Exam 2 Final Review for A&P 1

The trabeculae of spongy bone rearrange themselves as an infant learns to walk so as to be oriented along the lines of stress the bones are subjected to. TRUE or FALSE

True

Which of the structures represents concentric lamellae , the layers of mineralized extracellular matrix in bone tissue?

B

Osteocytes within lacunae are only found in compact bone and not within the trabeculae of spongy bone.TRUE or FALSE

False

The skin is composed of both a superficial epidermis and a deeper dermis. This epidermis is highly vascularized, while the dermis is avascular. TRUE or FALSE

False

The medial and lateral condyles are distal features of which bone of the lower limb?

Femur

Bone are classified on the basis of their shape and have varying amounts of spongy and compact bone. SHape determines function for bones of the skeleton. In the image, locate the scapula and classify it as one of the types of bones below:

Flat

Which of the following is not a hole or other kind of opening through a bone?

Fossa

Bone remodeling, especially bone resorption, plays a role in the maintenance of proper levels of calcium in the blood. TRUE or FALSE

True

The hyponychium is the what of the nail

nail bed

Which of the bone features listed below contribute to the elbow joint? 1 capitulum; 2 head of the radius; 3 trochlear notch of the ulna; 4 trochlea; 5 olecranon

1,2,3,4

Which is the proper sequence of steps in the healing of a fracture: 1. osteoblasts form trabecular bone that joins together the fractured ends of the bone and bony callus replaces fibrocartilage callus 2 bone remodeling occurs and compact bone replaces the spongy bone around the periphery of the fracture site 3 fibroblasts and chondrocytes from the periosteum form fibrocartilage callus 4 a fracture hematoma forms and bone cells in the region of the fracture die 5 phagocytes and osteoclasts begin to remove the dead cells and damaged tissue around the hematoma

4, 5, 3,1,2

Which structure in the image below represent an osteons, the structural units of compact bone?

A

What feature(s) of the skin protect(s) us against microbes such as bacteria?

All of these are correct

Which of the structures is a structure that carries nerves, lymphatic vessels, and blood vessels that enter from the periosteum and connects with central canals and other similar structures?

C

Which of the structures are sweat glands that do not become active until puberty and whose secretions can create body odor when it is metabolized by bacteria on the skin?

D

Vitamin D, following activation in the skin, is converted to the hormone calcitriol by enzymes in the liver and kidneys. People in northern climates who may not get adequate sun exposure can become deficient in vitamin D. What mineral would be especially affected by this?

Calcium

Which two minerals are stored in major quantities in bone tissue?

Calcium and phosphorus

Line A is pointing at what type of cell?

Chondrocyte

Long bones add to its length at the epiphyseal plate. In this region which type of cells proliferate, become calcified, and are eventually replaced with mature bone cells, thereby adding to the bone's length?

Chondrocytes

Which structure in the image below is one of a series of small channels that connect adjacent osteocytes with each other and with central canals. These canals allow nutrients, oxygen, and wastes to be properly routed even when a cell isn't immediately next to a blood vessels?

D

Which of the structures in the image below is a tissue that protects bone surfaces, assists in healing fractures, stabilizes the entry and exit points of blood vessels associated with bone tissue, and provides a firm attachment site for tendons and ligaments?

E

Which of the structures responds by sweating when the body is overheated (thermoregulation)?

E

During the process of bone formation in a fetus, a primary ossification center develops in the epiphysis of a cartilage model of a long bone. TRUE or FALSE

FALSE

A greenstick fracture would only be seen in an elderly person with more fragile bones. TRUE or FALSE

False

Differences in skin pigmentation are due to the number of melanocytes in the basal layer of the skin. People with darker skin have many more melanocytes than people with paler skin.TRUE or FALSE

False

The process of intramembranous ossification generates bone within a pre-existing template composed of mesenchymal tissue. In contrast, endochondral ossification generates bone within a pre-exisiting template composed of what?

Hyaline cartilage

Most of the bones of the skull are formed by this process.

Intramembranous ossification

Which statement is not correct about the dermis?

It is thinner in men than in women

Line B is pointing to what type of cell?

Lacuna

Once osteoblasts have surrounded themselves with the extracellular matrix of bone tissue. they remain inside little chambers called what, where they carry on the metabolic functions that maintain bone tissue. At this point, the cells are called osteocytes.

Lacunae

When classified according to shape, the humerus, femur, and radius are all called what bones. Use the image to help in determining the answer.

Long

In which region of a long bone, such as the humerus, would you find the epiphyseal plate (growth plate)?

Metaphysis

Which is formed from the fusion of as many as 50 monocytes(a type of white blood cell)?

Osteoclasts

In the image, what type of cell is line B pointing to?

Osteocyte

Which represents the correct sequence of development of bone cells?

Osteogenic cells---osteoblasts---osteocytes

In this image, Line A is pointing at what structure?

Osteon

This skin layer is only present in places subjected to high levels of mechanical wear-and-tear and provide an additional protective layer where it occurs, such as in the soles of the feet, palms, and fingertips.

Stratum Lucidum

Which bone includes an opening for the ear canal(the external auditory meatus) and articulates with the mandible?

Temporal Bone

Which of the following is not a true statement regarding the male and female pelvis?

The female pelvic inlet is heart shaped and smaller than that of the male, which is larger and more oval.

Most people can see and feel the bony prominences on the medial and lateral sides of the ankles. What bone features an bones form these two prominences?

The medial malleolus of the tibia and the lateral malleolus of the fibula

Compact bone is composed of units called osteons. In contrast, spongy bone is composed of what.

Trabeculae

A broad, flat sheet of connective tissue called an interosseous membrane connects the bones of the forearm(radius and ulna). TRUE or FALSE

True

During a needle biopsy of a person's bone marrow, maybe to test for the presence of cancer, pain is felt when the needle passes through the periosteum because it is richly supplied with nerves. TRUE or FALSE

True

In a newborn, all bone marrow is red, which means all of the infant's marrow can make blood cells. TRUE or FALSE

True

In deep wound healing, an injury has penetrated through to the dermis or even the hypodermis(subcutaneous layer). In this type of wound, the healing process will leave a scar and could involve a loss of some functionally of the area of the wound. TRUE or FALSE.

True

It takes 4-6 weeks for a keratinocyte to form in the stratum basale, become keratinized in its journey through the upper layers of the epidermis, and to finally be sloughed off as a dead skin cell. TRUE or FALSE

True

Males generally have lower rates of developing osteoporosis because, on average, they enter adulthood with a heavier bone mass than women and they don't experience the same dramatic decline in sex hormones as women do with aging. TRUE or FALSE

True

Nearly all the differences between the female and male pelves are adaptations of the female pelvis to accomodate childbirth. TRUE or FALSE

True

Parathyroid hormone(PTH) is able to regulate calcium levels in the blood through a series of steps that provide control through a negative feedback system.TRUE or FALSe

True

The accumulation of melanin into freckles is a genetic trait. These patches of pigmentation tend to darken with sun exposure and fade during the winter when there is less exposure to the sun. TRUE or FALSE

True

The cells of the stratum basale become more metabolically active and increase their rate of cell division when upper layers of the epidermis are stripped away due to abrasions or burns. TRUE or FALSE

True

The fibula is often used to provide bone for a bone graft to replace missing bone in another part of the body. Use of the fibula will not interfere with walking or even running, because it is not a weight bearing bone. TRUE or FALSE

True

The hyoid bone does not directly articulate with any other bones.TRUE or FALSE

True

Wounds that only damage the epidermis won't bleed because the epidermis is avascular. TRUE or FALSE

True

A bone feature called a tubercle would be which kind of bone structure?

a knob

Which of the following best describes the process of bone resorption in bone remodeling?

acids and enzymes released by osteoclasts degrade collagen and dissolve away minerals, which diffuse through the interstitial fluid into nearby blood capillaries.

Which of the following tissues could be found on or within a bone, such as the humerus?

all of these

Which of the following is a function of calcium in the body?

all of these are important roles of calcium in the body

In terms of bone health, why would a physcian advise an older patient to do more weight-bearing activity such as walking, jogging, or use of moderate weights?

all of these explain why a physician would give such advise to a patient

An elderly women trips and falls. She puts out her hand to try to stop her fall, and ends up with a fracture of the lower arm. An x-ray shows that at the break, many pieces of bone have splintered and fragmented appearance. Which type of fracture does this women have?

comminuted fracture

Which of the following regions of bone would not undergo bone remodeling as frequently as the other regions?

compact bone

Which of the following hormones, in both adult males and females,ultimately ends growth of long bones at the epiphyseal plate? (This happens sooner in women than in men, and so men on average are taller than women).

estrogen

As the spinal cord exits the cranium, it passes through a large opening in the occipital bone called the what.

foramen magnum

The longest and largest bone of the upper limb is the what.

humerus

Which of the following bones is the largest of the three bones that make up the hip bone?

ilium

You are given a case study to work on in the laboratory. You are given two different bony pelves to examine. You are told one is female and one is male. Your group notices that one of the pelves has a wide greater sciatic notch(nearly 90 degrees) and that the angle of the pubic arch is greater than 90 degrees. What does your group conclude about the pelvis?

it is a female pelvis

In the image below, which of the labeled features forms the prominence (point) of the elbow?

olecranon

Bone tissue stores 99% of the body's calcium. Calcium plays important roles beyond the mineralization of bones. The exchange of calcium between bone and body fluids(especially the blood) is regulated b several hormones. Which of the following is the most important hormone regulating calcium exchange?

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Which joint consists of a fibrocartilage pad that joins the two pubic bones anteriorly?

pubic symphysis

Which of the following bones articulate at the glenohumeral joint?

scapula and humerus

Intraepidermal macrophages are part of the skin's immune defenses and activate other immune cells when the skin is invaded by microbes. Which layer of the epidermis contains Intraepidermal macrophages?

stratum spinosum

The head of the femur articulates with what feature of the hip bones to form the hip(coxal) joint?

the acetabulum

Formation of granulation tissue and a scab would only happen in deep wound healing where the dermis has been damaged. TRUE or FALSE

true