Exam 2

Sperling's delayed partial report procedure provided evidence that ____________________

information in sensory memory fades within one or two seconds.

Memories of the past that have been pushed out of a person's consciousness are considered to be ________.

repressed

Have you ever tried to think of the words and hum the melody of one song while the radio is playing a different song? People have often noted that this is very difficult to do. This difficulty can be understood as

articulatory suppression.

Ming is taking a memory test. She is more likely to recall the name of a popular singer if she had a. just read about the singer in a magazine. b. attended the singer's concert last year with her boyfriend. c. recently seen the singer on TV and read about the singer in a magazine. d. just seen the singer on TV.

attended the singer's concert last year with her boyfriend.

The three structural components of the modal model of memory are

sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory.

A person with a reduced digit span would most likely have a problem with ___________ memory.

short-term

The repeated reproduction technique used in memory studies involves ______________

the same participants remembering some information at longer and longer intervals after learning the information.

Elaborative rehearsal of a word will LEAST likely be accomplished by

repeating it over and over.

Which term best reflects the core concept of echoic memory?

time

When the methods used to encode and retrieve information are the same, this is called ________ processing.

transfer-appropriate

A person who is activating their visuospatial sketch pad is likely to say what?

"I can see it in my mind's eye."

The effective duration of short-term memory, when rehearsal is prevented, is

15-20 seconds or less.

Jacoby's experiment, in which participants made judgments about whether they had previously seen the names of famous and non-famous people, found that inaccurate memories based on source misattributions occurred after a delay of

24 hours.

Why is classical conditioning considered a form of implicit memory?

Because it involves learning an association without being aware of the reasons behind it.

Which statement below is most closely associated with levels of processing theory?

Deep processing involves paying closer attention to a stimulus than shallow processing and results in better processing.

How would you describe the relationship between elaborative rehearsal and maintenance rehearsal in terms of establishing long-term memories?

Elaborative is more effective than maintenance.

___________ memories are to experiences as ___________ memories are to facts.

Episodic; semantic

Which of the following statements is true of the cognitive interview technique? a. Police offer positive reinforcement to witnesses (e.g., "Good, that makes sense.") when the witnesses give information consistent with what is in the police file. b. Police start their interview with simple filler questions to make the witnesses feel comfortable. c. Police allow witnesses to talk with a minimum of interruption from the officer. d. Police ask witnesses questions and have them rate their confidence level in their recollections.

Police allow witnesses to talk with a minimum of interruption from the officer.

__________ occurs when reading a sentence leads a person to expect something that is not explicitly stated or necessarily implied by the sentence.

Pragmatic inference

Which of the following learning techniques is LEAST likely to lead to deep processing of the information?

Thuy has just bought a new car and is trying to learn her new license plate sequence. Every morning, for three weeks, she repeats the sequence out loud when she wakes up.

According to the model of working memory, what is an example of something that should LEAST adversely affect people's driving performance while operating a car along an unfamiliar, winding road?

Trying to remember the definition of a word they just learned

Which of the following correctly lists types of memory from least to most complex?

Visual, semantic, episodic

Which of the following stimuli will last longer in the receiver's sensory memory?

Your roommate asking you a question

Your book explains that brief episodes of retrograde amnesia (e.g., the traumatic disruption of newly formed memories when a football player takes a hit to the head and can't recall the last play before the hit) reflect

a failure of memory consolidation.

For most adults over age 40, the reminiscence bump describes enhanced memory for

adolescence and young adulthood.

Jason quickly scanned the map on his phone to get to his job interview, then took a left and ran down the block so he wouldn't be late. According to Stokes, Jason's ability to recall the directions as he's running is the result of ________.

an activity state followed by a synaptic state

The staff working in the air traffic control tower at a busy airport can be considered a suitable metaphor for which of the following?

central executive

What stimulus characteristic most challenges the processing capacity of short-term memory?

complexity

The "telephone game" is often played by children. One child creates a story and whispers it to a second child, who does the same to a third child, and so on. When the last child recites the story to the group, his or her reproduction of the story is generally shorter than the original and contains many omissions and inaccuracies. This game shows how memory is a __________ process.

constructive

Bartlett's experiment in which English participants were asked to recall the "War of the Ghosts" story that was taken from the French Indian culture illustrated the

constructive nature of memory.

Unconscious plagiarism of the work of others is known as

cryptoamnesia.

"I remember being really excited last year, when my college team won the national championship in basketball." This statement is an example of ___________ memory.

episodic

Your text's discussion of eyewitness testimony illustrates that this type of memory is frequently influenced by all of the following EXCEPT a. source-monitoring errors due to familiarity. b. increased confidence due to post-event questioning. c. inattention to relevant information due to the emotional nature of these events. d. failing to elaboratively rehearse these kinds of events due to fear

failing to elaboratively rehearse these kinds of events due to fear

According to your text, imagery enhances memory because

imagery can be used to create connections between items to be remembered.

Work with brain-injured patients reveals that ___________ memory does not depend on conscious memory.

implicit and procedural

One of the defining characteristics of implicit memory is that ________________

people are not conscious they are using it.

When light from a flashlight is moved quickly back and forth on a wall in a darkened room, it can appear to observers that there is a trail of light moving across the wall, even though physically the light is only in one place at any given time. This experience is an effect of memory that occurs because of

persistence of vision

Robin lost the softball game for her team when she ran toward home and was thrown out at the plate. The coach asked her, "Why did you run? You knew it was a risky move." Robin replied, "But I heard you yell, 'Go! Go!'" The coach replied, "I was saying, 'No! No!'" Robin's ill-fated run was the result of a ________ error.

phonological

Believing that a particular statement is true simply because you have seen the statement in previous instances is known as the ________ effect.

propaganda

Experimental evidence suggesting that the standard model of consolidation needs to be revised are data that show that the hippocampus was activated during retrieval of ___________ memories.

recent and remote episodic

According to Tulving, an episodic memory is distinguished by the process of ________ it.

reliving

Jenkins and Russell (1952) presented a list of words like "chair, apple, dish, shoe, cherry, sofa" to participants. In a test, participants recalled the words in a different order than the order in which they were originally presented. This result occurred because of the

tendency of objects in the same category to become organized.

One function of ___________ is to pull information out of long-term memory.

the central executive

Recent research on memory, based largely on fear conditioning in rats, indicates that

when a memory is reactivated, it becomes capable of being changed or altered, just as it was immediately after it was formed.

Models designed to explain mental functioning are constantly refined and modified to explain new results. What exemplifies this concept based on the results presented in your text?

Replacing the short-term memory component of the modal model with working memory

Progression of information as it moves through the primary memory stores

Sensory, short-term, long-term

Which of the following statements about short-term memory is FALSE? a. Short-term memory has a relatively small capacity for information. b. Short-term memory provides meaning to information. c. Retention of information in short-term memory is brief. d. Short-term memory stores an exact replica of sensory stimuli.

Short-term memory stores an exact replica of sensory stimuli.

The episodic buffer directly connects to which two components in Baddeley's model of memory?

The central executive and long-term memory

Funahashi and coworkers recorded neurons in the PF (pre-frontal) cortex of monkeys during a delayed response task. These neurons showed the most intense firing during _________

The delay period

In Lindsay's "misinformation effect" experiment, participants saw a sequence of slides showing a maintenance man stealing money and a computer. This slide presentation included narration by a female speaker who described what was happening in the slides as they were shown. Results showed that the misinformation effect was greatest when presentation of misleading post-event information was

auditory from a female speaker.