exam 2- mass comm
Mass-production advances made during World War II substantially lowered the cost of purchasing a set, making television accessible to the masses during the _____--the Golden Age of Television
1950s
the youth culture's liberal attitudes toward formerly taboo subjects like and drugs began to emerge in film during the late ______, including films such as Bonnie and Clyde
1960s
during the ______, broadcasters began to diversify families on their shows to reflect changing social attitudes toward formerly controversial issues such as single parenthood and divorce
1970s
in 2010, women made up about ____ percent of game designers and programmers, and those who do enter the field often find themselves facing subtle- and not so subtle- sexism
5
The success of _____ was its encapsulation of several once-disparate programs--dial-up access to the internet, email account, creation of online communities, chat rooms, and instant messaging--into a single user-friendly bundle.
AOL
the early Internet was called ________ and consisted of just four hosts
ARPANET
launched in 1980, ________ was the first tv network in the US dedicated to the interests of African American viewers
BET
a poll taken in 2007 found that more Canadians surveyed could identify a photo of Mario, from Super Mario Bros., than a photo of the current _________ prime minister
Canadian
the families of victims of the 1999 __________ brought a lawsuit against 25 video companies
Columbine High School shooting
Atari produced a game based on the movie ____________
E.T.
In 1995_____, using the freemium business model (where basic services are free but subscribers pay extra for some things), allowed users to create web pages with text and pictures within a community (topic).
GeoCities
the motion picture association of america instituted the production code, or ________ code, which remained in place until 1967
Hays
when the _______ hearings recommenced in 1951, 324 people were accused of communist activity and blacklisted, thus losing their jobs in the film industry
House Un-American Activities Committee
films based on video games are common, including hits such as _________
Lara Croft: Tomb Raider
through the early-1980s, the three top networks were ABC, CBS, and _______
NBC
DVRs are capable of targeting viewers with tailored ads when recorded programs are played back, however a 2008 battle between consumer groups and cable companies caused ______ to make this type of audience tracking optional
Nielsen
by keeping console prices low and installing proprietary circuits into consoles so they could only play licensed games, _____ maintain control of game production and dominated the home video game market in the mid to late 1980s
Nintendo
_____ was established in 1969 as a service created "not to sell products" but to "enhance citizenship and public service" after a report by the Carnegie Commission on Educational Television examined the role of educational, noncommercial television on society.
PBS
in 1948, the case of the US v. __________ mandated competition and forced the studios to relinquish control over theater chains
Paramount Pictures
in 1972, ______, the table-tennis simulator that has come to symbolize early computer games, was created by the fledgling company Atari, and it was immediately successful.
Pong
by 1932, _______ had designed a three-color system with more realistic results, and for the next 25 years, all color films were produced with this improved system including Disney's Snow White and the Seven Dwarves and MGM's The Wizard of Oz and Gone with the Wind
Technicolor
With the outbreak of _____ RCA and General Electric focused on military electronic equipment instead of commercial television sets at the same time many TV stations reduced their schedules to around 4 hours per week or went off the air altogether.
WWII
because it was closer to outdoor social games such as horseshoes or croquet than it was to traditional video games, _______ created a way for group play without the need for familiarity with video games
Wii Sports
films like Super Size Me changes in ________ food culture
american
Part of a movie's budget goes toward negotiated above-the-line costs: screenplay rights and salaries for the writer, producer, director, leading actors and their assistants; part to fixed ________ costs
below-the-line
a study published in the science journal Nature in 2002, found that regular video game players had _______ developed visual-processing skills than people who did not play video games
better
while critics praised D.W. Griffith's 1915 _____________ for its narrative complexity and epic scope, many others were outraged
birth of a nation
Journalists are now rushed to file news reports several times a day in an effort to complete with the "_____," or the crowd of bloggers who post both original news stories and aggregate previously published news from other sources.
blogosphere
Formerly known as Community Antenna Television, or CATV, _____ television was originally developed in the 1940s in remote or mountainous areas, including in Arkansas, Oregon, and Pennsylvania, to enhance poor reception of regular television signals.
cable
while _______ initially competed with other popular forms of entertainment- circuses, vaudeville acts, theater troupes, magic shows, and many others-eventually it would supplant these various entertainments as the main commercial attraction
cinema
In protest of the favor that the 1927 Radio Act showed toward_____, nonprofit radio broadcasters created the National Committee on Education by Radio to lobby for more outlets.
commercial broadcasters
in 1947, more than 100 people in the movie business were called to testify the HUAC about their colleagues' involvement with _________
communist affairs
the motion picture patents company formed in 1908 was a trade group that pooled the most significant motion picture patents and thus shut out _______
competition
schools such as Berklee College of Music, Yale, and NY have programs that focus on _________ for video games
composing music
the high costs of moviemaking pushes studios to produce films with moneymaking potential in ______ media
crossover
This practice of harnessing the efforts of several individuals online to solve a problem is known as _____.
crowdsourcing
The near indestructibility of information on the Internet derives from a military principle used in secure voice transmission:_____.
decentralization
there are three important aspects of communication that the internet has changed which has changed the way we connect with one another
democratization
________ information given willingly on social media profiles allows marketers to target advertising efficiently
demogrpahic
The downside of the seemingly infinite breadth of online information is that there is often not much _____ the coverage of any given topic.
depth to
The Advisory Committee on Advanced Television Services agreed to switch U.S. broadcasting from analog to digital format in 2009; once the switch took place, many older analog TV sets were unusable without a cable or satellite service or a _____.
digital converter
which of the following is not considered an advantage of indie record labels
elaborate internal structures
When the lead character on the ABC sitcom _____ came out in 1997, she became a test case for the nation's tolerance of openly gay characters on prime-time TV; though the show was cancelled the next year, DeGeneres returned to television in 2003 with her own successful talk show.
ellen
The invention of a simple standard for _____ is often cited as one of the most important factors in the rapid spread of the Internet, and is still one of the most widely used Internet services.
while ______ does allow the option of deactivating one's account, their servers retain users' profile information and activity indefinitely
The Communications Act of 1934 created the _____ who ruled RCA must sell its NBC Blue network; this spun-off division became the American Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) in 1943.
federal communications commission
One of the first acts of the _____ was to reallocate station bandwidths to correct interference problems.
federal radio commission
Television broadcasting began as early as 1928, when the _____ authorized inventor Charles Jenkins to broadcast from W3XK, an experimental station in the Maryland suburbs of Washington, DC.
federal radio commission
President Franklin D. Roosevelt's Depression-era radio talks, or "_____," remain one of the most famous uses of radio in politics.
fireside chats
an important step in the mainstream acceptance of personal computer games was the development of the _______ genre which put the player in the character's perspective
first-person shooter
in 1968, the Motion Picture Association of America replaced the Production Code with a _______- category, ratings system
four
As broadcasters narrow their focus to cater to more specialized audiences, viewers choose to watch the networks that suit their political bias, centrist journalists have been replaced by highly politicized news coverage on cable channels such as conservative _____ and liberal MSNBC.
fox news
with the advent of ______ that stored the games and could be interchanged in the console, users were no longer limited to a set number of games, leading many video game console makers to switch their emphasis to producing games
game cartridges
Nirvana came to be identified with _____—the post-baby boom generation, many of whom came from broken families and experienced violence both on television and in real life.
gen x
In 2009, advertisers removed their support of Fox News' _____ talk show after its host offended viewers and sponsors alike with incendiary comments that President Obama was a "racist" and had a "deep-seated hatred for white people."
glenn beck
World of Warcraft depends on the actions of millions of players to drive the game and allows people to literally live their lives through a game, including finding _____ to sell to other players.
gold
Media that is spread rapidly to a large audience via person to person referrals is said to have "_____.
gone viral
Reacting against the extravagance of disco, many rappers developed their new street culture called _____ by adopting a casual image consisting of T-shirts and sportswear, developing a language that reflected the everyday concerns of the people in low-income, urban areas, and by embracing the low-budget visual art form of graffiti.
hip-hop
by 1915, _________ proved to be an ideal location for the film industry
hollywood
The _____ is the name we give to the huge network of interconnected computers that collectively form this entity.
internet
which of the following is not considered an advantage of digital cinematography
introduces the need to reload film while shooting a scene
during the Prohibition era in the 1920s and early 1930s, some ______ bands played in illegal speakeasies, which helped generate the genre's reputation for being immoral and for threatening the country's cultural values
jazz
Dressed in flamboyant clothing with a pompadour hairstyle and makeup, the self-proclaimed "King and Queen of Rock and Roll" _____ was an androgynous performer who blurred traditional gender boundaries in 1950s America.
little richard
the connection between video games and other media has increased with the popularity of _________, animated films and series created by recording character actions inside video games
machinima
doom, command and conquer, and total annihilation included options where players could play each other over the internet, initiating the _____ game genre
massively multiplayer online role-playing
Between 1972 and 1978, CBS aired _____, a socially controversial sitcom featuring a middle-aged feminist living with her fourth husband and divorced daughter; the show tackled social and political issues such as abortion, menopause, birth control, alcoholism, and depression.. Featuring , the show exploded the dominant values of the White middle-class domestic sitcom and its traditional gender roles.
maude
An Internet _____ is a concept that quickly replicates itself throughout the Internet, and it is often nonsensical and absurd.
meme
Owing to the role played by Twitter and Facebook in helping protesters organize and communicate with each other, many have termed the Arab Spring's 2010-2012 uprisings in the _____ as "Twitter Revolutions" or "Facebook Revolutions."
middle east
Producer and songwriter Berry Gordy Jr. developed soul music through the creation of his _____ label, which would become one of the most successful businesses owned by a Black individual in American history.
motown
Whereas the broadcast networks sought to obtain the widest audience possible by avoiding programs that might only appeal to a small minority of viewers, cable channels sought out niche audiences within specific demographic groups—a process known as _____.
narrowcasting
A growing demand for new films could only be met through a regular, year-round production calendar, which was impractical given that the climate of the then two predominant film locations-- Chicago and _______-- did not invite outdoor filming for a significant portion of the year
new york city
_____ like Google News profit from linking to journalists' stories at major newspapers and selling advertising, but these profits are not shared with the news organizations and journalists who created the stories.
news aggregators
By the late 1930s, due to radio's ability to emotionally draw its audiences in close to events, the popularity of radio news broadcasts surpassed that of _____.
newspapers
a new generation of accessible games in the late 2000s encouraged families to interact through video games, even bringing in _______ demographics that had never used video games before
older
_____ were the stars of the 19th century, and their music generated most of the sheet music sales in the United States.
opera singers
Among the educational _____ network's major innovations was its refusal to take money from commercial advertisers, relying instead on donations from listeners and grants from institutions such as the Ford Foundation and calling itself listener-supported.
pacifica radio
the radio website _______ does not distribute existing programs but rather allows users to create their own custom radio stations
pandora
after the US entered WWII, the government opening the federal Bureau of Motion Picture Affairs to work alongside Hollywood, resulting in the production of many ______ films
patriotic
The 1972 Home Box Office (HBO) venture, in which customers paid a subscription fee to access premium cable television shows and video-on-demand products, was the nation's first successful _____ service
pay cable
____________ - the process in which two or more computer systems are connected over the internet for the purpose of sharing music or video files- became a worldwide phenomenon in 1999 with the development of centralized online file-sharing system Napster
peer-to-peer file sharing
Edison's 1877 _____ reproduced sound using a strip of tinfoil wrapped around a rotating metal cylinder.
phonograph
In the 1990s,_____, originally a game developed for the Nintendo Game Boy, was turned into a television series, a card game, several movies, and even a musical
pokemon
Ratings services such as Arbitron can identify the 10-year age demographic, the education level, and even the _____ of listeners who prefer a particular format.
political leanings
email has revolutionized written communication and its speed and relatively inexpensive nature initially made it a prime competitor of ______
postal services
In 1940, the FCC reserved a set of frequencies in the lower range of the FM radio spectrum for _____ purposes as part of its regulation of the new spectrum.
public education
_________'s reach made it an instrument of social cohesion as it brought together members of different classes and backgrounds to experience the world as a nation
radio
The _____ established the Federal Radio Commission (FRC) to oversee regulation of the airwave
radio act of 1927
Cheap to produce, with a seemingly never-ending supply of willing contestants and eager advertising sponsors, _____ TV shows, which can be traced back to the 1948 series Candid Camera, continue to bring in big ratings.
reality
In 1926, the National Broadcasting Network (NBC) formed the _____ radio networks--groups of stations that carried syndicated programs and a variety of local shows.
red and blue
Most traditional media companies have incorporated blogs, Twitter, and other social media as a necessary part of doing business as _____ are expected to update instantly and often.
reporters
______, redirecting someone to the music video of Rick Astley's hit quickly became one of the most well-known Internet memes of all times
rickrolling
Grand Theft Auto's extreme violence made it popular with players, but its popularity was mostly due to it being a _______ game
sandbox
despite reports that cash-strapped consumers were switching off pay-TV services to save money during strained economic times, _________ industry revenues rose steadily throughout the 2000s
satellite
like cable tv, ________ was not required to censor its disc jockeys or guests for profanity
satellite radio
Two key factors influenced the rapid growth of cable television networks in the 1990s and 2000s: industry deregulation and the use of _____ to distribute local TV stations around the country.
satellites
the major Hollywood studios of the late 1970s and early 1980s, run by international corporations, tended to favor the conservative gamble of the tried and true, and as a result, the period saw an unprecedented number of high-budget __________
sequels
because they were often sponsored by _________ companies, daytime serial dramas soon became known as soap opreas
soap
__________ featured in the popular games Guitar Hero and Rock Band experienced increased downloads and sales
songs
In 2010, excessive game use was problematic enough that the _____ government imposed an online gaming curfew for people under the age of 18 that would block certain sites after midnight.
south korean
the end of the 1970s ushered in a new era, with the game, ______, an international phenomenon that exceeded all expectations
space invaders
the inflexibility of the motion picture patents company allowed independent companies to capitalize on two important trends that were to become film's future: single-reel features and
star power
Narrowcasting has proved beneficial for advertisers and marketers who now concentrate their ad buys on _____ that appeal directly to their target consumers.
subscription channels
while radio had been drawing audiences away from the picture houses for some time, with the birth of the "_______," audiences once again returned to the cinema to see and hear their idols perform
talkie
Between 1950 and 1959, record sales in the United States skyrocketed from $189 million to nearly $600 million--thanks in large part to the purchasing power of _____
teenagers
In the 1950s, _____ threatened radio; the radio industry adapted by focusing on music, joining forces with the recording industry to survive.
television
improvements in computer animation led to more special effects in film during the 1990s with movies like the Matrix, Jurassic Park, and the first fully computer-animated film, __________
toy story
George Melies's _______ was one of the first films to incorporate fantasy elements and to use "trick" filming techniques
trip to the moon
given the opportunity to watch "movies" from the comfort of their own homes, the millions of Americans who owned a _______ by the 1950s were attending the cinema far less regularly than they had only several years earlier
tv
Created by two graduate students at the University of North Carolina,_____, much like an electronic version of community bulletin boards, allowed anyone with a computer to post a topic or reply.
usenet
web 2.0 is a reference to the increased focus on ______ content and social interaction on the web, as well as the evolution of online tools to facilitate that focus
user-generated
twitter became profitable in December 2009 when it entered a $25 million deal allowing Google and Microsoft to display _______ in browser search results
users' tweets
the five most influential motion picture studios in 1930s were _______: they controlled every part of the system as it related to their films, from the production to release, distribution, and even viewing
vertically integrated
images from ________ were streaming into people's living rooms during the nation's first televised war
vietnam
unlike the patriotic war films of the WWII era, many of the films about US involvement in ________, including MASH and Apocalypse Now reflected antiwar sentiment
vietnam
because Internet Explorer and other browsers all interpret the same code in more or less the same way, creating ______ is as simple as learning how to speak the language of these browsers
web pages
through hypertext transfer protocol, hypertext documents can be sent from computer to computer and can then be interpreted by a browser, which turns the HTML files into readable ______
web pages
with the opening of Jaws, the then-highest grossing film of all time, Hollywood embraced the _________ method of movie distribution
wide-release
during the early 1990s, Fox began to establish itself as an edgy network, luring affiliates and audience away from the big three networks by targeting __________ viewers
young
most movies cost the studios much more to market and produce- upward of $100 million- than their box-office returns ever generate, so studios tend to invest the majority of their budgets on movies that fit the ________ mold
blockbuster
movie production and marketing techniques began to shift in the 1970s, with studios investing more money in fewer films in the hopes pf producing more ___________
blockbusters
_____ began as an online, public version of a diary or journal. Short for "web logs," these personal sites give anyone a platform to write about anything they want to.
blogs
__________ music adapted African musical heritage to an American environment, dealing with themes of personal adversity, overcoming hard luck, and other emotional turmoil
blues
with the growth of internet technology worldwide and the expansion of markets in rapidly developing countries, some critics are concerned about the exporting of American cultural values, specifically
capitalism
the ___________ business model allows independent artists and record labels to market their music online, keep track of sales, create demand for their music, and communicate with fans
direct-to-fan
In the late 1960s, supporters of the civil rights movement—along with feminists, environmentalists, and Vietnam War protesters—were gravitating toward _____ music, which would become the sound of social activism.
folk
In recent years television has been narrowing the focus of its programming to meet the needs and interests of an increasingly _____ audience
fragmented
the ________ established the realistic narrative as a standard in cinema, used editing, camera pans, rear projections, and diagonally composed shots to produce of continuity of action, and was also the first major box-office hit
great train robbery
in the 1990s, games such as Sega and Street Fighter competed to raise the level of _________ possible in a video game
violence
__________, such as Second Life, are societies in which communication can be expanded to relay information in ways that cannot be done with other forms of media and are examples of the thin line between games and social media
virtual worlds
unlike typical 15 minute radio programs... advertising costs were prohibitive for a single sponsor which led to multiple sponsors with ________ second spot advertisements
30 and 60
because the internet's segmented communities tend to be exposed only to information they are interested in and opinions they ______
agree with
whereas MySpace initially catered to a younger demographic, ________ caters to business professionals looking for networking opportunities
Television western _____, airing from 1955 to 1975, featured characters who faced relevant social issues of the day including the treatment of minority groups, the meaning of family, the legitimacy of violence, and the strength of religious belief.
gunsmoke
whereas the broadcast networks sought to obtain the widest audience possible by avoiding programs... specific demographic groups-a process known as ________
narrowcasting
although some have accused __________ of presenting the news with a liberal bias, its listenership in 2005 was 28 percent conservative, 32 percent liberal, and 29 percent moderate
national public radio
The Beatles' 1964 appearance on _____was the largest audience for an American television program, with approximately one in three Americans (74 million) tuning in
the ed sullivan show
created by three PayPal engineers in 2005 and purchased by Google in 2006, _________ enables users to... other users worldwide
youtube