Exam 2: Chapter 25

Bacterial ____ cause systemic symptoms such as fever, whereas bacterial ____ cause more specific maladies.

endotoxins; exotoxins

Streptococci, the bacteria responsible for strep throat infections, is classified within which group of Bacteria?

Gram-negative bacteria

Why is penicillin ineffective against gram-negative bacteria?

Penicillin cannot reach the thin peptidoglycan layer easily because it is protected by the bacteria's outer membrane.

Which was the first bacterium to be clearly identified as the cause of an infectious disease?

Bacillus anthracis, which causes anthrax

What is the purpose of sex pili?

To transmit DNA between bacteria

How do bacteria move?

By means of a rotating flagella

Which type of bacterium would not be able to survive in the presence of oxygen?

Obligate anaerobic

Where would you likely find Euryarchaeota bacteria?

cow digestive tracts

The most significant difference between archaea and bacteria is the:

absence of peptidoglycans in the cell walls of archaea

Cows and other ruminates rely on a ____ relationship with bacteria in their digestive tract.

mutualistic

Although bacteria lack membrane-bound organelles, such as chloroplasts and mitochondria, they can still perform the functions of these organelles by localizing certain metabolic enzymes on:

the plasma membrane

Small hairlike structures made up of protein on the surface of bacteria are called:

fimbriae

Peptidoglycan consists of:

Sugars cross-linked with proteins

An example of a rod-shaped bacteria?

bacilli

Which is the only prokaryote to carry on photosynthesis that generates oxygen?

cyanobacteria

The most common mode of reproduction in bacteria is?

Asexual reproduction via binary fission

How do some bacteria respond to adverse environmental conditions?

They form Endospores

TRUE or FALSE: Biofilms are usually less than 2 μm thick

FALSE

TRUE or FALSE: F Factor is found only in recipient cells, not donor cells

FALSE

TRUE or FALSE: Very few species of bacteria are used to clean up various forms of pollution

FALSE

The volume of a typical bacterium is about _____ the volume of a typical eukaryotic cell.

a thousandth

Gram-positive bacteria would stain ____ in a gram stain because of a thick layer of ____ in their cell walls.

purple; peptidoglycan

____ is a form of genetic exchange in bacteria that involves contact between two cells.

Conjugation

Some bacteria avoid being phagocytized by a host's immune system by means of:

The capsule or slime layer

Which structure acts like a motor for the bacterial flagellum?

Basal body

What are Koch's postulates?

A set of guidelines to demonstrate that a specific pathogen causes specific disease symptoms

What covers and protects the bacterium?

Capsule

The Archaea plasma membranes are made up of branched-chain hydrocarbons bounded to glycerol by:

Ether linkages

Which disease is caused by an exotoxin released by the gram-positive, endospore-forming bacteria, often because food was not heated sufficiently to kill the endospores?

botulism

A bacterium that uses the oxidation of inorganic compounds to provide energy for manufacturing nutritious organic compounds is a:

chemoautotroph