Exam 2 (ch. 6-9)

Which scenario illustrates an informal social control?

Darien does not participate in illegal activity because he does not want to embarrass his parents.

After Lawrence v. Texas (2003) struck down laws that criminalized sexual behavior between consenting adults in the United States, most other countries decriminalized same-sex relations. T/F

False

Associations that are high in intensity are less likely to influence behavior than those that are less intense. T/F

False

Criminal justice is the study of the extent and causes of crime. T/F

False

Higher resting heart rates have been associated with higher rates of criminality. T/F

False

The Positivist School theorizes that individuals have free will to control their behavior. T/F

False

There is a "crime gene." T/F

False

Which criminological philosophy explained behavior without regard for agency and free will?

Hard determinism

What factors are associated with violent behavior, such as serial killing, according to the FBI Behavior Analysts' symposium?

Heredity, upbringing, and personal choices

Which statement is true of control perspectives of criminal behavior?

Human beings are hedonistic but rational and make choices to engage in criminal behavior despite knowing it is wrong.

______ refers to rules and standards in society that keep people bound to conventional standards.

Social control

______ applies ideas from the study of the relationships between organisms and their surroundings to societies.

Social ecology

Which criminologist offered the first criminological theory subjected to empirical testing?

Cesare Lombroso

What factor is not mentioned in the information as contributing to the decline in the number of serial killers?

Changes in the legal definition of serial murder

In which city did social disorganization theory originate?

Chicago

Maqsood finds out his daughter lied about studying for a test and instead was hanging out with friends. In response, he tells her she is no longer allowed to go to a concert she was planning on attending that weekend. This is an example of ______.

negative punishment

Trial by fire and poison are examples of trial by ______.

ordeal

Bentham added which of the following components to Beccaria's deterrence theory?

parsimony

According to Guerry's study of national crime statistics, violent crimes were much higher in ______ areas.

poor

An association that occurs early in life is which type of modality?

priority

Beccaria's concept that the more serious the crime, the more serious the penalty, is known as ______.

proportionality

Which type of feminism argues that patriarchy (versus socialization) is the most fundamental form of oppression in human societies?

radical

If a person decides that it is in their best interest to engage in sex work so they can feed their family, they are utilizing ______.

rationality

A boy refuses to take a test given in class. When the teacher asks why he did not take it, the boy says, "What's the point? I'd rather not try at all than waste my time trying and still fail." What is this phenomenon known as?

reaction formation

What is the most important characteristic of the code?

respect

Which of the following is a positive legacy that Lombroso has left in the field of criminology?

scientific principles

Antoine claims that his offending pales in comparison to that of all of his friends. Which type of neutralization technique is this?

selective social comparison

Feminist criminologists suggest that ______ shapes social life in ways that matter for crime, victimization, and punishment.

sexism

Sampson and Laub borrowed from which prior theory in examining changes in criminal activity over the life course?

social control

Shaw and McKay's theory suggested that factors like poverty, cultural heterogeneity, residential mobility, and physical dilapidation will lead to a state of ______.

social disorganization

What theory is often used to explain the intergenerational transmission of violence?

social learning

Learning theories focus on which of the following?

socialization

Which of the following argues that people enact free will within constraints set by biological, psychological, or environmental forces?

soft determinism

Feminist, queer, and critical race criminology all look at how the criminal legal system is used as a tool to ______ marginalized populations.

stigmatize

Which of the following is the goal of life-course criminology?

to examine within-individual variation in crime as a person ages

Quetelet concluded that ______ had a lot to do with where crime tended to occur.

wealth inequality

Which part of the brain is involved in decision-making and fear responses?

amygdala

Match the following definitions to the bonds identified in Hirschi's control theory. emotional closeness to and affection for prosocial others and institutions calculation of the costs of law violation for future goals time spent in conventional activities ideas about the moral validity of the law

attachment commitment involvement belief

Which principle related to rational choice refers to how the actor's abilities and knowledge are limited when considering all possible choices?

bounded rationality

Which of the following principles of rational choice is a neoclassical response to criticism of Classical School ideas?

bounded reality

Which punishment was common during the Middle Ages?

breaking wheel

What does social control theory suggest leads to crime?

broken bonds

Anderson described the ______ as "a set of informal rules governing interpersonal public behavior, particularly violence" in certain urban neighborhoods.

code of the streets

Petitioning for speed bumps in a neighborhood is an example of an area that exhibits ______.

collective efficacy

What are the rules and values that have developed among prisoners inside prisons?

convict code

What was the early practice of profiling people based on their physical features called?

criminal anthropology

Which policy would be enacted based on the dominant class's perspective of "social junk"?

defunding of addiction rehabilitation programs

Early theories that explained deviancy as a result of evil were part of the ______ perspective.

demonic

Claiming, "It wasn't my fault!" is what type of neutralization?

denial of responsibility

The main proposition of ______ theory is that crime is a learned behavior.

differential association

In 13th century England, William has been convicted of betraying the Crown and his country. Which punishment would he most likely face?

drawing and quartering

Which crime would a radical criminologist think would be enabled through capitalism?

environmental

Which of the following is a central concept in Marx's analysis of capitalism?

exploitation

Which of the following is a principal aim of critical race criminology?

exposing how the law has perpetuated racial oppression

The ______ hypothesis states that a low resting heart rate indicates a lack of anxiety in people with antisocial traits.

fearlessness

What is the primary weapon of choice in most violent gun crimes, especially homicides, in the United States?

firearms

Which crime would most likely be committed by a member of the bourgeoisie?

insider trading

According to Lombroso's theory, which of the following is an appropriate punishment for those who commit crimes?

isolate those who have committed crime and require them to do manual labor

Which of the following is a critique of differential association?

issues with temporal ordering

Which law supports the notion that the U.S. criminal justice system is biased against minorities?

lengthy mandatory minimum sentences for possessing small amounts of crack cocaine

Which of the following was linked to more criminal convictions and earlier ages of criminal onset in a study conducted on adult men in prison, lending support to biosocial criminology?

low resting heart rates

Hirschi and Gottfredson's general theory of crime has to do with which of the following factors?

low self-control

Which neighborhood would social disorganization typically apply to?

low-income city

What tool did Andre Michel Guerry use to study crime in his cartographic approach?

maps

A person who has broken the law and sees their criminal conduct as compensated for by their good deeds can be explained by which technique?

metaphor of the ledger

The criminal justice system includes police, courts, and corrections. T/F

True

The word satisficing is a combination of "satisfy" and "suffice." T/F

True

Which theorist wrote about the double consciousness created by racism in the United States?

W. E. B. Du Bois

What characteristics are often associated with "typical" mass shooters?

Young-middle-aged white males with depression, social isolation, and an interest in weaponry

In Park and Burgess's model, which zone is largely made up of relatively modest homes and apartments?

Zone IV (4)

What is a key challenge in understanding the motivations of serial killers?

Serial killers may have multiple and evolving motivations across their murders.

Hirschi's theory of social control is one of the most empirically tested theories in criminology. T/F

True

Learning perspectives posit that people pick up crime from family and friends. T/F

True

What decade saw a peak in the number of active serial killers, with nearly 300 known cases?

1970s

Which of the following illustrates Beccaria's idea of proportionality?

A person convicted of serial murder is sentenced to one term of life in prison for each victim.

Which scenario illustrates secondary socialization?

Andre's college friends encourage him to engage in heavy drinking.

According to rational choice theory, in which scenario would perceived risk of punishment decrease?

Justin sees his friends selling drugs on the corner without being arrested.

According to differential association theory, criminal behavior is likely when which of the following is true?

Learning pro-crime attitudes outweighs the learning of anti-crime attitudes.

A(n) ______ definition of crime focuses on actions that violate the law.

Legalistic

Which gene was found to have the most impact on delinquency and crime?

MAOA

Which theorist presented a theoretical model that proposed that the entire lower class has its own cultural value system?

Miller

Based on the NIJ studies' highlights, what is a common reason that many juveniles and young adults claim for carrying firearms?

Self-defense

Which statement is true regarding learning theories?

People are socialized into crime.

Which statement is true related to neurological impairments and crime?

People involved in crime are more likely to have a neurological impairment.

According to Hirschi's theory of social control, why does a strong social bond prevent engagement in criminal activity?

People with strong social bonds have something to lose if they offend.

Which scenario indicates versatility?

Quinn sells drugs and burglarizes homes, in which he assaults the residents if they oppose him.

Which scenario illustrates the life-course pattern of desistance?

Raphael gets married, has a baby, and leaves the gang lifestyle he was involved in.

Which of the following is a common trait consistent with psychopathic personality disorder?

Sensation seeking and predatory behavior

Which theorist developed differential association theory?

Sutherland

According to the data, which age group is most likely to be targeted by gun violence compared to other forms of violence?

Teens and young adults aged 15-24

______ consists of institutions and agencies responsible for apprehending, trying, and supervising people suspected of, charged with, and convicted of crimes.

The criminal justice system

What does social disorganization theory posit is the relationship between violent crime and community-level disadvantage?

There is more crime in disadvantaged areas.

What did the convict-lease system and Black Codes have in common?

They were used to perpetuate the exploitation of Black people and their labor.

Which scenario illustrates imitation?

Thuey watches his father abuse his mother as a child and as a teen treats his girlfriends the same way.

According to life-course criminologists, the bonds people form are determined by what has already happened in their lives. T/F

True

Acts that cause harm to other people warrant punishment. T/F

True

Control theories assume that individuals are hedonistic and must be properly constrained from committing crime. T/F

True

Criminal associations are a strong predictor of crime at the individual level. T/F

True

Critics of Hirschi's theory of social control argue that it is not very helpful for understanding serious crimes. T/F

True

Feminist pathways research attempts to show how life events and traumas affect the likelihood to engage in crime. T/F

True