Exam 2 online question

Observations that participants could do two tasks at once, such as focusing on a digit-span task while comprehending a paragraph, challenged the conceptualization of A. short-term memory. B. the persistence of vision. C. the phonological similarity effect. D. the physiological approach to coding.

A. short-term memory.

Loss of memory for things that have happened in the past is known as A. retrograde amnesia. B. anterograde amnesia. C. the primacy effect. D. the serial effect.

B. anterograde amnesia.

You have been studying for weeks for a nursing school entrance exam. You love the idea of becoming a nurse, and you have been enjoying learning about the material for your exam. Each night, you put on relaxing clothes and study in the quiet of your lovely home. Memory research suggests you should take your test with a _____ mind set. A. excited B. calm C. nervous D. neutral

B. calm

Examples from your book describing real experiences of how memories, even ones from a long time ago, can be stimulated by locations, songs, and smells highlight the importance of ____ in LTM. A long-term potentiation B. retrieval cues C. elaborative rehearsal D. mass practice

B. retrieval cues

Transfer-appropriate processing is likely to occur if A. the rememberer generates his own retrieval cues. B. the type of encoding and type of retrieval match. C. there is deep processing during acquisition of the new material. D. imagery is used to create connections among items to be transferred into LTM

B. the type of encoding and type of retrieval match.

Which of the following is NOT an example of semantic memory? A. I remember that more than 33% of U.S. drivers have admitted to using a cell phone when driving. B. I remember that experiments have shown that talking on cell phones can impair driving ability. C. I remember the day we learned about how talking on cell phones can impair driving ability. D. None of the above (a, b, and c are all examples of semantic memory)

C. I remember the day we learned about how talking on cell phones can impair driving ability.

Katie and Inez are roommates taking the same psychology class. They have a test in four days during a 10:00 - 11:00 AM class period. Both women intend to study for three hours, but because of different work schedules, Katie will study one hour for each of the next three days, while Inez will study three hours the day before the exam. What could you predict about their performances? A. Katie and Inez should perform equally well, because each studied the same time overall (supporting the equal-time hypothesis). B. Inez will perform better because of a long-term memory recency effect. C. Katie should perform better because of the spacing effect. D. State-dependent learning predicts that Katie should perform better, because the exam takes place during a one-hour class period.

C. Katie should perform better because of the spacing effect.

The principle that we learn information together with its context is known as A. memory consolidation. B. repetition priming. C. encoding specificity. D. a self-reference effect.

C. encoding specificity.

The word-length effect indicates that A: longer words are typically more distinctive and easier to retrieve from LTM than shorter words. B. working memory's central executive processes verbal information differently than visual/image information. C. the phonological loop uses auditory coding so it's harder to remember a list of words like "society" that are longer to pronounce than a list of words that are quicker to pronounce like "tree". D. STM digit span remains constant across native speakers of different languages.

C. the phonological loop uses auditory coding so it's harder to remember a list of words like "society" that are longer to pronounce than a list of words that are quicker to pronounce like "tree".

____ transforms new memories from a fragile state, in which they can be disrupted, to a more permanent state, in which they are resistant to disruption. A. Amnesia B. Encoding specificity C. Cued-recall D. Consolidation

D. Consolidation

Imagine yourself walking from your car, bus stop, or dorm to your first class. Your ability to form such a picture in your mind depends on A. the STM recency effect. B. delayed response coding. C. the phonological loop. D. the visuospatial sketch pad.

D. the visuospatial sketch pad.

The conclusion from the experiment in which a chess master and a chess novice were asked to remember the positions of chess pieces on a chess board was that A. chess masters have developed better memory skills than novices. B. novices do better because they are not distracted by irrelevant knowledge about previous chess games. C. chess masters use chunking to help them remember actual game arrangements D. chess masters outperform novices in all conditions.

chess masters use chunking to help them remember actual game arrangements.

The primary effect of chunking is to a. increase memory for items by grouping them together based on sound. b. develop a visual code to supplement a phonological code for the information. c. maximize the recency effect. d. stretch the capacity of STM.

d. stretch the capacity of STM.

"I remember being really excited last year, when my college team won the national championship in basketball." This statement is an example of _____ memory. A. implicit B. episodic C. semantic D. procedural

B. episodic

Memory performance is enhanced if the type of task at encoding matches the type of task at retrieval. This is called A. transfer-appropriate processing. B. episodic-based processing. C. elaborative rehearsal. D. personal semantic memory.

A. transfer-appropriate processing.

Clive Wearing, the ex-choral director, experienced what memory problem 1. Poor short-term memory 2. Defective sensory memory 3. An inability to form new long-term memories 4. Both a and b are correct

3. An inability to form new long-term memories

Information remains in sensory memory for 1. 15-30 seconds. 2. 1-3 minutes. 3. as long as it is rehearsed. 4. seconds or a fraction of a second

4.seconds or a fraction of a second.

The effective duration of short-term memory, when rehearsal is prevented, is A. 15-20 seconds. B. 1-3 minutes. C. a fraction of a second. D. 5-7 minutes.

A. 15-20 seconds.

How would you describe the relationship between elaborative rehearsal and maintenance rehearsal in terms of establishing long-term memories? A. Elaborative is more effective than maintenance. B. Maintenance is more effective than elaborative. C. Both are equally effective in all learning circumstances. D. Neither one helps.

A. Elaborative is more effective than maintenance.

A patient suffering from Korsakoff's syndrome, such as "Jimmy G" who is described in your text, would be able to perform which of the following activities without difficulty? A. Following the story line in a long book B. Solving problems that take more than a few moments to figure out C. Recognizing people he has recently met D. Identifying a photograph of his childhood home

A. Following the story line in a long book

Given that the recency effect is probably caused by short-term memory, which of the following will most likely cause the recency effect to disappear? A. Inserting a 30-second delay before recall but letting participants rehearse items during that time B. Presenting the stimulus list at a slower pace C. Counting backward for 30 seconds before recall D. Using a very long list (greater than 30 items at one item per second)

A. Inserting a 30-second delay before recall but letting participants rehearse items during that time

Your book explains that brief episodes of retrograde amnesia reflect A. a failure of memory consolidation. B. disrupted long-term potentiation. C. temporary post-traumatic stress disorder. D. Korsakoff's syndrome.

A. a failure of memory consolidation.

Sensory memory is believed by many cognitive psychologists to be responsible for all of the following EXCEPT: A. deciding which incoming sensory information will be the focus of attention. B. filling in the blanks when the stimulation is intermittent. C. holding incoming information briefly during initial processing. D. collecting information to be processed.

A. deciding which incoming sensory information will be the focus of attention.

When investigating the serial position curve, presenting the word list at a slower pace A. increases the primacy effect. B. decreases the recency effect. C. has no effect on the curve. D. increases both the primacy and the recency effects.

A. increases the primacy effect.

Sperling's delayed partial report procedure provided evidence that: A. information in sensory memory fades within 1 or 2 seconds. B. STM and LTM are independent components of memory. C. information in STM must be rehearsed to transfer into LTM. D. STM has a limited capacity.

A. information in sensory memory fades within 1 or 2 seconds.

Jocelyn is in a memory experiment, but she isn't told that it is a memory experiment. In the first condition she is presented with a series of words to read. One of the words is "furniture", which makes it easier for her to identify the word "chair" when it flashed on the computer screen very quickly in the second condition because of the similarity of meaning. Jocelyn's recognition enhancement for "chair" due to seeing the word "furniture" illustrates A.conceptual priming. B. reconsolidation. C. repetition priming. D. mental time travel.

A.conceptual priming.

Given what we know about the operation of the phonological loop, which of the following word lists would be most difficult for people to retain for 15 seconds? A: BIP, TEK, LIN, MOD, REY B. SAY, BET, PIN, COW, RUG C. MAC, CAN, CAP, MAN, MAP D. PIG, DOG, RAT, FOX, HEN

A: BIP, TEK, LIN, MOD, REY

Lourdes and Kim have been studying for two hours for their chemistry exam. Both girls are tired of studying. Lourdes decides to watch a two-hour movie on DVD, while Kim decides to go to bed. What would you predict about their performance on the chemistry exam? A. Lourdes performs better because of reactivation. B. Kim performs better because of reactivation. C. Lourdes performs better because of encoding specificity. D. Kim performs better because of encoding specificity.

B. Kim performs better because of reactivation.

Hebb's idea of long-term potentiation, which provides a physiological mechanism for the long-term storage of memories, includes the idea of A. an increase in the size of cell bodies of neurons. B. enhanced firing in the neurons. C. larger electrical impulses in the synapse. D. the growth of new axons in neurons.

B. enhanced firing in the neurons.

Students, beware! Research shows that _____ does not improve memory because it does not encourage elaborative processing of the material and may give the illusion of learning due to a feeling of familiarity with the material. A. testing oneself on the material B. highlighting C. making up questions about the material D. feedback

B. highlighting

Peterson and Peterson studied how well participants can remember groups of three letters (like BRT, QSD) after various delays. They found that participants remembered an average of 80 percent of the groups after 3 seconds but only 10 percent after 18 seconds. They hypothesized that this decrease in performance was due to _____, but later research indicated that it was actually due to _____. A. priming; interference B. interference; decay C. decay; interference D. decay; lack of rehearsal

B. interference; decay

It is easier to perform two tasks at the same time if A. both are handled by the sketch pad. B. one is handled by the sketch pad and one is handled by the phonological loop. C. both are handled by the phonological loop. D. both b and c are correct

B. one is handled by the sketch pad and one is handled by the phonological loop.

The story in the text about the balloons that were used to suspend a speaker in mid air was used to illustrate the role of _____ in memory. A. rehearsal B. organization C. depth of processing D. forming connections with other information

B. organization

Physiological studies indicate that damage to the area of the brain known as the _____ can disrupt behaviors that depend on working memory. A. amygdala B. prefrontal cortex C. hippocampus D. occipital lobe

B. prefrontal cortex

The propaganda effect demonstrates that we evaluate familiar statements as being true A. only when we are aware we've seen them before. B. simply because we have been exposed to them before. C. only when we agree with them. D. unless we are told explicitly that the statements are false.

B. simply because we have been exposed to them before.

Working memory differs from short-term memory in that A. short-term memory has unlimited capacity. B. working memory is concerned with the manipulation of information. C. working memory has unlimited capacity. D. short-term memory consists of a number of components.

B. working memory is concerned with the manipulation of information.

Imagine that the students described below are all taking a multiple choice test. Which student's behavior best describes an example of implicit memory? A: One student remembers the correct answer to a question as well as where the information could be found in his notebook. B: One student can't remember the correct answer, but he knows where to find it in the textbook. C. One student comes to a question for which he is unsure of the answer, but guesses choice B because it seems familiar. D. One student is sure he does not know the answer for a question, so he leaves it blank.

C. One student comes to a question for which he is unsure of the answer, but guesses choice B because it seems familiar.

Models designed to explain mental functioning are constantly refined and modified to explain new results. Which of the following exemplifies this concept based on the results presented in your text? A. Replacing the STM component of the modal model with working memory B. Replacing the sensory memory component of the modal model with the episodic buffer C. Replacing the STM component of the modal model with working memory D. Replacing the sensory memory component of the modal model with working memory

C. Replacing the STM component of the modal model with working memory

Memory for a word will tend to be better if the word is used in a complex sentence (like "the bicycle was blue, with high handlebars and a racing seat") rather than a simple sentence (like "he rode the bicycle"). This probably occurs because the complex sentence A. relates the material to a personal episode. B. takes longer to process. C. causes more elaborative rehearsal. D. is more interesting.

C. causes more elaborative rehearsal.

When light from a flashlight is moved quickly back and forth on a wall in a darkened room, it can appear to observers that there is a trail of light moving across the wall, even though physically the light is only in one place at any given time. This experience is an example of A. echoic memory. B. a visual delay effect. C. iconic memory. D. top-down processing.

C. iconic memory.

Your text describes an "Italian woman" who, after an attack of encephalitis, had difficulty remembering people or facts she knew before. She could, however, remember her life events and daily tasks. Her memory behavior reflects A. intact semantic memory but defective episodic memory. B. intact procedural memory but defective episodic memory. C. intact episodic memory but defective semantic memory. D. intact episodic memory but defective procedural memory.

C. intact episodic memory but defective semantic memory.

If a person has a digit span of two, this indicates that he or she has _____ memory. A. poor short-term B. poor long-term memory C. poor sensory D. normal short-term

C. poor sensory

According to memory research, studying is most effective if study sessions are A. short but all on a single day. B. long and all on a single day. C. short and across several days. D. done in one study session several weeks before the exam.

C. short and across several days.

The standard model of consolidation proposes that the hippocampus is A. strongly active for both new memories as they are being consolidated and memories for events that occurred long ago and are already consolidated. B. strongly active for long-ago memories that are already consolidated but becomes less active when memories are first formed and being consolidated. C. strongly active when memories are first formed and being consolidated but becomes less active when retrieving older memories that are already consolidated. D. uninvolved in memory consolidation.

C. strongly active when memories are first formed and being consolidated but becomes less active when retrieving older memories that are already consolidated.

The dramatic case of patient H.M. clearly illustrates that ____ is crucial for the formation of LTMs. A. synaptic consolidation B. vitamin B1 C. the hippocampus D. deep processing

C. the hippocampus

Memory enhancement due to repetition priming is a result of A. the test stimulus being different from the priming stimulus. B. the test stimulus being similar in meaning to the priming stimulus. C. the test stimulus being the same or resembling the priming stimulus. D. the test stimulus being different in meaning from the priming stimulus.

C. the test stimulus being the same or resembling the priming stimulus.

Recent research on memory, based largely on fear conditioning in rats, indicates that A. fear conditioning is the most effective kind of conditioning for forming durable memories. B. memories are not susceptible to disruption once consolidation has occurred. C. when a memory is reactivated, it becomes fragile, just as it was immediately after it was formed. D. memory consolidation does not occur when animals are afraid of a stimulus.

C. when a memory is reactivated, it becomes fragile, just as it was immediately after it was formed.

An item on an implicit memory test would most likely resemble which of the following? A."Explain your earliest personal memory that relates to TREE." B. "Which of the following words is related to "plant," TREE or SHOE." C. "Fill in the following with the first word that comes to mind: T _ _ E." D. "Was the word TREE on the list of words read to you earlier."

D. "Was the word TREE on the list of words read to you earlier."

The primacy effect (from the serial position curve experiment) is associated with A. STM. B. sensory memory. C. implicit memory. D. LTM

D. LTM

Which of the following is NOT a conclusion from the case of H.M., who had an operation to help alleviate his epileptic seizures? A: STM does not rely on the hippocampus. B.The hippocampus is necessary for forming new LTMs. C. LTMs can still be present after the hippocampus is removed. D. LTMs are stored in the hippocampus.

D. LTMs are stored in the hippocampus.

Your book discusses the memory functioning of patient H.M. who underwent brain surgery to relieve severe epileptic seizures. H.M.'s case has been extremely informative to psychologists by demonstrating that A. impairment of one memory system (LTM or STM) necessarily leads to deficits in the functioning of the other. B. a double dissociation exists for STM and LTM. C.LTM can operate normally while STM is impaired. D. STM can operate normally while LTM is impaired.

D. STM can operate normally while LTM is impaired.

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates how effective or ineffective maintenance rehearsal is in transferring information into LTM? A. Lilia recalls her grandmother's house where she grew up, even though she hasn't been there for 22 years. B. Ben learned his martial arts moves by making up "short stories" and mental images to describe each movement. C. Renee starred in the lead role of her high school play a few years ago. Although she helped write the play and based her character on her own life, she cannot remember many of the actual lines of dialogue anymore. D. Serena's keys were stolen from her purse. She cannot give a detailed description of her keychain to the police, even though she used it every day for three years.

D. Serena's keys were stolen from her purse. She cannot give a detailed description of her keychain to the police, even though she used it every day for three years.

Neuropsychological evidence indicates that STM and LTM probably A. represent different aspects of the same mechanism. B. are caused by different mechanisms that depend upon each other. C. both rely most heavily on a semantic coding mechanism. D. are caused by different mechanisms that act independently.

D. are caused by different mechanisms that act independently

People often report an annoying memory failure when they walk from one end of the house to the other for something and then forgetting what they went to retrieve when they reach their destination. As soon as they return to the first room, they are reminded of what they wanted in the first place. This common experience best illustrates the principle of A. the self-reference effect. B. maintenance rehearsal. C. levels of processing theory. D. encoding specificity.

D. encoding specificity.

Your textbook discusses K.C., a man who was injured in a motorcycle accident. He remembers facts like the difference between a strike and a spare in bowling, but he is unaware of experiencing things like hearing about the circumstances of his brother's death, which occurred two years before the accident. His memory behavior suggests A. intact explicit memory but defective implicit memory. B. intact episodic memory but defective semantic memory. C. intact episodic memory but defective procedural memory. D. intact semantic memory but defective episodic memory.

D. intact semantic memory but defective episodic memory.

The fact that H.M. and someone without retrograde amnesia perform similarly on a mirror tracing task shows that mirror tracing A. is a procedural skill associated with implicit memory. B. is a type of episodic memory associated with implicit memory. C. is a type of semantic memory associated with implicit memor D. is a procedural skill associated with explicit memory.

D. is a procedural skill associated with explicit memory.

The defining characteristic of implicit memory is that A: it is enhanced by the self-reference effect. B. we are not conscious we are using it. C. people use it strategically to enhance memory for events. D. it always leads to episodic memory for events.

D. it always leads to episodic memory for events.

Treatment of PTSD has benefitted from recent research on A. levels of processing. B. depth of processing. C. transfer-appropriate processing. D. reconsolidation.

D. reconsolidation.