and supported many instances of civil rights advocacy

1. When an Indian American father tells his teenage daughter to be chaste and traditional and not promiscuous and weak like white American women, he is alluding to the way in which:

a. racial identity is defined through certain sexual practices and performances

1. Online, an Arab American man can pass as a white woman, just as a white woman can pass as a Native American teenager. These virtual associations encourage a form of:

a. racial tourism

1. On one hand, racial tourism can denaturalize racial categories and provide people with a kind of racial freedom that offline life does not permit. On the other hand, too often racial tourism:

a. reinforces racial divides through stereotypes

1. One claim about the phenomenon referred to as the "new black nativism," a practice of limiting entry into the legitimate ranks of being black in America primarily to those descendent from American slavery, is:

a. that it is responsible for a tendency to define blackness in mostly negative terms (for example, as opposed to being white)

1. Sandy, a 19-year-old college student, was initially drawn into and became a member of the white nationalist movement through its Internet site, a professional-looking page that seemed to contain accurate historical summaries of the Civil Rights Movement. Sandy's story demonstrates:

a. that while white nationalist groups attempt to appeal to a broad white audience, their Internet presence aims to draw in young, college-aged men and women.

1. The Internet was used effectively to extend the reach of the Hawaiian language revitalization movement, demonstrating that:

a. the Internet can be a useful tool for building community and providing avenues for people to communicate in their language and redeem interest in and use of that language

1. As Michael Tonry writes in Malign Neglect, "Through [the twentieth century] in periods of high intolerance of drug use, minority group stereotypes have been associated with deviant drug use." What would be an example of this phenomenon?

a. the association of the Chinese with opium dens during the early twentieth century

1. The process of immigration can be a great stressor for families coming to the United States. For example, in the United States, Hmong kinship networks of extended family relationships are limited as Hmong people are expected to adopt the nuclear family model. This pressure demonstrates that:

a. the definition of family is not the same across racial-ethnic groups, and the expectation to conform can take a toll on families

1. Allison, a young African American mother of three, wants to move out of her predominantly black neighborhood because, as she tells people, "It is safer to raise my children in the suburbs." Allison's notions about her neighborhood safety are not matched by arrest rates for her current neighborhood versus the suburb where she desires to move, where violent crime is 30 percent more likely. Allison's reactions demonstrate:

a. the fear of crime stemming from racial stereotypes does not just impact whites as people in the stereotyped racial and ethnic group can internalize the fears as well

1. The influence of race and economic class in predicting the probability of serving time in prison is best illustrated by:

a. the increased probability that a black man born after the Civil Rights Movement who later dropped out of high school would end up incarcerated at some point in his lifetime

1. What were the two important institutions that arose to control and confine nonwhites—African Americans in particular?

a. the lynch mob and the prison

1. A white woman is driving through an unfamiliar neighborhood and becomes frightened when she sees black people on the street corner waving and gesticulating at her. They are trying to signal to her that she is going the wrong way on a one way street, but she thinks they are threatening her. What dynamic does this example display best?

a. the need for vigilant reflexivity when it comes to cross-racial communication

1. A beauty product marketed to Asian American women with the intent of "lightening" their skin represents:

a. the racialization of Asian femininity toward white standards

1. Couples who are dissimilar from one another may have a lower probability of staying married; black couples show greater spousal dissimilarity than nonblack couples. One reason for this may be that:

a. the relatively small size of the marriage pool for blacks limits choices for potential mates, increasing the chance of incompatibility

1. When a native-born, third-generation Chinese American woman encounters repeated interactions with others where she is asked, "Where are you originally from?," what aspects of her identity are being highlighted?

a. the way that many native-born Asian American citizens remain in a position symbolically tied to an assumed immigrant status

1. When people argue that race is marked, or socially constructed, what are they referring to?

a. the way that race "imposes itself on you" through America's racial taxonomy

1. The "cool pose" of many young black men; the overt sexism and machismo of some Latino young men; and the in-your-face sexual bravado of some young white fraternity brothers are all examples of:

a. the ways in which performances of masculinity vary by race

1. Because of many factors—including, but not limited to, the history of male and female roles under slavery and the interaction patterns between men and women in families—black men and women tend to differ in their views of gender roles and expectations. In terms of the meaning of race and/or gender in understanding this difference, we might say that:

a. to fully appreciate the nuance of these differences, we have to take into account both gendered and racial aspects of identity

1. Kathleen Blee conducted research on women who were involved in white supremacist groups and found that most:

a. were middle class, had college educations, and were gainfully employed

When comparing white-collar and violent street crime, we might conclude that:

a. white-collar crimes potentially damage society as much or more than violent street crimes because they cost society billions of dollars per year and even result in more deaths and injuries

1. Sociologist Daniel Bell argues the digital divide is rapidly creating a gulf between the technical class, composed predominantly of _____, and the digital underclass, composed primarily of _____.

a. whites and Asians; African Americans and Hispanics

The Social Construction of Qualifications and Merit(Holistic)

academics extracurricular personal attributes sports legacy historically disadvantage group

Conflict theory

access to social and institutional power is what differentiates the two

Is Harvard violating the Grutter V Bollinger Ruling

according to Grutter case -race traits may be considered if used flexibly w/o quotas -says nothing about legacy, sports, personal characteristics -must consider race neutral approaches if they could produce a similar level of diversity

Hate Groups

advocates and practices hatred, hostility, or violence towards members of a race/ethnicty ex. KKK, neo-nazi

1. When boxer Mike Tyson was accused of raping Desiree Washington, a young black woman, many prominent African Americans, eager to quash the "black male rapist" trope, rushed to Tyson's side. This situation is an example of what?

black protectionism

whites are more likely to use drugs but

blacks are arrested more for drugs

Wren V US 1997

can the police use a minor traffic violation as a pretext to investigate and search for drug offenses -yes, so long as the officer could have stopped the driver for a traffic offense -formally color blind, but disproportionate impact on minority drivers

1. According to opinion polls, what was one of the primary concerns of U.S. voters during the mid-1960s?

civil rights

Identity contingencies

conditions/realities one must deal with in social situations that relate directly to one's social identity

crime decreased but

incarceration increased

How/why does stereotype threat lead to worse performance?

increase anxiety interferes with cognitive functioning

Goffman's Interaction Order

interaction order: the nonstop process of impression management during social activities/encounter -verbal/nonverbal cues act as signals through which we define social situations nonwhites consciously aware of their race while "onstage"

1. According to sociologist Anne Rawls, whites and blacks may occupy the same geographic space, but not the same ________________ space.

interactional

Post-racial

period or society in which racial prejudice and discrimination no longer exist (during Obama's time in office)

Black struggle is black social movements

police would go after people in these movements -civil rights movement -black panther party

Parental incarceration is associated with

poor behavior of children

1. In the 1960s, politicians began what has come to be known as the "war on drugs," a product of which includes increased imprisonments for nonviolent drug offenses. Which of the following was one result of the war on drugs during the 1970s?

potential race rioters were arrested

Rodney King Video

pulled over by the police for a traffic violation

Hole in research about ____ for biracial

racial identity social psychological well being family socialization

Martin Luther King Jr

racial integration and equality

Black Power and Malcolm X

racial separation, blacks are better, stay separated, wanted to make their own society and base it on race, criticism of white society extreme

Identity threat

real or imagined difficulties/problems that might result from one's identity in a given social situation

What is the impact of incarceration on employment?

refuse to hire, deny education

Much of the literature on the bi/multiracial community before Chandra Waring's article focused on racial identity and well-being. How does she shift the theoretical focus of this field?

• Black/white biracial interact with their monoracial white and black counterparts • How does race shape the everyday interactions of biracial Americans • How do biracial Americans use agency via racial resources to shape these interactions and to generate benefits for themselves -How being biracial can be an advantage

What is racial capital, according to Chandra Waring? How do bi/multiracial Americans utilize racial capital in their interactions with Black and White people?

• Bourdieu definition: resources that can be acquired through social networks ○ Facilitates the exchange of valuable information that would otherwise not be accessible • People who have access to multiple networks are exposed to more information -Cultural capital also have racial implications for language, interactions, body movement etc.

The textbook makes a parallel between society and the stage. What does it mean to have a "front stage" and "back stage" self? How does this distinction differ for people of different racial groups?

• Front stage: how you present yourself to the public and people you don't know who might be of a different race • Back stage: how you present yourself to your private circle of family and friends or people within your own racial group Different for different racial groups: white people may not have as much differentiation between the two but with code switching other identities may change how they present themselves dramatically more, may feel the need to code switch

According to Desmond and Emirbayer, what are the two problematic side effects of America's obsession with identity? Do you agree with their assessment? Why or why not?

• People try to shed their whiteness for blackness by adapting looks and behaviors and being mean to whites, this caused whites to distance themselves • This causes the perpetuation of negative stereotypes -This trade is degrading to people of color

What's an example of a bi/multiracial person using racial capital in interaction with White people? What's an example of a bi/multiracial person using racial capital in interaction with Black people?

• Pull from toolkit • Understand both views, has two lenses, can relate to both and change how they act around both -Accepted as a racial insider and have access to the benefits of insider status

What does "intersectional identity" mean? Think about your own identity and list at least 6 aspects of your identity. How do these aspects of your identity interact with one another and shape your experiences?

• Race, class, gender identity, sexual orientation, religion and other identity markers Job, geography, immigrant status, etc.

What's the difference between racial capital and white privilege?

• Racial Capital: who you know and what you know racially, you can employee that in interactions with other people • White Privilege: unearned benefits that white people get by being white -Difference: racial capital can apply to a lot of different people, but white privilege can only apply to whites

Ethnic Identity/Ethnic Nationalist

□ One's nation or society is defined by shared ethnic heritage □ Sometimes (not always) promotes group separatism □ Sometimes (not always) excludes other groups □ Sometimes (not always) believes in the superiority of their group □Examples: Alt-right/white nationalists; black nationalists; black lives matter; la raza

White power

□ We have our own cultural traditions that we are proud of and don't want that to be taken away from us, stay separated, preserve culture □ Fear immigration and multiculturalism and that they will take away resources "one groups gain is another groups loss"

Why did politicians focus on crime when Americans didn't view it as a major problem?

□ White backlash against the Civil Rights Movement □ When politicians talked about crime in the streets, whites knew they meant the ghettos which made them so they were in favor to bring order back to the troubled society □ Racial uprisings began as a response to police brutality and unfair treatment ® Arresting more rioters and potential rioters (black men) □ The goal of this was to repress the civil rights movement

is stereotype threat limited to disadvantaged groups

○ NOPE ○ Any group with which one identifies can be subject to stereotype threat ○ Race and athletic performance ○ Age and memory tasks ○ White students in predominately minority classrooms don't perform as well