exam 2 for public speaking

Questions of policy

Include the world "should", For example: Should the electoral college be abolished?

Ethos

credibility

Causal

-A method of speech organization in which the main points how a cause and effect relationship

Appropriate wording for a speech title (3 guidelines)

-Be Brief -Attract the attention of your audience -Encapsulate the main thrust of your speech

6 tips to use statistics:

-Use Statistics to quantity your ideas *Can bring the problem alive, researchers shows that the impact of examples is enhanced when they are combined with statistics that show the examples to be typical. -Use Statistics Sparingly *Insert it only when states is needed, and make sure the states is easy to grasp. Only use important numbers. -When you are going to Identify the source of your statistics -When you're going to Explain your statistic *If you're going to explain your statistics make sure it is related to you listeners and interpreted well, explaining what it means is important when you're dealing with large numbers, -When you are going to round off complicated statistic *Round off number to not sound so complicated -When you are going to use visual aids to clarify statistical trends

Expert Testimony

-testimony from people who are recognized experts in their fields *Important when a topic is controversial or when the audience is is skeptical about a speaker's point of view.

TIPS FOR USING EXAMPLE

1)USE EXAMPLES TO CLARIFY YOUR IDEA 2) USE EXAMPLES TO REINFORCE YOUR IDEAS 3) USE EXAMPLES TO PERSONALIZE YOUR IDEAS 4) MAKE YOUR EXAMPLES VIVID AND RICHLY TEXTURED 5) PRACTICE DELIVERY TO ENHANCE YOUR EXTENDED EXAMPLES

Monroe's Motivated Sequence

1. Attention 2. Need 3. Satisfaction 4. Visualization 5. Action

3 types of of Examples

1. Brief 2. Extended 3. Hypothetical

Basic objectives/parts of a conclusion (2 or 3?)

2 Objectives: To let the audience know you are ending the speech. To reinforce the audience's understanding of, or commitment to, the central idea

Speaking Outline

: A brief outline used to jog a speaker's memory during the presentation of a speech. The aim of a speaking outline is to help you remember what you want to say in some ways it is a condensed version of your preparation outline. It should contain key words or phrases, to jog your memory, as your well as essential statistic and quotations that you don't want to risk forgetting. Make sure your speaking outline is legible, follows the same visual framework as your preparation and outline and includes cues for delivering the speech.

Comparative Advantages order

each main point explains the solution to the problem and how it is compares to the other solution

Preparation outline

A detailed outline developed during the process of speech preparation that includes the title, specific purpose, central idea, introduction, main points, subpoints, connectives, conclusion and bibliography of a speech. I is known as an outline that helps prepare the speech, it will decided on what you say in the intro and how you organize the main points and supporting material of the body. Has a bibliography.

Problem Solution

A method of speech organization in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem.

Topical

A method of speech organization in which the main points divide the topics into logical and consistent subtopics.

Spatial

A method of speech organization in which the main points follow a directional pattern(top to bottom, left to right, inside to outside)

Chronological

A method of speech organization in which the main points follow a time pattern

Internal Preview

A statement in the body of the speech that lets the audience know what the speaker is going to discuss next.

Transition

A word or phrase that indicates when a speaker has finished one thought and is moving on to another.

Hypothetical example

An example that describes an imaginary or fictitious situation Tip for using: Whenever Using follow it up with with statistics

Pathos

Appeal to emotion

Logos

Appeal to logic

Organizational patterns.

Chronological Spatial Causal Problem Solution Topical

crescendo vs. Dissolve

Crescendo : A conclusion in which the speech builds to a zenith of power and intensity. Dissolve : A conclusion that generates an emotional appeal by fading step by step to a dramatic final statement. (fade away)

Importance of how to establish credibility and goodwill on your topic

Establish this on your intro allow your listeners to acknowldge you in the correct way. Credibility: The audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic. Goodwill: the audience's perception of whether the speaker has the best interest of the audience in mind.

Testimony-2 types

Expert Testimony Peer testimony

What are Questions of Facts

Facts that can be answered absolutely with either a right or wrong answer.

Basic objectives parts of an introduction (4)

Get the attention and interest of your audience. Reveal the topic of your speech Establish your credibility and goodwill Preview the body of the speech

What needs to be included in an oral source citation? How should you indicate a direct quote?

Identify the book, magazine, newspaper or web document you are citing. The author or individual, organization of the document, the author's qualifications with regard to the topic, the date on which the document was published, posted, or updated. If you are citing statistics you need to make sure it is up to date and came from a credible source. You don't need to recite the entire address but it is important to cite a specific person or identity them and the website which the information was found, provide the name of individual.

4 tips for the conclusion

Keep eye contact out for possible concluding materials as you research and develop the speech. Conclude with a bang, not a whimper, be creative in devising a conclusion that hits the hearts and minds of your audience. Work on several possible endings and select the one that seems likely to have the greatest impact. Don't be long-winded. The conclusion will normally make up no more than 5 to 10 percent of your speech. Don't leave anything in the conclusion to chance. Work on deatisla dn give yourself time to practice the delivery. Present smoothly . make the last impression as forceful and as favorable as you can.

6 tips for the introduction

Keep the intro brief, no more than 10-20 percent of your information should be displayed. Be on the lookout for possible introductory materials Be creative in the introduction, experiment with two or three different openings and choose what's best. Don't worry about the exact wording of the introduction until you have the body prepared, after you have determined your main points it will be easier for you to begin your speech. Work out your intro in details, teachers recommend that you write it out word by word, others prefer that you outline it . whatever method you use practice the introduction over and over again until you can deliver it smoothly and by making eye contact. When you present the speech, don't talk too soon. Make sure the audience is silent and and that everyone has their focus on you. Establish eye contact with people, smile and launch your words.

How many main points should you have? Give three tips for preparing

Main points- The major points developed in the body of a speech most speeches contain from two to give main points. Most speeches contain 2 or 3

Initial Credibility

The credibility of a speaker before she or he starts to speak

The 3 questions to ask is the three basic statistical measures

Mean: The average Median: Middle figure after placed from lowest to highest Mode : The number which occurs the most

Target audience

No matter how good you think your speech will be you have to be mentally prepared that not everyone will be persuade after you are done Make speech appealing to everyone, have a particular part of the whole audience that you want to reach with your speech. That is called the Target Audience. Basically read your audience and see what point did you get the most reactions from and target that topic

Why is organization important

Organization allows you and your listeners to see what ideas you have an to put mental hands on the most important ones. Organization is important as well because of the it affects how the listeners feel about you and view you. As well allows the receiver to interpret the idea from beginning to end.

Questions of Values

Organize topically Devote first main point to establish the standards of your value judgment and second main point to apply standards to your speech

The Importance of Persuasion

Persuasion is the process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs or actions. When you speak to persuade you act as an advocate Benefits -Personal relations, community activity, and career aspirations Persuasion has been studied for more than 2,000 years

Methods of gaining the audience's attention (7)

Relate the topic to the audience State the importance of your topic Startle the Audience Arouse the curiosity of the Audience Question the Audience Begin with a quotation Tell a story

quoting vs. paraphrasing

Testimony can also be presented in paraphrasing Quotation are most effective when they are brief, when they convey the meaning better than you can, and when they are particularly eloquent, witty or compelling. Paraphrasing is better than direct quotation in two situations when the wording of a quotation is obscure or cumbersome; when a quotation is longer than two or three sentences.

Credibility

The audience perception of whether a speaker is qualtified to speak on a given topic. The two major factors influencing a speakers credibility are competence and character

Which is the longest and most important part of the speech?

The body

Which part of the speech should you prepare first ?

The body because it is easier create an effective introduction after you know what the body is about

Terminal Credibility

The credibility of a speaker at the end of the speech

Relationship between main points, subpoints

The most important ideas (main points) are farthest to the left. Less important (sub points, sub sub points, and so on) are progressively farther to the right. Flesh out the outline with duboiunts and sub sub points as necessary to support the main points

Types of Connectives

Transition Internal Preview Signpost

Analyzing Questions of Facts

When giving a Persuasive speech on a question it is similar to an informative speech

Ethics and Persuasion

When speaking upon situations you have to make sure to use ethical methods to communicate your point or idea Maintaining a bond of trust with the listeners is also vital to a speaker's credibility Use proper language when wanting to pursue someone to agreeing to you Aim at the highest standards and construct your speech so it will be both convincing and ethically sound Persuasion is Psychological, two or more points of view always exist Persuasion is something a speaker does with an audience

Mental Dialogue

You have to be ready for any possible objections that the audience may have about your speech To better off your speech you have to put yourself in the audiences shoes, be as tough on your speech as your audience will ever be

Problem- cause- solution order-

a method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point has the problem, second point analyze the problem and lastly have a solution to the problem

Statistic

a numerical data

Brief example

a specific case referred to in passing to illustrate a point Tips for using: pile them one upon the other until you create the desired impression.

Example

a specific case used to illustrate or represent a group of people, ideas, conditions, experiences, or the like. without examples ideas often seem vague and lifeless, and with examples ideas become specific and personal, lively.

Extended example

a story, narrative, or anecdote developed at some length to illustrate a point Tips for using: they pull listener into the speech, use illustrations and stories, vivid detail.

Creating common Ground

a technique in which a speaker connects himself or herself with the values, attitudes, or experiences of the audience

Signpost

a very brief statement that indicates where a speaker is in the speech or that focuses attention on key ideas

Subpoints

are identified by capital letters and are also indented equally so as to be aligned with each other.

Main Points

are identified by roman numerals and are indented equally so as to be aligned down the page

Two types of outlines

preparation and speaking

Reasoning from principle-

reasoning that moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion -All people are mortal -Socrates is a person -Therefore, Socrates is moral

Peer testimony

testimony from ordinary people with firsthand experience or insight on a topic

burden of proof

the obligation facing a persuasive speaker to prove that a change from current policy is necessary

visual framework

the pattern of symbolization and indentation in a speech outline that shows the relationships among the speaker's ideas