Exam 2 Chapters 5-8 Management JCCC

What are three sources of resistance?

Facts Beliefs Values

An OD intervention that diagrams the current level of performance, the forces hindering change, and the forces driving toward change.

Forcefield analysis

______ authority is based on the specified relationships among employees. ______ authority arises from the patterns of relationships and communication that evolve as employees interact and communicate.

Formal; Informal

_______ integration occurs when the organization enters a line of business closer to the final customer.

Forward

Strategies developed and implemented by managers in marketing, operations, human resources, finance, and other departments of a company.

Functional strategies

The operational plan for managing one area of a business.

Functional strategy

Teams whose numbers are physically located in different places but work together as a team.

Global virtual teams:

An overall corporate strategy for growth, stability, or turnaround and retrenchment, or for some combination of these.

Grand strategy

the extent to which member stick together.

Group cohesiveness

•the mix of member's skills and abilities

Group composition

_________ change is continual improvement that takes place within the existing technology cycle

Incremental change

______ commonly start a new line of business within a larger organization.

Intrapreneurs

________ commonly start a new line of business within a larger organizations.

Intrapreneurs

How would you overcome the resistance: Fear of loss of control

Involve employees

The process of building motivators into the job itself to make it more interesting and challenging.

Job enrichment

An OD technique that brings together participants from all parts of the organization, and often key outside stakeholders, to solve problems or take advantage of opportunities.

Large group intervention

Who developed the three-step model for change that included unfreezing, moving, and refreezing?

Lewin

Name the type of authority: •responsibility to make decisions and orders down the chain of command

Line authority

The process in which managers and their employees jointly set objectives for the employees, periodically evaluate performance, and reward according to the results.

Management by Objectives (MBO)

__________ are bureaucratic, focusing on following procedures and rules through tight controls and having specialized jobs, with decisions being made by top managers.

Mechanistic organizations

When a manager closely observes or controls employees' work

Micromanagement

The practice or capability of handling more than one task at a time.

Multitasking

A new business or a new line of business.

New venture

______ are expectations about behavior that are shared by members of a group.

Norms

Specific actions taken to implement specific changes.

OD interventions

________ state what is to be accomplished in specific and measurable terms with a target date.

Objectives

The process of setting short-range objectives and determining in advance how they will be accomplished.

Operational planning

________ organizations are flexible, with minimal focus on procedures and rules, broadly defined jobs, and decisions made at lower levels.

Organic

The ongoing planned process of change used as a means of improving performance through interventions

Organizational development

How would you overcome the resistance: Learning anxiety

Plan

_______ provide general guidelines to be followed when making decisions.

Policies

An OD intervention designed to improve team dynamics.

Process consultation

What are the three business-level strategies?

Prospecting Analyzing Defending

How would you overcome the resistance: Successful habits

Provide support and evaluation. Create urgency.

Employees selected to work on a specific objective

Task groups

An OD intervention designed to help work groups increase structural and team dynamics and performance.

Team building

A company in which the top managers make the important decisions is usually associated with ______.

centralization

With ______ authority, important decisions are made by top managers. With ______ authority, important decisions are made by middle and first-line managers.

centralized; decentralized

Jessie is the most experienced worker in her department. When Elena, the department manager, has the day off, Jessie sometimes feels frustrated because she knows what needs to be done but can't give orders to the other employees. What principle is Jessie following?

chain of command

A ________ specifies how an organization offers unique customer value.

competitive advantage

The ______ answers the questions, "What makes us different from and better than the competition?" and "Why should a person buy our products or services rather than those of our competitors?"

competitive advantage

Coca-Cola expanding its line so that it sells several different types of Diet Coke is an example of which of the following?

concentration

With a ________ strategy, the organization grows aggressively in its existing line(s) of business.

concentration

Your boss always tells you what to do. You have no flexibility in your job and no sense of ownership of your contributions to the company. Most likely, you work for a company that ______.

has a non-innovative culture

A ________ strategy is an attempt to reverse a declining business as quickly as possible.

turnaround

The performance of a group depends on multiple factors, such as ______.

organizational context, group structure, group process, and group development stage

Most strategic plans are ______, whereas operational plans are more often ______.

single use; standing plans

What does an organizational chart illustrate?

the level of management hierarchy, chain of command, departmentalization, the division and type of work

All of the following are reasons why people resist change EXCEPT ______.

urgency

The expression of constructive opinions, concerns, or ideas about work-related issues that lead to improved work and group processes and innovation is known as ______.

voice

Whenever there is a meeting, Ashley tries to change the subject and bring up topics such as relationships in the office, rumors, and gossip. Ashley is a ______ member.

wanderer

Flat organizations are characterized by ______.

wide spans of management

What are the four growth strategies?

•Concentration •Integration •Diversification •Merger and acquisition

What are the three steps to job simplification?

•Eliminate •Combine •Change sequence

What are the four traditional ways to departmentalize?

•Functional •Product (service) •Customer •Territory (graphic)

What are four management functions?

•Leading •Planning •Organizing and staffing •Controlling

What are the five functional strategies?

•Marketing •Operations •Finance •Human resources •Other

What are the two forms of multiple departmentalization?

•Matrix departmentalization •Divisional departmentalization

What are four organizational considerations?

•Mechanistic vs. organic •Strategy •Size •Technology

What are the five stages of group development and management styles?

•Stage 1: Forming—autocratic management style •Stage 2: Storming—consultative management style •Stage 3: Norming—participative management style •Stage 4: Performing—empowerment management style •Stage 5: Termination

What are the four levels of authority?

•The authority to inform •The authority to recommend •The authority to report •Full authority

What are six reasons employees resist change?

•Uncertainty •Learning anxiety •Self-interest •Fear of loss •Fear of losing control •Successful habits

What are three characteristics of innovative cultures?

-Encouragement of risk taking -Flexibility -Open systems

What are the six dimensions of group structure?

-Group -Type -Size -Composition -Leadership -Objectives

What are the three types of group roles?

-Group task roles -Group maintenance roles -Self-interest roles

What are three main parts of a meeting?

-Identify objectives -Cover agenda items -Summarize and review assignments

Group cohesiveness is based on what six things?

-Objectives -Success -Size -Homogeneity -Participation -Competition

Standing plans incorporate what three things?

-Policies -Procedure -Rules

What are the four parts of time management system?

-Priorities -Objectives -Plans -Schedules

What are the six contemporary organizational designs?

-Team -Network -Modular -Virtual -Learning -Platform

What are three forces to lead to change in a business?

-The environment -Technology cycles -Next generation

The corporate process of determining which lines of business the corporation will be in and how it will allocate resources among them.

Business portfolio analysis

The strategic plan for managing one line of business.

Business strategy

What are the four stages in the change process?

1. Denial 2. Resistance 3. Exploration 4. Commitment

What are the five steps of the strategic planning process?

1. Developing the mission 2. Analyzing the environment 3. Setting objectives 4. Developing strategies (corporate, business, and functional levels) 5. Implementing and controlling strategies

What are three criteria for objectives?

1. Difficult but achievable 2. Participatively set 3. Acceptance and commitment

What are the four corporate level grand strategies?

1. Growth 2. Stability 3. Turnaround and Retrenchment 4. Combination

What are the four steps of the entrepreneurial process?

1. Selecting the new venture 2. Planning the new venture 3. Financing the new venture 4. Controlling the new venture

What are eight principles of organization?

1. Unity of command and direction 2. Chain of command 3. Span of management (flat and tall organizations) 4. Division of labor (specialization, departmentalization, integration) 5. Coordination 6. Balanced responsibility and authority 7. Delegation 8. Flexibility

What are three ways to manage by objectives?

1.Set individual objectives and plans 2.Give feedback and evaluate performance 3.Reward according to performance

The right to make decisions, issue orders, and use resources.

Authority

______ comes with a manager's job, whereas the ability to influence someone else is ______.

Authority; power

_______ integration occurs when the organization enters a line of business farther away from the final customer.

Backward

The process of comparing an organization's products or services and processes with those of other companies.

Benchmarking

Cash cows, question marks, stars, and dogs are all part of a ______.

Boston Consulting Group's growth-share matrix

Name the type of authority: •decisions are made by top managers

Centralized authority

The person responsible for implementing an organizational change effort

Change agent

How would you overcome the resistance: Uncertainty

Change attitudes about change and habits. Develop trust climate for change.

______ groups consist of managers and the employees they supervise.

Command

Groups that consist of managers and the employees they supervise

Command groups

Alternative plans to be implemented if uncontrollable events occur.

Contingency plans

The process of monitoring progress and taking corrective action when needed to ensure that objectives are achieved

Controlling

What are the three planning levels?

Corporate Business Functional

The strategic plan for managing multiple lines of business.

Corporate strategy

How would you overcome the resistance: Fear of loss

Create a win-win situation

Name the type of authority: •decisions are made by middle and first-line managers

Decentralized authority

The process of assigning responsibility and authority for accomplishing objectives.

Delegation

The grouping of related activities into units.

Departmentalization

An OD intervention in which the change agent makes a direct recommendation for change.

Direct feedback

________ change is a significant breakthrough in technology that leads to competition and a new technology cycle

Discontinuous

Zagat was a company with offerings related to, but different than, those offered by Google. Zagat was acquired by Google in 2011. In acquiring Zagat, Google was engaging in which of the following?

Diversification

________ commonly start new small-business ventures.

Entrepreneurs

The obligation to achieve objectives by performing required activities.

Responsibility

______ state exactly what should or should not be done.

Rules

An organization's internal environmental strengths and weaknesses and external environmental opportunities and threats are determined through a...

SWOT analysis

•a hierarchy that narrows as it flows from the top down through an organization

Scope of authority

What are three areas of focus during change and resistance?

Self Others Work environment

Programs and budgets developed for handling nonrepetitive situations.

Single-use plans

Name the type of authority: Responsibility to advise and assist other personnel

Staff authority

How would you overcome the resistance: Self-interest

State why the change is needed and how it will affect employees

the perceived ranking of one member relative to other members in the group.

Status

The process of developing a mission and long-range objectives and determining in advance how they will be accomplished.

Strategic planning

Describe how strategic planning differs from operational planning.

Strategic planning is focused on the long term while operational planning is focused on the short term.

A plan for pursuing a mission and achieving objectives.

Strategy

SWOT stands for...

Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats.

_______ refers to how the organization is departmentalized into work units.

Structure

An OD intervention that uses a questionnaire to gather data to use as the basis for change.

Survey feedback

What are the three major steps in Lewin's change model?

Unfreezing Moving Refreezing

A system where all management positions are dropped and the hierarchy of people is turned into a hierarchy of purpose to foster greater collaboration is called ______.

a holacracy

What is discontinuous change?

a significant breakthrough in technology that leads to design competition and a new technology cycle

An _______ occurs when one business buys all or part of another business.

acquisition

The _______ strategy calls for a midrange approach between prospecting and defending.

analyzing

The conglomerate (holding company) structure is based on ______.

autonomous profit centers

With a _______ strategy, the company stresses lower prices to attract customers.

cost leadership

What are three competitive strategies?

cost leadership, differentiation, and focus

After you select a new business venture, your first step should be to ______.

create a business plan

•Failing to take risks can lead to a...

decline in business

The ________ strategy calls for staying with the present product line and markets and maintain or increasing customers slowly in new markets.

defending

With a _______ strategy, a company stresses its competitive advantage over its competitors, focusing on being sufficiently distinctive.

differentiation

With a ________ strategy, the organization goes into a related or unrelated line of products.

diversification

In Ramesh's restaurant, workers are organized by their specialized functions—there is a kitchen manager and a dining room manager. What principle does this follow?

division of labor

With a ______ strategy, the company makes aggressive attempts to increase its size through increased sales.

growth

The trend is for MNCs to reorganize and become more ______.

flexible

With a _____ strategy, the company targets a specific regional marketing, product line, or buyer group.

focus

You are assessing the current level of performance, the factors holding back that performance, and the factors acting to drive change. You are performing a ______.

forcefield analysis

An ice cream company buys a shop where they are going to sell their ice cream rather than having all their ice cream sold in grocery stores. This is an example of ______.

forward integration

What is the name for two or more members with a clear leader who perform independent jobs with individual accountability, evaluation, and rewards?

group

Price Chopper is functioning well because they have the right mix of cashiers, stockers, baggers, and shift managers on every shift. Their success is because of ______.

group composition

Competence and commitment are two key variables in ______.

group development

People learning about how their behavior affects others is known as ______.

sensitivity training

These types of groups help specialized departments understand and coordinate with other departments.

horizontal groups

The three parts of meetings are ______.

identify objectives, cover agenda items, and summarize and review assignments

The final stage of the strategic planning process involves ______.

implementing and controlling strategies

Accepting risk of failure as a necessary part of success is a hallmark of ______.

innovation

Maya works for an organization that is flat, with limited bureaucracy. She works as part of a cross-functional team, which is very common in her organization. She has a lot of flexibility when doing her job and she is not stressed out about following standing plans. Maya works for a(n) ______.

innovative company

With an _______ strategy, the organization enters a new line of business related to its existing one(s) on a continuum.

integration

Liang writes codes for web pages on the company's corporate website. Her manager asks her if she would design banners from now on as well, though she has not done this type of work before. What is Liang's manager doing?

job enlargement

Job rotation is a variation of ______.

job expansion

Vithika's job consists of directing customers into the automated car wash. She used to be in charge of stocking the gift shop as well, but then a new manager came in and reduced the number of tasks she was responsible for. What did the manager practice?

job simplification

A _______ occurs when two companies form one corporation.

merger

A college states that they unite excellence in teaching, scholarship, civic engagement, and stewardship to create a student-centered learning community. This reflects their ______.

mission

When the environment is ______, change tends to be incremental; when the environment is ______, change tends to be discontinuous.

more certain; uncertain

Trisha, a manager of a large textile company, is providing training for employees to develop new, needed skills. Which step of Lewin's model is this?

moving

Knowing when it is appropriate and limiting distractions and interruptions are part of deciding whether or not to ______.

multitask

Boundaryless interrelationships among different organizations are known as ______ organization.

network

Joe's manager always tells him what to do, and he barely has any input in his work. Most likely, Joe works for a company with a(n) ______.

non-innovative culture

In this group stage, members often become more satisfied with the group as they develop friendships and learn to work together.

norming

During the norming stage, the appropriate management style is usually ______.

participative

Management level, type of plan, scope, time, and repetitiveness are five dimensions of ______.

planning

A sequence of actions to be followed in order to achieve an objective.

procedure

When you walk into Target, you notice that they have different aisles organized on similar products: produce, bath and bed, makeup, etc. Target has ______ departmentalization.

product

The _______ strategy calls for aggressively offering new products and services and/or entering new markets in pursuit of opportunities.

prospecting

Tina owns a small jewelry company. Lately, her company has started growing fast and entering new markets globally. Tina's company is using this adaptive strategy.

prospecting

A sports shoe company expanding their line to include sports clothing is an example of ______.

related concentric diversification

A ________ strategy is the divestiture or liquidation of assets.

retrenchment

•Innovation requires ______

risk

With open systems, you ______.

seek innovation from within and outside the firm

A _______ focuses on these features in a company's environment that most directly affects its options and opportunities.

situation analysis

A ________ is typically developed by a small and loosely structure group of people who research develop a project primarily for the sake of radical innovation

skunkworks project

A business that is independently owned and operated, with a small number of employees and relatively low volume of sales.

small business

The _________ refers to the number of employees reporting to a manager.

span of management

Joe is working for a company that wants to hold and maintain its present size and grow slowly over time. Joe's company has what type of strategy?

stability

With a _______ strategy, the company attempts to hold and maintain its present size or to grow slowly.

stability

An important part of controlling is ______.

staying within the budget when appropriate and changing it when necessary

This group stage is characterized by dissatisfaction and frustration.

storming

What are four types of change?

strategy, structure, technology, and people

Google's creation of the parent company Alphabet is an example of change in ______.

structure

All of the following organizational developments may have individual focus EXCEPT ______.

survey feedback

A ________ begins with the birth of a new technology and ends when it is replaced by a newer, substantially better technology.

technology cycle

McDonald's restructured into four zones—Northeast, South, Central, and West. This refers to ______ departmentalization.

territory