Exam 2 EVR

Which of the following vegetation types is often associated with the highest average annual precipitation range? Evergreen forest Shrublands Barren or sparsely vegetated Savannas Tundra

Evergreen forest

In the Arctic, factors that __________. increase zooplankton populations will most likely lower seabird populations reduce phytoplankton populations will most likely increase fish populations increase zooplankton populations will most likely lower fish populations reduce phytoplankton populations will most likely increase fish populations

reduce phytoplankton populations will most likely increase fish populations

A climax community always ________. remains in place until a disturbance restarts succession contains as many pioneer species as later successional species has the lowest biodiversity of all stages of succession consists of a single population of organisms is typical of the first stages of secondary succession

remains in place until a disturbance restarts succession

Global climate change may cause shifts in biomes because ________. many species may become extinct mean temperature and precipitation for many areas will change soil chemistry, pH of precipitation, and the frequency of invasive species will change food web dynamics will change biodiversity and day length will change

mean temperature and precipitation for many areas will change

The relationship between flowering plants and bees is best described as ________. predation mutualism herbivory competition parasitism

mutualism

Secondary succession ________. occurs after a volcano spreads lava across a landscape occurs after a fire or flood requires primary succession to precede it is predictable because it always ends in the formation of a climax community typically begins with lichen colonizing rock

occurs after a fire or flood

What organisms, abundant in the Arctic ecosystem, produce about half the oxygen we breathe? zooplankton organisms living on the seabed phytoplankton organisms living under sea ice

phytoplankton

A restoration ecologist may do all of the following EXCEPT: remove invasive European buckthorn from a Minnesota forest. recreate a wetland in an area that had been drained for farming. plant trees in an area that has been mined. place levees in sensitive areas to prevent seasonal flooding. plant a prairie in an area that has been farmed.

place levees in sensitive areas to prevent seasonal flooding.

Herbivory is actually a type of ________. coevolution primary succession predation competition mutualism

predation

Suppose that a system has 5000 grasshoppers. How many hawks would be expected? 5 50 500 5000

50

What is the best estimate of the total yearly precipitation in the region represented by this graph? 75 mm 75 inches 500 mm 900 mm 900 inches cannot be determined from this graph

900 mm

You are an ecologist and wish to expand on this study by introducing a snail that meets different criteria than those already used. Which of the following should you include? A snail species introduced deliberately to the waters near Washington. A snail species introduced accidentally to the waters near Washington and one native to the waters of Washington. A snail species introduced accidentally to the waters near Washington. A snail species native to the waters of Washington.

A snail species introduced deliberately to the waters near Washington.

Imagine a square meter of leafy forest soil underneath an oak or maple tree. Which of the following is likely to exist within this patch of soil? about a quarter of a million individuals about a thousand different species or organisms most species would be microscopic All of the listed responses would be expected to occur within this patch of soil.

All of the listed responses would be expected to occur within this patch of soil.

If trends continue, which of the following will happen? Apex predator populations will increase throughout mainland Europe. Apex predator populations will decrease throughout mainland Europe. Apex predator populations will stay about the same throughout mainland Europe. Apex predator populations will be eliminated throughout mainland Europe.

Apex predator populations will increase throughout mainland Europe.

What kinds of organisms pollinate three-fourths of our crops? Crickets Ants Hummingbirds Bees

Bees

Using the information from the graph, which of the following would be the most effective strategy for supporting high bee diversity? Consider converting from maize to switchgrass and adding strips of prairie. Stick with a monoculture of maize. Incorporate strips of prairie vegetation within your maize. None of these strategies would be effective in supporting a higher diversity of bees.

Consider converting from maize to switchgrass and adding strips of prairie.

In North America, which of the following climate zones fall within areas that primarily average between 40 and 59 inches of precipitation annually or higher? Tropical, subtropical hot desert (BWh) Midlatitude cold steppe (BSk) Humid subtropical, moist all year, hot summer (Cfa) Subarctic, cool summer (Dfc, Dwc, Dsc) Humid continental, hot summer (Dfa, Dwa, Dsa)

Humid subtropical, moist all year, hot summer (Cfa)

Which of the following best describes the regional pressure wind patterns and associated precipitation in South Asia? The high precipitation values in southwest India likely result from the sea-to-land winds that dominate the region in January. The strong surface heating of the Indian Ocean results in the domination of a high pressure cell during much of the winter and resulting sea-to-land winds. A persistent high pressure cell resides over the Bay of Bengal, creating arid conditions along southeastern India and Bangladesh. Precipitation values are highest in north-central India, Nepal, and southwest China due to the persistent presence of the ITCZ throughout the year. In the winter, a high pressure cell is located over the Asian continent while lower pressures associated with the ITCZ are found over the Indian Ocean.

In the winter, a high pressure cell is located over the Asian continent while lower pressures associated with the ITCZ are found over the Indian Ocean.

Based on this research, what step might you consider taking in order to reduce the extent of damage from aphids on your crops? Decrease the proportion of grass in the landscape surrounding your crop. Expand your crop into the surrounding landscape, reducing the amount of grassland. Increase the proportion of grass in the landscape surrounding your crop. Increase the amount of pesticide you apply to your crops.

Increase the proportion of grass in the landscape surrounding your crop.

You apply this study to land snails and the results are similar. Which of the following occurred? Neither native snail species nor invasive snail species fled in the presence of a single predator. Both native snail species and invasive snail species fled in the presence of a single predator. Invasive snail species fled in the presence of a single predator. Native snail species fled in the presence of a single predator.

Invasive snail species fled in the presence of a single predator.

This study demonstrates which of the following? Invasive snails are more wary of unknown predators than native snails. No conclusion can be reached based on this study. Invasive snails are less wary of unknown predators than native snails. Invasive snails are equally wary of unknown predators as native snails.

Invasive snails are more wary of unknown predators than native snails.

The primary controlling factors of the world's climate regions are temperature and moisture, which are influenced by high and low pressure cells. Select Sea-level pressure, July and Climate Zones. Zoom to North America and Change Projection to Albers (North America). Which of the following climate zones is associated with the Pacific High in July? Subarctic, cool summer (Dfc, Dwc, Dsc) Midlatitude cold steppe (BSk) Humid subtropical moist all year, hot summer (Cfa) Mediterranean (Csa, Csb) Humid continental, mild summers, hot summers (Dfa, Dwa, Dsa)

Mediterranean (Csa, Csb)

Which of the following climate zones is most frequently associated with cool ocean currents. Humid subtropical moist all year, hot summer (Cfa) Humid continental, mild summers (Dfb, Dwb, Dsb) Mediterranean (Csa, Csb) Tropical, subtropical hot desert (BWh)Tropical rain forest (Af)

Mediterranean (Csa, Csb)

In 2016, which North American biome experienced D4 Drought-Exceptional, the most severe drought category, throughout most of its extent? Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands Boreal forests/taiga Temperate coniferous forest

Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub

In the Ethiopian Highlands of East Africa, the climate zone of humid subtropical winters and dry, hot-to-warm summers is primarily associated with which of the following biomes? Flooded grasslands and savannas Montane grasslands and shrublands Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests Deserts and xeric shrublands Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands

Montane grasslands and shrublands

According to this study, which of the following is most likely true when it comes to marine snails? Native snail species use fewer sources of information to determine potential threats from predators than invasive snail species. Native snail species use more sources of information to determine potential threats from predators than invasive snail species. Native snail species and invasive snail species nearly equal sources of information to determine potential threats from predators. The data were too variable to draw a conclusion.

Native snail species use more sources of information to determine potential threats from predators than invasive snail species.

If you were traveling in a straight line, between which of these cities would you experience the least elevation change during the length of the entire journey? Dallas-Fort Worth and Las Vegas Chicago and Boston Calgary and St. Louis New Orleans and Winnipeg (Manitoba) San Antonio and Boise

New Orleans and Winnipeg (Manitoba)

How does predation differ from parasitism? Parasites rarely kill their host, while predators kill their prey. Parasitism is beneficial to the host, whereas predation always harms the prey. Predation happens between trophic levels, while parasitism happens within a trophic level. Parasites are only insects or mites, while predators can be any kind of large animal.

Parasites rarely kill their host, while predators kill their prey.

Suppose you are a farmer who is considering how to best manage an area of marginal cropland for both biofuel production and biodiversity. Based on the data above, which of the following approaches would likely support the highest diversity of organisms, ranging from plants to vertebrates? Plant only maize. Plant a mix of maize and switchgrass. Plant only perennial prairie vegetation. Plant a mix of perennial grasslands, including prairie and switchgrass.

Plant a mix of perennial grasslands, including prairie and switchgrass.

What is the best description of the pattern of precipitation shown by this graph? Precipitation is greatest in the winter and spring. Precipitation is greatest in the spring and summer. Precipitation is greatest in the summer and fall. Precipitation is greatest in the fall and winter.

Precipitation is greatest in the spring and summer.

________ capture solar energy and use photosynthesis to produce sugars. Producers Secondary consumers Primary consumers Heterotrophs Detritivores

Producers

Which of the following accurately describes average annual snowfall and biome distribution in North America? Some areas of the boreal forests/taiga receive the highest amounts of annual snowfall among the North American biomes. Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub, owing to their extensive north-south extent, have annual snowfall ranges from 30 to 159 inches per year. Deserts and xeric shrublands universally receive less than 15 inches of snowfall per year. Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands fall almost entirely in areas that have between 30 and 59 inches of snowfall per year. The temperate coniferous forest of the southeast U.S. mostly receives between 30 and 59 inches of snowfall a year, though some parts receive up to 109 inches.

Some areas of the boreal forests/taiga receive the highest amounts of annual snowfall among the North American biomes.

Precipitation between 30-60 inches and a subtropical climate that is wet all year round are prerequisites for a long growing season. Which of these states are likely to have a longer growing season than other states? Iowa South Carolina Washington Ohio Nevada

South Carolina

What type of biome has been converted most frequently by humans for agricultural use? Savanna Temperate grassland Desert Tundra

Temperate grassland

What area in the United States falls within both the highest positive trend range in precipitation and lowest negative trend range in temperature during an El Nino event? Edwards Plateau (Central Texas) Central Lowlands (Iowa and Illinois) The Rocky Mountains (Colorado) Central Valley (California) The Mississippi Delta (southern Mississippi and Louisiana)

The Mississippi Delta (southern Mississippi and Louisiana)

Explain the pattern or distribution of acid rain and water resource vulnerability in the United States from the previous two maps in Part D. The presence of acid rain on the East Coast may be due to the existence of many industrial plants. The absence of acid rain in the Southwest may be due to the fact that they are better able to handle acid rain. Water shortages in the Southwest are due to industrial activities, more so than farming. Industrial activities are prevalent on both the East Coast and the southwest coast and these industries produce acid rain and use a lot of water.

The presence of acid rain on the East Coast may be due to the existence of many industrial plants.

Which of these descriptions best fits the climate of North America? The southeastern portion of North America is moist all year round with a subtropical climate. Southeast North America is characterized by humid continental, hot summers. Northeast North America is characterized by humid continental, hot summers. Central United States around Illinois and Iowa has mild summers with a humid continental climate.

The southeastern portion of North America is moist all year round with a subtropical climate.

What is occurring in the region around the Chilkat River in Alaska that allows chum salmon to spawn during the winter months? Warm winds and ocean currents from the south keep the river from freezing through most of the winter. Thermal springs heat and break up the ice. A nuclear power plant is generating wastewater heat that prevents the river from freezing. Large mounds of darkened rocks are heated by the sun and keep the river from freezing.

Thermal springs heat and break up the ice.

Which of the following is true about top predators? They are likely to be producers. Their removal increases biodiversity. They are often keystone species. They include bacteria and fungi. They are likely to be herbivores.

They are often keystone species.

Based on what has happened to the beavers reintroduced in Scotland, how would wolves fare there? They would have a 50/50 chance of making it. They likely would thrive. They likely would not survive. They would barely hang on.

They likely would thrive.

Which of the following biomes is most likely to be found in areas that average 80 or more inches of precipitation a year? Deserts and xeric shrublands Mediterranean forests, woodland and scrub Boreal forests/taiga Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests

Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests

Which of the following biomes features distinct wet and dry seasons? Desert Tropical dry forest Temperate rainforest Temperate deciduous forest

Tropical dry forest

In North America, which of the following climate zones fall within areas that have mean January temperatures of 15° to 17° Celsius (C) (59° to 62.6° Fahrenheit, or F)? Marine West Coast (Cfb, Cfc) Humid continental, hot summer (Dfa, Dwa, Dsa) Subarctic, cool summer (Dfc, Dwc, Dsc) Tropical, subtropical hot desert (BWh) Mediterranean (Csa, Csb)

Tropical, subtropical hot desert (BWh)

Based on the temperature change that is predicted to occur according to the worst-case projections of global surface warming, which of the following answer choices best describes how land cover will most likely change along your line from Fort McMurray, Alberta to Repulse Bay, Nunavut by the end of the twenty-first century? Warmer temperatures will cause the amount of grassland to increase. Warmer temperatures will result in the grasslands being converted to cropland and natural vegetation. Warmer temperatures will cause the region of evergreen forest to shift northward. Warmer temperatures will result in the evergreen forest changing to a mixed forest.

Warmer temperatures will cause the region of evergreen forest to shift northward.

Which of the following might be first to populate an area after a glacier in northern Alaska melts in response to global climate change? aspen trees lichens hardwood trees shrubs grasses

lichens

Compare the two maps and determine which statement is true. Both acid rain and water resource vulnerability are extremely high for the Midwest. Both acid rain and water resource vulnerability remain an issue for much of the Southwest. Both acid rain and water resource vulnerability are extremely high for much of the East Coast. Whereas the East Coast generally has extremely high water resource vulnerability, acid rain is a major issue in the Southwest. Whereas the Southwest generally has extremely high water resource vulnerability, acid rain is a major issue on the East Coast.

Whereas the Southwest generally has extremely high water resource vulnerability, acid rain is a major issue on the East Coast.

San Francisco, CA is located at approximately 37.7° N while Wichita, KS is at 39.6.5° N. Which of the following best describes the climate and mean January temperature for these two cities? Both San Francisco and Wichita have midlatitude cold desert climates, though the January temperatures of the two vary because Denver is slightly farther north. While Wichita has a humid continental, hot summer climate with cool-to-cold winters, San Francisco has a marine West Coast climate with mild winters. Both San Francisco and Wichita have humid continental, hot summer climates with cold winters averaging -5° to 0° C. While San Francisco has a Mediterranean climate with mild winters, Wichita has a humid continental, hot summer climate with cold winters averaging -5° to 0° C. Both San Francisco and Wichita have Mediterranean climates with moderate winters averaging 9° to 11° C.

While San Francisco has a Mediterranean climate with mild winters, Wichita has a humid continental, hot summer climate with cold winters averaging -5° to 0° C.

What is the best description of the yearly temperature range shown by this graph? Temperatures are mild throughout the year. Temperatures are very cold throughout the year. Winters are mild and summers are hot. Winters are cold and summers are hot. Winters are cold and summers are cool.

Winters are cold and summers are hot.

Which of the following is true? Wolves were reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park but returned naturally to Europe. Wolves returned naturally to Yellowstone National Park and Europe. Wolves returned naturally to Yellowstone National Park but were reintroduced throughout Europe. Wolves were reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park and throughout Europe.

Wolves were reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park but returned naturally to Europe.

You are an ecologist and decide to recreate this study on freshwater snails in Minnesota. How do you replicate the presence of the predator? You use crushed shells of randomly chosen snail species. You use crushed shells of the same snail species you are studying. You use crushed shells of a predatory snail species. You use crushed shells of a predatory snail species mixed with crushed shells of a non-predatory snail species.

You use crushed shells of the same snail species you are studying.

Lichen is often the first organism to appear in an area that has had all life stripped from it because of some disturbance. What is lichen in this regard? a secondary consumer a pioneer species an invasive species an omnivore

a pioneer species

Which of the following biomes has acidic soil with few nutrients and little organic matter? a tundra a tropical rainforest a temperate grassland a temperate deciduous forest

a tropical rainforest

Which of the following are probably the most abundant but least understood of all forms of life on Earth? trees bacteria insects animals

bacteria

After examining every single cell in your body, you would conclude that humans are made up mostly of __________. bacterial cells plant cells fungal cells dead cells

bacterial cells

If global climate change results in an area of temperate grassland receiving less rainfall and higher temperatures, it will ________. have no effect on the biome begin to support more desert species rapidly be replaced by temperate deciduous forest gradually be replaced by savanna begin to support more invasive exotic species

begin to support more desert species

Autotrophs, at the base of the trophic pyramid, exist in greater numbers than organisms at higher levels of the pyramid and also have greater stores of energy as well as greater __________. biomass matter and water production water and energy

biomass

When it comes to having wolves in Europe again, which of the following has had the largest impact? changing uses of the land changing attitudes about predators increases in conservation funding increases in public land acquisition

changing uses of the land

A high concentration of eagles that spend several days in a small region is most likely the result of __________. a major predator in the region a big and comfortable perch in a tree concentrated food a centralized breeding area

concentrated food

According to this diagram, you should find ________. tropical rainforest in most parts of Europe and North America tropical rainforests usually bordering temperate grassland deserts anywhere in the world where hot and dry conditions prevail deserts usually bordering tundra that vegetation is lushest in moderately dry areas

deserts anywhere in the world where hot and dry conditions prevail

Which of the following answer choices best describes how land cover changes along the line from Fort McMurray to Repulse Bay? cropland and natural vegetation → shrublands → savannas → mixed forests permanent wetlands → savannas → shrublands → grasslands grasslands → evergreen forests → shrublands → savannas mixed forest → savannas → grasslands → shrublands evergreen forests → savannas → shrublands → grasslands

evergreen forests → savannas → shrublands → grasslands

Both taiga and tundra ________. are found in the southeastern United States have comparatively low temperatures throughout the year lack many birds lack trees have many burrowing rodents

have comparatively low temperatures throughout the year

How is energy transferred from one trophic level to the next? Select all that apply. herbivory parasitism heat loss cellular respiration predation

herbivory parasitism predation

Which climate zone in North America is most closely associated with the tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands biome? humid continental, hot summers (Dfa, Dwa, Dsa) mediterranean (Csa, Csb) humid subtropical, moist all year, hot summer (Cfa) tropical savanna (Aw) subarctic, cool summer (Dfc, Dwc, Dsc)

humid subtropical, moist all year, hot summer (Cfa)

Which of the following is a pathogen? influenza virus cancer mosquitoes alligator gars arthritis

influenza virus

Imagine a large state park near your home. Which of the following are probably the most crucial and essential part of that park's ecosystem? mammals trees insects birds

insects

Recent, warmer Arctic temperatures have meant that polar bears have __________. less food and must spend more time swimming more food but must hunt over greater distances through increasing snow and ice more food but must spend more time swimming less food and must hunt over greater distances through increasing snow and ice

less food and must spend more time swimming

In the Arctic, scientists are using a device called the "rosette." The rosette helps the scientists __________. measure atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases track the movements of polar bears in the Arctic measure the direction and temperature of ocean currents sample water from surface to seabed

sample water from surface to seabed

Fish that eat zooplankton would be considered ________. producers detritivores herbivores secondary consumers primary consumers

secondary consumers

When many bald eagles are concentrated within a small region, their feeding behavior usually involves __________. fights to the death over available food domination by a single bird who consumes all of the group's prey sharing prey and taking turns feeding on the same organism burying prey under logs or bushes to hide it away from other eagles

sharing prey and taking turns feeding on the same organism

Being able to breed which of the following traits into sheep would likely be most beneficial to sheep farmers? sheep that gather together when attacked sheep that run when one in the group is attacked sheep that play dead when attacked sheep that circle around the victim when one is attacked

sheep that run when one in the group is attacked

In the Northern Hemisphere, which land cover type is associated with mean July temperatures of 8 degrees Celsius and below? grasslands, mixed forests snow and ice, grassland deciduous forests, permanent wetlands evergreen forest, snow and ice cropland and natural vegetation, snow and ice

snow and ice, grassland

Which of the following biomes does this climatograph most likely represent? tropical savanna desert temperate grassland tundra

temperate grassland

Which of the following is/are an abiotic factor? grasses temperature snails butterflies oak trees

temperature

Some models of climate change for North America predict that the grassland regions of the prairie states will become warmer and drier. This would result in ________. the need to plant temperate deciduous forest trees to shelter crops from the sun the need to develop varieties of agricultural crops that tolerate desert conditions less stress on groundwater and aquifers to irrigate crops in the area decreased damage from crop pests and diseases a shift from grassland toward chaparral and savanna

the need to develop varieties of agricultural crops that tolerate desert conditions

A trophic cascade is the effect of ________ on ________. top consumers; lower trophic levels flooding; terrestrial ecosystem stop consumers; one another producers; first-level consumers detritivores; decomposers

top consumers; lower trophic levels

Which of the following organisms has a feeding pattern most similar to a bald eagle? woodpecker hummingbird pelican vulture

vulture